九道脉属阳者二。属阴者七。
一、长脉属阳。指下寻之。往来通度三关。如持竿状。举之有余曰长。过于本位亦曰长。（黄帝
脉经无长脉。有散脉。云大为散。乃阳盛阴虚之脉。焉知散非长也。）主浑身壮热。坐卧不安。（是阳毒邪热之气居于三
焦。患在于表。宜徐徐发表出汗而愈。散脉按之满指。六腑气绝于外。则手足寒上气。五脏气绝于内。则下利不禁。甚
者不仁。其脉皆散。散则不聚。病亦危矣。）
二、促脉属阳。阳盛则促。按之极数。时止复来曰促。主积聚气痞。四肢困劣。精神交乱。忧思所
成（若诊之向前而来。渐出关上。并居寸口。疾数则病血热。发成斑点。忽然退减则生。渐加即
死。然其促有五。曰气、曰血、曰饮、曰食、曰痰。以五者留滞不行则止促。止促非恶脉也。）
三、短脉属阴。指下寻之。往来极短曰短。不及本位亦曰短。主四体恶寒。阴中伏阳。三焦
气壅。宿食不消。（宜大泻。通利肠胃而安。）短而滑者病酒。短而数者心痛烦躁。
四、虚脉属阴。按之不足。迟大而软曰虚。主气血虚。生烦热。少力多惊。心中恍惚。健忘
（宜补益三焦即安）虚为脚弱。为食不化。为伤暑。小儿主惊风。
五、结脉属阴。阴盛则结。脉往来迟缓。时一止复来曰结。主胸满烦躁。积气生于脾脏之旁。大肠作阵疼痛。
（宜宣
泻于三焦而愈）结为痰、为饮、为血、为积、为气。（一云气塞脉缓则为结。活人书云。阴盛发躁。）
六、牢脉属阴。按之实强。有似沉状。一云沉伏实大。如按鼓皮曰牢（即黄帝所谓革脉也。）
主骨肉疼痛。皮肤红肿。胸中气壅。喘息短促。（此心绝之脉也）尺脉牢。男子主阴疝偏坠。
女人主血崩瘕聚。（胞肾虚冷使然。）尺寸脉牢而长。关中无。为阴干阳。苦两胫重。小腹引腰痛。革为满。为急
、为虚寒相搏。妇人半产漏下。男子亡血失精。
七、动脉属阴。指下按之无头尾。大如豆。沉沉微动。不来不往曰动。主四体虚劳疼痛。崩中血
利。为惊恐。为挛、为泄。（众经悉皆以动为阳脉。此脉居关上。阴阳相搏为动。阳动则汗出。阴动则发热。）
八、细脉属阴。指下寻之。细如丝线。来往极微小曰细。主胫 髓冷。乏力损精。囊下湿痒。小便
遗沥。细为气血俱虚。为病在内。为积、为伤湿、为后泄、为寒、为神劳、为忧伤过度、为腹满。细而
紧。为寒疝、为 瘕积聚、为刺痛。细而滑。为僵仆、为发热、为呕吐。
九、代脉属阴。指下寻之。往来缓。动而中止。不能自还。因而复动。或云脏绝中止。余脏代动曰代。主形容
羸瘦。口不能言。（老得之生。少得之死。妇人亦然。有孕约三月余日也。代为五脏气绝之脉。）
上前七表八里九道共二十四脉。按诸家脉书皆二十四脉。互有少异。但无濡牢长短四脉。
却有数革软散四脉。若取诸家脉经观之。乃有数革软散大五脉。（革软散脉已见于前）
数脉属阳。指下寻之。去来急速。一息六至曰数。主热。数为虚、为烦渴、为烦满。寸口脉
数主头痛。关上脉数脾热。口臭生疮。胃热呕吐。尺内脉数。不恶寒。小便黄赤。（言虚当如浮脉说）
大脉属阳。指下往来满大。主热。大为病进。寸口脉壮大。尺中无。此为阳干阴。若腰背痛。阴
中伤。足胫寒。大而坚疾。主癫病。（大脉即洪脉。此阳盛之脉。如何主癫。经云。重阳者狂。重阴者癫。谓主狂病。）
一、长脉属于阳脉。手指下寻按脉搏时，感觉脉搏往来通畅，贯穿寸、关、尺三关，如同手持竹竿一般。轻取（举）时感觉脉气有余，称为长脉。超过本位（正常脉位范围）也称为长脉。（《黄帝脉经》中没有长脉，只有散脉，说“大为散”，这是阳盛阴虚的脉象，怎么知道散脉不是长脉呢？）长脉主要主全身壮热，坐卧不安。（这是因为阳毒邪热之气居于三焦，病位在表，应当慢慢使用发汗解表的方法治疗即可痊愈。散脉的特点是按之满指，六腑之气衰竭于外，则手足寒冷且上气喘逆；五脏之气衰竭于内，则下利不止。严重的会出现肢体麻木不仁。这些脉象都表现为散乱，散乱则气血不聚，病情也很危险。）
