钱氏曰∶目内色赤者心实热，淡红者心虚热。青者肝实热，淡青者肝虚热。黄者脾实热，微黄者脾虚热。白而
泪者肺实热，目无睛光者肾虚也。
涂蔚生曰∶钱氏此说固确。然目内之大眼角红筋肉，是心所属，突胀而色赤者，方为心实热。小眼角属于命
门，淡红者相火虚也，未可概为心经虚热。目黄虽系实热之症，而湿热之症，究多目黄，亦未可只以目黄分为虚热实
热。白珠属肺，白而泪者，固为实热，红而肿者亦系实热。然前者为热在气分，后者为热在血分。此种精微，不可不
辨。目之黑珠属肝，瞳人属肾，必须瞳人昏暗无光，方可断为肾虚也。
陈飞霞曰∶肝者足厥阴木也，实则目赤大叫，呵欠烦闷；虚
则呵欠切牙。有风则目连眨，有热则目视恍恍。成疳则白膜遮睛，主怒则性急大叫，哭甚则咽肿。热则大小便难，
手寻衣领，手乱捻物，甚则撮空摸床，此丧魂也。儿病时，目睛视物不转，或目合不开，或哭而无泪，或不哭而泪
出，皆肝绝也。
心者手少阴火也，实则叫哭发热饮水，虚则困卧悸动不安。心血足则面色红润易养，心血亏则面色昏暗难养。
热甚则津液干而病渴，神乱而卧不宁，喜伏卧，舌破成疮，又为重舌木舌，舌出不收之病。凡病丹瘤斑疹虫疥
疮，皆心之症也。如心病久，汗出发润，或舌出不收，暴喑不语，或神昏溃乱，或斑疹变黑，皆心病为之也。
脾者，足太阴土也，为水谷之海。实则困睡身热饮水，虚则吐泻生风。伤脾则为肿为胀，为黄为吐泻下痢。脾
寒则腹胀，脾疳则肚大青筋。脾热则口臭唇疮，饮食不为肌肤，吐舌弄舌，口干饮水；寒则口角流涎，谓之滞颐。气
不利则口频撮，虚则肉消而瘦，不喜饮食，食则成积，积则成疳或癖。如脾久病，大肉消脱，肚大青筋，或遍身虚肿，
或吐泻不止，饮食不入，或多食而瘦，或虫出于口，或唇謇而缩，皆脾绝也。
涂蔚生曰∶脾实固易困睡，而脾虚亦易困卧，因其化生之气既少，而孤阴不能独事动作也。脾热固易饮水而热，
亦有虚实之分，实热者大渴引饮，饮多而舌苔黄；虚热者津液不能上升，饮水自救，饮少而舌苔不黄。腹胀亦宜分乎寒
热，寒湿凝滞，固可饮食停滞，发生胀满；而火热澎涨，其胀较寒尤甚。不过此种诊法，须看其面色及其舌苔耳。遍
身虚肿一层，当看其能食与否，能食则是气复而血未充，尚为吉兆，乌可断为脾绝。唇謇而缩，
须看兼有口开与否，方可断为是否脾绝。因上嘴唇之人中，属于督脉，下嘴唇之承浆，属于任脉，唇缩多是督任
二脉绝也。
肺者，手太阴金也，实则闷乱喘促，虚则哽气长出。经曰∶寒伤肺，由儿之衣过薄也。经曰∶热伤肺，由儿
之衣过浓也。寒热伤肺，则气逆而为喘为咳。肺受风，则喷嚏而流清涕；受寒则鼻塞，呼吸不利；受热则鼻干，或
为衄血；或疳则鼻赤烂；喘不止则面肿；咳不止则胸骨高，谓之龟胸。燥则渴不止，好饮水，谓之膈消。如肺久病，
咳嗽连绵，喘息不休，或肩息，或咳血不止，或鼻孔黑燥，或鼻孔开张而喘，或泻痢不休，孔大如筒，或面白虚浮，
上气喘逆，皆肺绝也。
涂蔚生曰∶喘促与哽气，各有虚实二证。未可止限于喘实哽虚。寒热伤肺，虽由于儿之衣过薄过浓，然究系间或
有之，未可作为寒热伤肺之定论也。喘不止则面肿，为阴虚而阳无所附，亦系阳虚之候，因阳明之气，行于面也。咳
不止则胸骨高，谓之龟胸，颇难解，不知他书亦有此种病名与解释否？然各书具有久咳之病者矣，从未见有此病名之
确论也。胃息亦费解，不知其是指胃之停止消化而言，抑是另有此种病名。泻利孔大如筒，名为脱阴，此责亦在少阴厥
阴，非专在太阴。面白虚浮，女子此症最甚，以其偏于阳弱，虚浮则为阳脱于上。然必须大病久病之后，又兼饮食不进，
