太阳风寒在表，头项强痛，发热，身疼，腰痛，骨节痛，恶风寒，无汗，胸满而喘，其
脉浮
寒湿
麻黄（三两，去节） 桂枝（二两） 甘草（一两，炙） 杏仁（七十枚，去皮尖）
上四味，用水九升，先煮麻黄，减二升，去上沫，纳诸药，煮取二升半，去滓，温服八
合，
柯韵伯曰∶此为开表、逐邪、发汗之峻剂也。麻黄中空外直，宛如毛窍骨节，能驱骨节
之风
化液
气，
胃，行
喘平
之汛
然此
可一
枝二
主治头项强痛，背亦强，牵引KT KT 然，脉浮，无汗，恶风；并治风寒在表，而自
下
利。
葛根（二两） 麻黄（三两） 桂枝（二两） 生姜（三两） 芍药（二两） 甘草（一
两） 大枣（十二枚
上七味，以水一斗，先煮麻黄、葛根，减二升，去沫，纳诸药同煎，分温三服。
柯韵伯曰∶此症身不疼，腰不痛，骨节不疼，不恶寒，是骨不受寒矣；头项强痛，下连
于背
表；若表病而兼下利，是表实里虚矣。比麻黄、青龙二症较轻，然KT KT 更甚于项强，
而
无汗不失为表实，但脉浮不紧，是中于鼓动之阳风，故于桂枝方加麻黄倍葛根以去实，小变
麻、桂之法也。葛根味甘气凉，能起阴气而作汗，开腠理而解表，故以为君；寒热俱轻，桂、
芍俱减；麻黄助桂、姜以开表；大枣助甘、芍以调内。故用以治表实，而表邪自解；不必治
里虚，而下利自瘳，与大青龙治表里俱实者径庭矣。盖葛根禀气轻清，而赋体浓重，轻以去
实，重以镇动，浓以固里，惟表实里虚者宜之，胃家实者非所宜也。故仲景于阳明经中不用
葛根，东垣定为阳明经药，易老云未入阳明者不可便服，岂二老未读仲景书乎？要知葛根、
桂枝俱是解肌和里之剂，故有汗无汗，下利不下利俱可用，与麻黄之专于发表者不同耳。
《金匮》治太阳病无汗，小便反少，气上冲胸，口噤不得语，欲作刚痉。
喻嘉言曰∶伤寒项背KT KT ，无汗恶风者，用葛根汤。此症亦用之者，以其邪在太
阳、
阳明两经之界，两经之热并于胸中，必伤肺金清肃之气，故水道不行而小便少，津液不布而
无汗；阳明之筋内结胃口，外行胸中，过人迎，环口，热并阳明，斯筋脉牵引，口噤不得语。
然刚痉无汗，必从汗解，况湿邪内郁，必以汗出如故而止，故用此汤合解两经之湿热，与风
寒之
太阳经受风寒之邪侵袭于体表，出现头项部僵硬疼痛，发热，全身疼痛，腰痛，骨节疼痛，怕风怕冷，无汗，胸部胀满且气喘，脉象浮。
麻黄（三两，去节） 桂枝（二两） 甘草（一两，炙） 杏仁（七十枚，去皮尖）
以上四味药，用水九升，先煮麻黄，水量减少二升，撇去上浮的泡沫，加入其他药物，再煮取药液二升半，滤去药渣，温服八合。
柯韵伯说：这是开泄腠理、驱逐邪气、发汗的峻猛方剂。麻黄中空外直，宛如毛窍和骨节，能驱除骨节间的风寒湿邪，化生津液，运行于胃腑，行气，使气喘平息。
主治头项僵硬疼痛，背部也僵硬，牵强不适，脉象浮，无汗，怕风；并治疗风寒在表，同时伴有自发性腹泻。
葛根（二两） 麻黄（三两） 桂枝（二两） 生姜（三两） 芍药（二两） 甘草（一两） 大枣（十二枚）
以上七味药，用水一斗，先煮麻黄、葛根，水量减少二升，撇去泡沫，加入其他药物共同煎煮，分三次温服。
柯韵伯说：此症身体不疼，腰不痛，骨节不疼，不怕冷，说明骨骼未受寒邪；头项僵硬疼痛，向下牵连至背部。若表证兼有腹泻，是表实里虚。比麻黄汤、大青龙汤证较轻，然而背部僵硬更甚于项强，无汗仍属表实，但脉象浮而不紧，是中于鼓动之阳风，所以在桂枝汤基础上加麻黄、倍用葛根以去除实邪，稍微变化了麻黄、桂枝的用法。葛根味甘气凉，能起阴气而作汗，开腠理而解表，所以作为君药；寒热都轻，桂枝、芍药都减量；麻黄辅助桂枝、生姜以开泄表邪；大枣辅助甘草、芍药以调和内部。所以用来治疗表实，表邪自然解除；不必治疗里虚，腹泻自然痊愈，这与大青龙汤治疗表里俱实截然不同。大概葛根禀赋之气轻清，而形体厚重，轻以去实，重以镇动，厚以固里，只适合表实里虚者，胃家实者不适合。所以张仲景在阳明经病中不用葛根，李东垣定为阳明经药，易老说未入阳明经者不可便服，难道这两位老先生没读过张仲景的书吗？要知道葛根、桂枝都是解肌和里的方剂，所以有汗无汗，腹泻不腹泻都可以使用，与麻黄专于发表不同。
《金匮要略》治疗太阳病无汗，小便反而少，气上冲胸，口噤不能说话，想要发作刚痉。
喻嘉言说：伤寒项背强急，无汗怕风的，用葛根汤。此症也用它的，因为邪气在太阳、阳明两经的交界，两经的热邪合并于胸中，必然损伤肺金清肃之气，所以水道不通而小便少，津液不布散而无汗；阳明的筋脉内结胃口，外行胸中，过人迎穴，环绕口唇，热邪并入阳明，导致筋脉牵引，口噤不能说话。然而刚痉无汗，必须从汗解，况且湿邪内郁，必须以汗出如常为愈，所以用此汤合解两经的湿热，与风寒之...