二、促脉属于阳脉。阳气盛则出现促脉。重按（按）时脉搏极快，偶尔停止后又立即恢复，称为促脉。主要主体内积聚、气机痞塞，四肢困倦劣弱，精神错乱，多由忧思所致。（如果诊察时发现脉搏向前而来，逐渐超出关上部位，并占据寸口部位，且疾数，则是血热之病，皮肤会发出斑点。如果斑点忽然消退减少，病人就会生还；如果斑点逐渐加重，病人就会死亡。然而促脉有五种成因，分别是气、血、饮、食、痰。因为这五种病理产物留滞不行导致脉搏中止而呈现促象。这种中止并不是恶脉。）
三、短脉属于阴脉。手指下寻按脉搏时，感觉脉搏往来非常短促，称为短脉。不及本位（正常脉位范围）也称为短脉。主要主四肢畏寒，阴中伏阳，三焦气机壅滞，宿食不消化。（应当采用大泻法，通利肠胃即可安宁。）短而滑的脉象主饮酒过度导致的疾病。短而数的脉象主心痛和烦躁。
四、虚脉属于阴脉。重按时感觉力量不足，脉来迟缓、形体大而柔软，称为虚脉。主要主气血虚弱，产生烦热，乏力，易受惊吓，心中恍惚不定，健忘。（应当补益三焦即可安宁。）虚脉也主脚部软弱，食物不消化，伤暑。小儿出现虚脉主要主惊风。
五、结脉属于阴脉。阴气盛则出现结脉。脉搏往来迟缓，偶尔停止一次后又恢复跳动，称为结脉。主要主胸中胀满烦躁，积气生于脾脏旁边，大肠阵发性疼痛。（应当宣通泻下三焦即可痊愈。）结脉主痰、主饮、主血瘀、主积滞、主气滞。（另一种说法认为气塞脉缓则为结脉。《活人书》说：阴盛引发躁动。）
六、牢脉属于阴脉。重按时感觉坚实强劲，有点像沉脉的样子。另一种说法认为是沉伏、实大，如同按压鼓皮一样，称为牢脉（这就是《黄帝内经》所说的革脉）。主要主骨节肌肉疼痛，皮肤红肿，胸中气机壅滞，喘息短促。（这是心气绝灭的脉象。）尺部脉牢，男子主要主阴疝、睾丸偏坠。女子主要主血崩、瘕聚。（这是由于胞宫肾虚冷造成的。）寸部和尺部脉牢而长，关中和胃部没有这种脉象，这是阴干犯阳，痛苦于两小腿沉重，小腹牵引腰部疼痛。革脉主胀满、主急迫、主虚寒相搏。妇人半产漏下，男子亡血失精。
七、动脉属于阴脉。手指下按脉搏时，感觉无头无尾，大小如豆粒，沉沉微微跳动，不来也不往，称为动脉。主要主四肢虚劳疼痛，崩中血利，惊恐，痉挛，泄泻。（各经脉书都把动脉视为阳脉，此脉位于关上，阴阳相互搏击形成动脉。阳动则出汗，阴动则发热。）
八、细脉属于阴脉。手指下寻按脉搏时，细如丝线，往来极其微小，称为细脉。主要主小腿骨髓寒冷，乏力损精，阴囊下部湿痒，小便淋漓不尽。细脉主气血俱虚，主病在内，主积滞，主伤湿，主后泄（便溏），主寒，主神劳，主忧伤过度，主腹满。细而紧的脉象，主寒疝，主瘕积聚，主刺痛。细而滑的脉象，主僵仆（突然跌倒），主发热，主呕吐。
九、代脉属于阴脉。手指下寻按脉搏时，脉搏往来缓慢，跳动中途停止，不能自行恢复，因而再次跳动。另一种说法是脏气绝灭中途停止，其余脏腑代为跳动，称为代脉。主要主形体消瘦，口不能言。（老年人得此脉可生，年轻人得此脉则死，妇女也是如此。怀孕约三个月左右也会出现类似脉象。代脉是五脏气绝灭的脉象。）
前述七表、八里、九道，共二十四脉。查阅各家脉书，都是二十四脉，互有细微差异，只是没有濡、牢、长、短这四脉，却有多、革、软、散这四脉。如果参考各家脉经来看，其实有多、革、软、散、大这五脉。（革、软、散脉已在前面见过）
数脉属于阳脉。手指下寻按脉搏时，去来急速，一呼一吸之间跳动六次，称为数脉。主要主热证。数脉主虚，主烦渴，主烦闷胀满。寸口脉数主头痛。关上脉数主脾热，口臭生疮。胃热呕吐。尺内脉数，不恶寒，小便黄赤。（说到虚证时，应当像浮脉那样论述）
大脉属于阳脉。手指下感觉脉搏往来充满且大，主要主热证。大脉表示病情进展。寸口脉壮大，尺部没有，这是阳干犯阴。如果出现腰背痛，阴中受伤，足胫寒冷，脉大而坚疾，主要主癫病。（大脉即洪脉，这是阳盛的脉象，怎么会主癫病呢？经文说：重阳者狂，重阴者癫。这里说是主狂病。）
Among the nine categories of pulse types, two belong to Yang and seven belong to Yin.