方可断为阳脱也。
肾者，足少阴水也，虚则目畏明，白睛多黑睛少，颅解不合，颜色 白，骨髓不满，儿必畏寒。多为五软之症，
尻骨不成则坐迟，髁骨不坚则行迟，真阳不足则齿迟，血脉不荣则发稀，心气不足则语迟。热则出脓生疳。如肾病久，
身下窜，目无瞳子，如见鬼状，或骨 弱，卧不能起，或二便遗失，此肾败也。
涂蔚生曰∶肾阴虚则畏热，肾阳虚则畏寒。若仅混为虚则畏
寒，是其于肾之阴阳，未能判别清楚也。查肾病无如见鬼状者，其有如见鬼状之证，则为男女具是热入血室。盖
血室为肝经所主，而魂阳亦肝经所司也。鬼者，魄也，属于阴血，血死即为魄死，魄掩其魂，故如见鬼。少阴既非
肝经所司，又焉有见鬼之证发生。二便遗失，亦未可纯断为肾败。因大便属于大肠，为肺所主，而小便属于膀胱也，
膀胱既与肾为表里，膀胱之遗溺亦可诊肾经之虚败也。
钱乙说：眼睛内部颜色发红的，是心经实热；颜色淡红的，是心经虚热。眼睛内部颜色发青的，是肝经实热；颜色淡青的，是肝经虚热。眼睛内部颜色发黄的，是脾经实热；颜色微黄的，是脾经虚热。眼白部分发红且流泪的，是肺经实热；眼球失去光泽的，是肾虚。
涂蔚生说：钱乙的这种说法固然正确。但是，眼睛大眼角处的红肉（血络），属于心所主，只有当它突起肿胀且颜色赤红时，才算是心经实热。小眼角属于命门，颜色淡红的是相火虚弱，不能一概认为是心经虚热。眼睛发黄虽然属于实热的症状，但湿热病症中，多见眼睛发黄，也不能仅凭眼睛发黄就分为虚热或实热。眼白属于肺，眼白发红且流泪的，确实是实热；但如果眼白发红且肿胀的，也属于实热。然而前者是热在气分，后者是热在血分。这种细微的区别，不可不加以辨别。眼睛的黑珠（黑睛）属于肝，瞳孔属于肾，必须等到瞳孔昏暗无光时，才可以断定为肾虚。
陈飞霞说：肝属足厥阴木经，实证时眼睛发红、大声叫喊、打哈欠、烦躁郁闷；虚证时打哈欠、咬紧牙关。有风邪则眼睛频繁眨动，有热邪则视物模糊不清。患疳积症时，白膜遮蔽瞳孔；因愤怒导致性情急躁、大声叫喊，哭泣严重时咽喉肿痛。有热邪则大小便困难，手抓衣领，手乱捻弄物品，严重时两手在空中抓取或抚摸床铺，这是魂失守的表现。小儿患病时，眼球转动不灵活，或者眼睛闭合不睁开，或者哭泣而无眼泪，或者不哭却流泪，这些都是肝气绝的表现。
心属手少阴火经，实证时叫喊哭闹、发热、想喝水，虚证时疲倦嗜睡、心悸不安。心血充足则面色红润容易调养，心血亏虚则面色昏暗难以调养。热邪严重则津液干枯而生病渴，神志混乱而睡眠不安稳，喜欢趴着睡，舌头破裂成疮，又出现重舌（舌下复生一小舌）、木舌（舌体僵硬麻木）、舌伸出不收的症状。凡是患丹毒、瘤疾、斑疹、虫疥、疮疡等病，都是心的病症。如果心病日久，出汗后头发湿润，或者舌伸出不收，突然失音不能说话，或者神志昏迷错乱，或者斑疹变成黑色，这都是心病造成的。
脾属足太阴土经，是水谷之海。实证时疲倦嗜睡、身体发热、想喝水，虚证时呕吐腹泻、引发惊风。损伤脾脏则出现浮肿、胀满、发黄、呕吐腹泻、痢疾。脾寒则腹部胀满，脾疳则肚子大、腹壁青筋暴露。脾热则口臭、嘴唇生疮，饮食不能转化为肌肉营养，吐舌弄舌，口干想喝水；脾寒则嘴角流口水，称为滞颐。气机不利则频繁撮口，虚证则肌肉消瘦而瘦弱，不喜欢饮食，吃了食物则形成积滞，积滞久了形成疳积或癖块。如果脾病日久，大腿肌肉消脱，肚子大、腹壁青筋暴露，或者全身虚肿，或者呕吐腹泻不止，饮食无法进入，或者吃得多却消瘦，或者有虫子从口中出来，或者口角歪斜收缩，这些都是脾气绝的表现。