Taiyang (Greater Yang) channel affected by wind-cold at the exterior, presenting with stiffness and pain in the head and neck, fever, body ache, lower back pain, joint pain, aversion to wind and cold, anhidrosis (absence of sweating), chest fullness with wheezing, and a floating pulse.
Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang, 麻黄) (3 liang, remove joints) Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi, 桂枝) (2 liang) Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao, 甘草) (1 liang, honey-fried) Armeniacae Semen Amarum (Xingren, 杏仁) (70 seeds, remove skin and tips)
Take the above four herbs, add nine sheng of water, first decoct Ephedrae Herba until the volume reduces by two sheng, skim off the foam on the surface, then add the remaining herbs, decoct to obtain two and a half sheng of liquid, strain, and take eight he warm.
Ke Yunbo stated: This is a potent formula for opening the exterior, expelling pathogens, and inducing sweating. Ephedrae Herba is hollow inside and straight outside, resembling hair follicles and joints, capable of driving out wind-cold-dampness from the joints, transforming fluids, circulating in the Stomach, moving Qi, and relieving wheezing.
Indicated for stiffness and pain in the head and neck, stiffness extending to the back with pulling sensation, floating pulse, anhidrosis, aversion to wind; also treats wind-cold at the exterior accompanied by spontaneous diarrhea.
Puerariae Lobatae Radix (Gegen, 葛根) (2 liang) Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang, 麻黄) (3 liang) Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi, 桂枝) (2 liang) Zingiberis Recens Rhizoma (Shengjiang, 生姜) (3 liang) Paeoniae Radix Alba (Shaoyao, 芍药) (2 liang) Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao, 甘草) (1 liang) Jujubae Fructus (Dazao, 大枣) (12 pieces)
Take the above seven herbs, add one dou of water, first decoct Ephedrae Herba and Puerariae Lobatae Radix until the volume reduces by two sheng, skim off the foam, then add the remaining herbs and decoct together, divide into three warm doses.
Ke Yunbo stated: In this syndrome, there is no body ache, no lower back pain, no joint pain, and no aversion to cold, indicating that the bones are not affected by cold; stiffness and pain in the head and neck extend downward to the back. If exterior syndrome is accompanied by diarrhea, it indicates excess at the exterior and deficiency at the interior. It is milder than Taiyang Excess Syndrome treated by Mahuang Tang and Da Qing Long Tang, yet the back stiffness is more severe than neck stiffness. Anhidrosis still signifies exterior excess, but a floating pulse without tightness indicates invasion by yang wind which stirs movement. Therefore, Ephedrae Herba is added to Guizhi Tang, and the dosage of Puerariae Lobatae Radix is doubled to resolve excess, slightly modifying the methods of Mahuang and Guizhi. Puerariae Lobatae Radix has a sweet taste and cool nature, able to raise yin fluids to induce sweat, open interstices to release the exterior, thus serving as the sovereign herb; since both cold and heat are mild, dosages of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Paeoniae Radix Alba are reduced; Ephedrae Herba assists Cinnamomi Ramulus and Zingiberis Recens Rhizoma to open the exterior; Jujubae Fructus assists Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix Alba to harmonize the interior. Thus, it treats exterior excess, resolving exterior pathogens naturally; treating interior deficiency is unnecessary as diarrhea resolves spontaneously, which is vastly different from Da Qing Long Tang treating excess at both exterior and interior. Generally, Puerariae Lobatae Radix possesses light and clear qi but heavy substance; lightness resolves excess, heaviness calms agitation, thickness secures the interior, making it suitable only for exterior excess and interior deficiency, not for stomach excess. Therefore, Zhang Zhongjing did not use Puerariae Lobatae Radix in Yangming channel diseases; Li Dongyuan designated it as a Yangming channel herb; Yi Lao said it should not be taken if not entering Yangming channel. Did these two masters not read Zhang Zhongjing's books? One must know that Gegen Tang and Guizhi Tang are both formulas for releasing the muscle layer and harmonizing the interior, so they can be used regardless of presence or absence of sweat, or presence or absence of diarrhea, differing from Mahuang Tang which specializes in releasing the exterior.
Jin Gui Yao Lue treats Taiyang disease with anhidrosis, abnormally scanty urination, qi rushing upward to the chest, trismus (lockjaw) preventing speech, intending to develop Gang Jing (Stiff Spasm).
Yu Jiayan stated: For Shang Han (Cold Damage) with stiff neck and back, anhidrosis, and aversion to wind, Ge Gen Tang is used. This syndrome also uses it because the pathogen lies at the boundary between Taiyang and Yangming channels. Heat from both channels merges in the chest, inevitably damaging the Lung Metal's clearing and descending qi, leading to obstruction of water passages and scanty urination, and failure of fluid distribution resulting in anhidrosis; Yangming sinews knot internally at the stomach gate, run externally through the chest, pass through Renying (ST9), and circle the mouth. When heat merges into Yangming, it causes sinus traction, trismus, and inability to speak. However, Gang Jing with anhidrosis must be resolved through sweating; moreover, damp-heat stagnating internally requires sweating to normalize before stopping. Thus, this formula combines to resolve damp-heat in both channels, similar to wind-cold...