1. The Long Pulse (Chang Mai) belongs to Yang. When seeking the pulse with the fingers, it feels smooth and unobstructed, extending through the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions (the three levels of the radial artery), resembling holding a bamboo pole. When lightly lifted (Ju), there is an excess of Qi, which is called the Long Pulse. Exceeding its normal position is also called the Long Pulse. (*The Huangdi Maijing* does not list the Long Pulse but lists the Scattered Pulse (San Mai), stating "Large is Scattered," which indicates excess Yang and deficiency Yin. How can one know that the Scattered Pulse is not the Long Pulse?) The Long Pulse primarily indicates severe whole-body fever, restlessness in sitting or lying down. (This is due to Yang-toxin pathogenic heat residing in the Sanjiao (Triple Burner), with the pathology located in the exterior. It should be treated gradually by inducing sweating to resolve the exterior, leading to recovery. The Scattered Pulse is characterized by feeling full under pressure; when Qi of the Six Fu organs fails externally, the hands and feet become cold and there is upward rushing Qi; when Qi of the Five Zang organs fails internally, there is uncontrollable diarrhea. In severe cases, there is numbness. These pulses all appear scattered; scattering means lack of gathering, and the condition is critical.)
2. The Surging Pulse (Cu Mai) belongs to Yang. Excess Yang leads to the Surging Pulse. When pressed deeply (An), the pulse is extremely rapid, occasionally stopping and then resuming, which is called the Surging Pulse. It primarily indicates accumulation and Qi stagnation (Pi), fatigue and weakness in the four limbs, mental confusion, often caused by worry and overthinking. (If upon diagnosis the pulse comes forward, gradually exceeding the Guan position and occupying the Cun position, and is rapid and numerous, it indicates blood heat causing macules on the skin. If the macules suddenly recede and diminish, the patient will survive; if they gradually increase, the patient will die. However, there are five causes for the Surging Pulse: Qi, Blood, Fluids (Yin), Food, and Phlegm. Stagnation of these five factors causes the stoppage and surging appearance. This stoppage is not necessarily a malignant pulse.)
3. The Short Pulse (Duan Mai) belongs to Yin. When seeking the pulse with the fingers, it feels extremely short in its movement, which is called the Short Pulse. Failing to reach its normal position is also called the Short Pulse. It primarily indicates aversion to cold in the four limbs, hidden Yang within Yin, Qi congestion in the Sanjiao, and undigested food retention. (It should be treated with strong purgation to unblock and benefit the intestines and stomach, leading to peace.) A Short and Slippery pulse indicates disease from alcohol consumption. A Short and Rapid pulse indicates heart pain and irritability.
4. The Deficient Pulse (Xu Mai) belongs to Yin. When pressed, it feels insufficient in strength. Slow, large, and soft is called the Deficient Pulse. It primarily indicates deficiency of Qi and Blood, generating irritability and heat, weakness, frequent fright, mental vagueness, and forgetfulness. (Tonifying and benefiting the Sanjiao will lead to peace.) The Deficient Pulse also indicates weak legs, indigestion, and damage from summerheat. In children, it primarily indicates convulsive disorders (Jing Feng).
5. The Knotted Pulse (Jie Mai) belongs to Yin. Excess Yin leads to the Knotted Pulse. The pulse moves slowly and occasionally stops once before resuming, which is called the Knotted Pulse. It primarily indicates chest fullness and irritability, accumulated Qi beside the Spleen, and paroxysmal pain in the Large Intestine. (It should be treated by venting and purging the Sanjiao to achieve recovery.) The Knotted Pulse indicates Phlegm, Fluids (Yin), Blood stasis, Accumulation, and Qi stagnation. (Another view states that Qi blockage with a slow pulse constitutes the Knotted Pulse. *Huoren Shu* states: Excess Yin triggers agitation.)