涂蔚生说：脾实确实容易疲倦嗜睡，但脾虚也容易疲倦躺卧，因为化生的元气既少，孤阴不能独自从事活动。脾热确实容易想喝水并感到热，也有虚实之分，实热者大渴引饮，喝得多且舌苔黄；虚热者津液不能上升，饮水自救，喝得少且舌苔不黄。腹胀也应该区分寒热，寒湿凝滞，确实会导致饮食停滞，发生胀满；而火热膨胀，其胀满程度比寒证更严重。不过这种诊法，需要看患者的面色及其舌苔。关于全身虚肿这一层，应当看患者能否进食，能进食则是气恢复而血未充盈，尚为吉兆，怎么能断定为脾气绝呢？口角歪斜收缩，必须看是否伴有口开不闭的情况，才能断定是否为脾气绝。因为上嘴唇的人中穴，属于督脉，下嘴唇的承浆穴，属于任脉，嘴唇收缩多是督脉和任脉气绝的表现。
肺属手太阴金经，实证时胸闷烦乱、气喘急促，虚证时叹气、呼吸深长。医经说：寒邪伤肺，是因为婴儿衣服穿得太薄。医经说：热邪伤肺，是因为婴儿衣服穿得太厚。寒热伤肺，则气机上逆而表现为喘咳。肺受风邪，则打喷嚏、流清鼻涕；受寒邪则鼻塞，呼吸不畅；受热邪则鼻干，或者流鼻血；或者患疳积症则鼻子发红溃烂；喘个不停则面部浮肿；咳个不停则胸骨高耸，称为龟胸。燥邪伤肺则口渴不止，喜欢喝水，称为膈消。如果肺病日久，咳嗽连绵不断，喘息不停，或者抬肩呼吸，或者咳血不止，或者鼻孔黑而干燥，或者鼻孔开张而喘息，或者腹泻痢疾不停，肛门扩大如筒状，或者面色苍白虚浮，上气喘逆，这些都是肺气绝的表现。
涂蔚生说：气喘急促与叹气，各有虚实两种证候，不能仅仅局限于喘为实、叹为虚。寒热伤肺，虽然由于婴儿衣服过薄或过厚引起，但这终究是偶尔发生的情况，不能作为寒热伤肺的定论。喘个不停则面部浮肿，这是阴虚而阳无所依附，也是阳虚的征候，因为阳明之气行于面部。咳个不停则胸骨高耸，称为龟胸，很难理解，不知道其他书籍是否有这种病名和解释吗？然而各书都有久咳的病案，从未见过对此病名的确切论述。“胃息”也难以理解，不知是指胃停止消化而言，还是另有此种病名。腹泻痢疾肛门扩大如筒状，名为脱阴，这也责任在于少阴和厥阴，并非专在太阴。面色苍白虚浮，女子此症最严重，因为其偏于阳气虚弱，虚浮则是阳气脱散于上。然而必须在大病久病之后，又兼饮食不进，才可以断定为阳气脱散。
肾属足少阴水经，虚证时眼睛怕光，眼白多黑睛少，囟门不合，脸色苍白，骨髓不满，婴儿必定怕冷。多为五软症，尾椎骨不成形则坐得晚，踝骨不坚固则走得晚，真阳不足则牙齿长得晚，血脉不荣养则头发稀疏，心气不足则说话晚。有热邪则出脓、生疳积。如果肾病日久，身体向下窜动，眼睛没有瞳孔，像看见鬼怪一样，或者骨骼软弱，躺下不能起身，或者大小便失禁，这是肾气败坏的表现。
涂蔚生说：肾阴虚则怕热，肾阳虚则怕冷。如果只笼统地说虚证就怕冷，说明对肾的阴阳未能判别清楚。查考肾病没有像看见鬼怪一样的症状，那些有像看见鬼怪一样症状的，则是男女都有的热入血室证。盖血室由肝经所主，而魂阳也由肝经所司。鬼，指的是魄，属于阴血，血死即为魄死，魄掩盖了魂，所以像看见鬼。少阴肾经既然不是肝经所司，怎么会有见鬼的症状发生呢？大小便失禁，也不能纯断定为肾气败坏。因为大便属于大肠，由肺所主，而小便属于膀胱，膀胱既与肾互为表里，膀胱的遗尿也可以诊断肾经的虚败。
