中气不足，溲便为之变。(《素问》)
大便先硬后溏者，不可攻。(张仲景)
凡小溲赤涩为热，经曰∶肝有热则小便先赤也。(惕厉子)
凡小儿小便由睡中自遗者，谓之尿床，皆肾与膀胱有虚寒也。(《兰台规范》)
小儿初溲黄赤色，落地良久，凝如白膏者，谓之尿白。为伤脾所致，久而成疳。(夏禹
铸)
伤寒小水利者，太阳之气未剧，吉兆也。(张景岳)
凡病者，尿自遗而不如，为无治。(《集成》)
溲白为寒，混白如米泔者，为湿热。(周于蕃)
溲红为热，黄亦为热，若浅红淡黄者为阴虚，溺多心烦者不治。(周于蕃)
肠热者溺黄，肠寒者溺白。(周于蕃)
溲短黄涩痛，心热也；清长而利，心虚也。(周于蕃)
凡大便色青者为寒，然亦有因风泻者，其色亦青，肝木乘脾也。(《铁镜》)
水液澄清，下利清谷者为寒。(《铁镜》)
大便老黄色者，心、肺、脾三经实热；若淡黄色者，为虚热。(《铁镜》)
粪如蟹渤，暑湿内搏，脾热之证也。(江梦花)
大便酱色者属湿，白色者属脾虚。(夏禹铸)
大便味馊臭者伤食滞，一痛则便，便则痛减，味极秽臭，便时肛门恶热者，为极热。
(夏禹铸)
大便味如败卵腥臭者，伤乳食。(《集成》)
大便如红水而粘者，为暑热。(《集成》)
大便时急迫作声者属热。(《指南》)
大便黑如胶漆者，主湿热凝滞。(周于蕃)
大便热结，腹中坚满者，属有余；若新近得解，而不甚干结，或旬日不解，而全无胀意
，非阳明实邪。(张景岳)
按∶病寒即见寒证，病热即见热证，寒者温之，热者清之，此其易能也。若内真寒而外
假热
，内真热而外假寒，其中误人者甚伙。经云∶重寒则热，重热则寒。又曰∶寒甚则热，热甚
则寒。又曰重阴必阳，重阳必阴。又曰∶水极而火，火极而水。又曰∶阳盛格阴，阴盛格阳
。古人再三垂诫，反复立言，深恐证涉疑似，后世为其所惑耳。溲由前阴出，便由后阴出，
寒自寒，热自热，以此区辨，则真假能立判矣。(惕厉子)
中气不足，会导致大小便发生异常。（《素问》）
大便先干硬后稀溏的，不可使用攻下法。（张仲景）
凡是小便赤红涩痛属于热证，经书说：肝有热则小便先变赤。（惕厉子）
凡是小儿在睡梦中自行遗尿的，称为尿床，都是肾与膀胱有虚寒所致。（《兰台规范》）
小儿初次排尿呈黄赤色，落地很久后，凝结如白膏状的，称为尿白。这是伤脾所致，日久会发展成疳积。（夏禹铸）
伤寒病中小便通利的，说明太阳之气未受严重损伤，是吉兆。（张景岳）
凡是病人，小便失禁且无法控制（形容病情危重或神志不清），属于无治之症。（《集成》）
小便色白属寒，浑浊如米泔水样的，属湿热。（周于蕃）
小便发红属热，黄色也属热，若浅红淡黄的为阴虚，若尿多且心烦的属不治之症。（周于蕃）
肠道有热则小便黄，肠道有寒则小便白。（周于蕃）
小便短少、黄赤、涩痛，是心热；小便清长而通畅，是心虚。（周于蕃）
凡是粪便色青的属寒，但也有因风邪导致的泄泻，其色亦青，这是肝木乘脾所致。（《铁镜》）
水液澄清，下利排出未消化食物的，属寒。（《铁镜》）
大便老黄色的，是心、肺、脾三经实热；若是淡黄色的，则是虚热。（《铁镜》）
粪便像蟹渤（一种水生动物，此处指形态特殊），是暑湿内搏，属于脾热的证候。（江梦花）
大便酱色的属湿，白色的属脾虚。（夏禹铸）
大便味酸腐臭秽的，是伤食停滞；一腹痛就排便，排便后疼痛减轻，气味极秽臭，排便时肛门感觉恶热的，为极热。（夏禹铸）
大便味如败卵腥臭的，是伤乳食。（《集成》）
大便像红水且粘稠的，是暑热。（《集成》）
大便时急迫有声的，属热。（《指南》）
大便黑如胶漆的，主湿热凝滞。（周于蕃）
大便热结，腹中坚硬胀满的，属有余（实证）；若是新近刚解出，且不甚干结，或者十天不解但全无胀意，则不是阳明实邪。（张景岳）
按语：患寒病即出现寒证，患热病即出现热证，寒者用温法，热者用清法，这是容易掌握的。如果是内真寒而外假热，内真热而外假寒，其中误人的情况非常多。经书说：重寒则热，重热则寒。又说：寒甚则热，热甚则寒。又说：重阴必阳，重阳必阴。又说：水极而火，火极而水。又说：阳盛格阴，阴盛格阳。古人再三告诫，反复立论，深恐证候涉及疑似难辨，后世之人被其所迷惑罢了。小便从前阴出，大便从后阴出，寒自寒，热自热，以此区分辨别，就能立即判断真假了。（惕厉子）
Insufficiency of the Middle Qi (Middle Jiao energy) leads to abnormalities in urination and defecation. (*Suwen*)
When stool is initially hard and subsequently loose, purgative methods should not be used. (Zhang Zhongjing)
Generally, red and astringent urine indicates Heat syndrome. The Classics state: "If the Liver has Heat, the urine will first become red." (Ti Li Zi)
When children wet the bed by passing urine involuntarily during sleep, it is called enuresis. This is caused by deficiency-cold in the Kidney and Bladder. (*Lantai Guifan*)
When a child's initial urine is yellow-red and coagulates into a white paste-like substance after remaining on the ground for a long time, it is called "white urine." This is caused by Spleen injury and may develop into infantile malnutrition (Gan syndrome) over time. (Xia Yuzhu)
In Taiyang disease (Exterior syndrome), if urination is smooth, it indicates that the Taiyang Qi is not severely compromised, which is an auspicious sign. (Zhang Jingyue)
For any patient, involuntary loss of urine with inability to control it indicates a condition beyond treatment. (*Jicheng*)
White urine indicates Cold; turbid urine resembling rice wash water indicates Damp-Heat. (Zhou Yufan)