6. The Firm Pulse (Lao Mai) belongs to Yin. When pressed, it feels solid and strong, somewhat resembling the Deep Pulse (Chen Mai). Another description is Deep, Hidden, Solid, and Large, feeling like pressing a drumhead, which is called the Firm Pulse (this is what *Huangdi Neijing* refers to as the Leathery Pulse [Ge Mai]). It primarily indicates pain in bones and muscles, redness and swelling of the skin, Qi congestion in the chest, and panting with shortness of breath. (This is a pulse indicating the exhaustion of Heart Qi.) A Firm pulse at the Chi position in men primarily indicates Yin hernia and testicular descent. In women, it primarily indicates metrorrhagia (blood flooding) and abdominal masses (Jia Ju). (This is caused by cold deficiency of the Uterus/Kidney). If the Cun and Chi pulses are Firm and Long, but absent at the Guan and Zhong positions, it indicates Yin invading Yang, suffering from heaviness in both calves, and lower abdomen pulling into waist pain. The Leathery Pulse indicates fullness, urgency, and struggle between deficiency and cold. In women, it indicates miscarriage and persistent bleeding; in men, it indicates loss of blood and essence.
7. The Moving Pulse (Dong Mai) belongs to Yin. When pressed with the fingers, it has no head or tail, is as large as a bean, sinks slightly and trembles, neither coming nor going, which is called the Moving Pulse. It primarily indicates deficiency and labor pain in the four limbs, uterine bleeding and bloody diarrhea, fright, spasms, and diarrhea. (Most classic texts regard the Moving Pulse as a Yang pulse. This pulse is located at the Guan position; the struggle between Yin and Yang creates the Moving Pulse. Yang movement causes sweating; Yin movement causes fever.)
8. The Fine Pulse (Xi Mai) belongs to Yin. When seeking the pulse with the fingers, it is thin as a silk thread, moving extremely minutely, which is called the Fine Pulse. It primarily indicates cold in the tibia and marrow, weakness and depletion of essence, dampness and itching below the scrotum, and dribbling urine. The Fine Pulse indicates joint deficiency of Qi and Blood, internal disease, accumulation, damage from dampness, posterior diarrhea (loose stools), cold, mental fatigue, excessive sorrow/worry, and abdominal fullness. A Fine and Tight pulse indicates Cold Hernia, Jia Ju accumulations, and stabbing pain. A Fine and Slippery pulse indicates sudden collapse/falling, fever, and vomiting.
9. The Intermittent Pulse (Dai Mai) belongs to Yin. When seeking the pulse with the fingers, it moves slowly, stops during movement, cannot return spontaneously, and thus moves again. Another view states that when Zang Qi exhausts and stops midway, other Zang organs take over the beating, which is called the Intermittent Pulse. It primarily indicates emaciation and inability to speak. (For the elderly, obtaining this pulse may allow survival; for the young, it indicates death; the same applies to women. During pregnancy, around three months, a similar pulse may appear. The Intermittent Pulse is a sign of exhaustion of the Five Zang Qi.)
Previously mentioned were Seven Exterior, Eight Interior, and Nine Categories, totaling twenty-four pulse types. Consulting various pulse books, all list twenty-four pulses, with minor variations, lacking only the Soft (Ru), Firm (Lao), Long (Chang), and Short (Duan) pulses, but including the Numerous (Shuo), Leathery (Ge), Soft (Ruan), and Scattered (San) pulses. If observing various pulse classics, there are actually five pulses: Numerous, Leathery, Soft, Scattered, and Large. (The Leathery, Soft, and Scattered pulses have already been seen previously.)
The Numerous Pulse (Shuo Mai) belongs to Yang. When seeking the pulse with the fingers, it comes and goes rapidly, beating six times per respiratory cycle (one息), which is called the Numerous Pulse. It primarily indicates Heat. The Numerous pulse indicates deficiency, irritability and thirst, and irritability and fullness. A Numerous pulse at the Cun position indicates headache. A Numerous pulse at the Guan position indicates Spleen heat, bad breath, and mouth ulcers. Stomach heat causes vomiting. A Numerous pulse at the Chi position indicates no aversion to cold and yellow-red urine. (When discussing deficiency, it should be explained like the Floating Pulse.)
The Large Pulse (Da Mai) belongs to Yang. When felt with the fingers, the pulse comes and goes filling and large, primarily indicating Heat. A Large pulse indicates disease progression. A Large and Strong pulse at the Cun position, absent at the Chi position, indicates Yang invading Yin. If accompanied by backache, injury to the Yin region, and cold in the calves, and the pulse is Large, firm, and rapid, it primarily indicates Epilepsy (Dian Bing). (The Large Pulse is the Hectic Pulse [Hong Mai], which is a pulse of excess Yang. How can it indicate Dian? The Classic states: Excess Yang leads to Mania [Kuang]; Excess Yin leads to Depression/Epilepsy [Dian]. Here it refers to indicating Mania.)