Qian Yi stated: Redness in the inner canthus indicates Heart Excess-Heat (Shi Re); pale redness indicates Heart Deficiency-Heat (Xu Re). Blueness indicates Liver Excess-Heat; pale blueness indicates Liver Deficiency-Heat. Yellowing indicates Spleen Excess-Heat; slight yellowing indicates Spleen Deficiency-Heat. Whiteness of the sclera with tearing indicates Lung Excess-Heat; loss of luster in the pupils indicates Kidney Deficiency.
Tu Weisheng commented: Qian's theory is indeed accurate. However, the red flesh at the large canthus belongs to the Heart; only when it is protruding, swollen, and crimson red does it signify Heart Excess-Heat. The small canthus belongs to the Mingmen (Gate of Life); pale redness here indicates deficiency of Ministerial Fire (Xiang Huo), and one cannot generally attribute it to Heart Meridian Deficiency-Heat. Although yellowing of the eyes is a symptom of Excess-Heat, damp-heat syndromes often present with yellow eyes, so one cannot categorize them solely as Deficiency-Heat or Excess-Heat based on eye color alone. The sclera belongs to the Lung; whiteness with tearing is indeed Excess-Heat, but redness with swelling is also Excess-Heat. The former represents Heat in the Qi Level (Qi Fen), while the latter represents Heat in the Blood Level (Xue Fen). Such subtleties must be distinguished. The black part of the eye (cornea/pupil area) belongs to the Liver, and the pupil belongs to the Kidney; only when the pupil is dim and lacks luster can it be diagnosed as Kidney Deficiency.