Red urine indicates Heat; yellow urine also indicates Heat. If the color is light red or pale yellow, it indicates Yin Deficiency. If there is polyuria accompanied by vexation, it is considered incurable. (Zhou Yufan)
Intestinal Heat results in yellow urine; Intestinal Cold results in white urine. (Zhou Yufan)
Short, yellow, astringent, and painful urination indicates Heart Heat; clear, long, and free urination indicates Heart Deficiency. (Zhou Yufan)
Generally, green-colored stool indicates Cold. However, diarrhea caused by Wind may also present with green color, which is due to Liver Wood overacting on the Spleen. (*Tiejing*)
Clear fluids with diarrhea containing undigested food indicate Cold. (*Tiejing*)
Old yellow stool indicates Excess-Heat in the Heart, Lung, and Spleen meridians; pale yellow stool indicates Deficiency-Heat. (*Tiejing*)
Stool resembling *xiebo* (a type of aquatic crustacean) indicates internal constraint of Summerheat-Dampness, a syndrome of Spleen Heat. (Jiang Menghua)
Sauce-colored stool belongs to Dampness; white stool belongs to Spleen Deficiency. (Xia Yuzhu)
Stool with a sour, foul odor indicates Food Stagnation. Pain precedes defecation, and pain alleviates after defecation. An extremely foul odor and a sensation of heat in the anus during defecation indicate Extreme Heat. (Xia Yuzhu)
Stool smelling like rotten eggs and fishy indicates injury from milk and food. (*Jicheng*)
Stool resembling red water and being sticky indicates Summerheat-Heat. (*Jicheng*)
Urgent defecation accompanied by sound indicates Heat. (*Zhinan*)
Black stool resembling glue or lacquer indicates stagnation of Damp-Heat. (Zhou Yufan)
Heat accumulation causing hard and full abdomen indicates an Excess syndrome (Yang excess). If stool was recently passed and is not very dry, or if no stool has been passed for ten days but there is absolutely no feeling of distension, it is not Yangming Excess pathogen. (Zhang Jingyue)
Commentary: When a disease is Cold, Cold signs appear; when a disease is Heat, Heat signs appear. Cold is treated with warming, and Heat is treated with clearing; this is straightforward. However, in cases of True Cold with False Heat, or True Heat with False Cold, misdiagnosis is very common. The Classics state: "Extreme Cold generates Heat, Extreme Heat generates Cold." It also says: "Severe Cold manifests as Heat, Severe Heat manifests as Cold." Furthermore: "Heavy Yin transforms into Yang, Heavy Yang transforms into Yin." And: "Water extreme becomes Fire, Fire extreme becomes Water." Also: "Excess Yang repels Yin, Excess Yin repels Yang." The ancients warned repeatedly and elaborated extensively, fearing that syndromes might be deceptive and confusing, leading later generations astray. Urine exits from the anterior yin opening, and stool exits from the posterior yin opening. Cold remains Cold, and Heat remains Heat. By distinguishing based on these characteristics, true and false can be immediately determined. (Ti Li Zi)