Chen Feixia stated: The Liver corresponds to the Foot Jueyin Wood Meridian. In Excess syndromes, there is redness of the eyes, loud crying, yawning, and irritability; in Deficiency syndromes, there is yawning and teeth grinding. With Wind pathogen, the eyes blink frequently; with Heat pathogen, vision becomes blurred. In Gan syndrome (infantile malnutrition), a white membrane covers the pupil. Anger leads to irritability and loud crying; severe crying causes throat swelling. Heat causes difficulty in urination and defecation, grasping at clothing collars, fidgeting with objects, and in severe cases, grasping at empty air or touching the bed, which signifies the loss of Hun (Ethereal Soul). When an infant is ill, if the eyeballs do not move freely, or remain closed, or cry without tears, or weep without crying, these are signs of Liver Qi Exhaustion.
The Heart corresponds to the Hand Shaoyin Fire Meridian. In Excess syndromes, there is loud crying, fever, and thirst; in Deficiency syndromes, there is lethargy, palpitations, and restlessness. Abundant Heart Blood results in ruddy complexion and ease of recovery; deficient Heart Blood results in dull complexion and difficulty in recovery. Severe Heat dries up body fluids causing pathological thirst, disturbs the Shen (Spirit) causing restless sleep, preference for prone position, tongue ulcers, double tongue (Chong She), wooden tongue (Mu She), and inability to retract the tongue. Conditions such as erysipelas, tumors, macules, rashes, parasitic skin diseases, and sores are all Heart syndromes. If Heart disease persists, sweating with wet hair, inability to retract the tongue, sudden aphonia, confusion, or blackening of rashes are all caused by Heart pathology.
The Spleen corresponds to the Foot Taiyin Earth Meridian and is the Sea of Water and Grain. In Excess syndromes, there is lethargy, fever, and thirst; in Deficiency syndromes, there is vomiting, diarrhea, and wind-stirring. Spleen injury leads to edema, distension, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, and dysentery. Spleen Cold causes abdominal distension; Spleen Gan presents with a large abdomen and visible epigastric veins. Spleen Heat causes bad breath, lip ulcers, failure of food to nourish muscles, protrusion and manipulation of the tongue, dry mouth, and thirst; Spleen Cold causes drooling from the corners of the mouth, known as Zhi Yi (retained saliva). Qi stagnation causes frequent puckering of the lips; Deficiency causes muscle wasting and emaciation, anorexia, food accumulation leading to Gan or Pi masses. If Spleen disease persists, with wasting of thigh muscles, large abdomen with visible veins, generalized edema, intractable vomiting and diarrhea, inability to ingest food, polyphagia with emaciation, worms emerging from the mouth, or retraction and distortion of the lips, these are signs of Spleen Qi Exhaustion.
Tu Weisheng commented: Spleen Excess easily causes lethargy, but Spleen Deficiency also easily causes recumbency because the transformative Qi is scarce, and isolated Yin cannot perform actions independently. Spleen Heat easily causes thirst and heat sensation, but there is a distinction between Excess and Deficiency. Excess-Heat involves intense thirst with copious drinking and yellow tongue coating; Deficiency-Heat involves inability of fluids to ascend, self-rescue via drinking, scant intake, and non-yellow tongue coating. Abdominal distension should also be differentiated into Cold and Heat. Cold-damp stagnation causes food retention and distension; Fire-Heat expansion causes even more severe distension than Cold. However, this diagnostic method requires observing the facial complexion and tongue coating. Regarding generalized edema, one must check if the patient can eat; if they can eat, it indicates Qi recovery though Blood is still insufficient, which is a favorable sign, not necessarily Spleen Exhaustion. Lip retraction must be assessed alongside whether the mouth remains open to determine Spleen Exhaustion. The Philtrum (Ren Zhong) on the upper lip belongs to the Du Mai (Governing Vessel), and Chengjiang (Cheng Jiang) on the lower lip belongs to the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); lip retraction often signifies exhaustion of both Du and Ren vessels.
The Lung corresponds to the Hand Taiyin Metal Meridian. In Excess syndromes, there is chest oppression, confusion, wheezing, and rapid breathing; in Deficiency syndromes, there is sighing and prolonged exhalation. The Classics state: Cold injures the Lung due to insufficient clothing in infants. Heat injures the Lung due to excessive clothing in infants. Cold and Heat injuring the Lung cause rebellious Qi leading to wheezing and coughing. Wind attacking the Lung causes sneezing and clear nasal discharge; Cold causes nasal congestion and difficult breathing; Heat causes dry nose or epistaxis; Gan syndrome causes red and ulcerated nose; persistent wheezing causes facial edema; persistent coughing causes high sternum, known as Turtle Chest (Gui Xiong). Dryness causes unquenchable thirst and preference for water, known as Ge Xiao (Diaphragm Consumption). If Lung disease persists, with continuous coughing, ceaseless wheezing, orthopnea (shoulder breathing), hemoptysis, black and dry nostrils, dilated nostrils with wheezing, intractable dysentery with dilated anus like a tube, pale and puffy face, and upward rebellious Qi, these are signs of Lung Qi Exhaustion.
Tu Weisheng commented: Wheezing and sighing each have Excess and Deficiency patterns; one cannot limit them strictly to Wheezing=Excess and Sighing=Deficiency. While cold/heat lung injury may result from improper clothing, this is occasional and not a definitive conclusion. Persistent wheezing with facial edema indicates Yin deficiency where Yang has no anchor, also a sign of Yang deficiency, as Yangming Qi travels on the face. Persistent coughing leading to turtle chest is hard to explain; other texts lack definitive discussion on this specific name. "Wei Xi" (Stomach Breath/Stop) is also confusing; it is unclear if it refers to cessation of gastric digestion or another disease name. Dysentery with a dilated anus named Tuo Yin (Yin Collapse) implicates Shaoyin and Jueyin, not exclusively Taiyin. Pale puffy face is most severe in women due to relative Yang weakness; puffiness indicates Yang collapse upwards. However, this diagnosis requires a history of severe/prolonged illness combined with anorexia to confirm Yang Collapse.
The Kidney corresponds to the Foot Shaoyin Water Meridian. In Deficiency syndromes, there is photophobia, excessive sclera relative to cornea, fontanelle non-closure, pallor, incomplete marrow filling, and aversion to cold. This often manifests as Wu Ruan (Five Softnesses): delayed sitting due to underdeveloped sacrum, delayed walking due to weak ankles, delayed teething due to insufficiency of True Yang, sparse hair due to poor blood nourishment, and delayed speech due to insufficient Heart Qi. Heat causes pus formation and Gan syndrome. If Kidney disease persists, with downward crawling, absence of pupils, hallucinations ("seeing ghosts"), weak bones unable to support lying down, or incontinence, these are signs of Kidney Failure.
Tu Weisheng commented: Kidney Yin deficiency causes heat intolerance; Kidney Yang deficiency causes cold intolerance. Generalizing all deficiency as cold intolerance shows a failure to distinguish Kidney Yin and Yang. Kidney disease does not typically present with "seeing ghosts"; such symptoms indicate Heat entering the Blood Chamber (Xue Shi) in both men and women. The Blood Chamber is governed by the Liver Meridian, and Hun Yang is also controlled by the Liver. "Ghost" refers to Po (Corporeal Soul), belonging to Yin Blood; when blood dies, Po dies, covering Hun, thus causing hallucinations. Since Shaoyin is not governed by the Liver, how could such symptoms occur? Incontinence cannot be purely diagnosed as Kidney Failure. Stool belongs to the Large Intestine, governed by the Lung; urine belongs to the Bladder. Since the Bladder is interior-exterior related to the Kidney, bladder incontinence can also diagnose Kidney Meridian deficiency and failure.