山草类
大补元气、生阴血、亦泻虚火。
甘温微苦。大补肺中元气。（李东垣用药法象曰∶肺主气、肺气旺则脏腑之气皆旺、精
自生
而形自盛。十剂曰∶补可去弱、人参羊肉之类是也、人参补气、羊肉补形。）泻火。（东垣曰
、参 甘草、退火之圣药、按烦劳则虚而生热、得甘温以益元气、而虚热自退、故亦谓之泻
。）除烦，生津止渴，开心益智。（心气强、则善思而多智。）聪耳明目。（洗与服俱佳。）安
精神。定魂魄。止惊悸。通血脉。（气行则血行。）破坚积。（气运则积化。）消痰水。（气旺
则痰行水消。）气壮而胃自开。气和而食自化。治虚劳内伤。（伤于七情六欲、饮食作劳为
内伤、宜养正、伤于风寒暑湿燥火为外感、宜祛邪、如发热证、外感则发热无间、内伤则时
热时止、恶寒证、外感虽絮火不除、内伤则得暖便减、头痛证、外感则常痛不休、内伤
则时痛时止、外感则手背热、内伤则手心热、外感则鼻塞不通、内伤则口淡无味。）发热自
汗。（自汗属阳虚、宜参 补气、亦有因肺热汗多者、服参 汗必更多、宜清热而兼养血、
汗自止矣。凡外感风邪、每多发热自汗、脉必浮缓、而外证亦自可辨。）虚咳喘促。（陈嘉
谟本草蒙筌曰∶咳有肺热还伤肺之句、唯言寒热、不辨虚实、若肺中实热者忌之、虚热者、
服之何害。）心腹寒痛。（方书谓痛无补法、以其气实也、若虚寒作痛、急宜用之矣。）伤寒
。（庸浅之辈、不察虚实、但见发热、动手便攻、且曰伤寒无补法、独不观仲景伤寒论、立
三百九十七法、而治虚寒者、一百有奇、垂一百一十三方、而用人参附子者、五十有奇乎。
）瘟疫。（瘟疫病、阳脉濡弱、正虚也、阴脉弦紧、邪实也、正虚邪实、则一团毒邪内炽、
莫
能解散、病固缠身为累、而冬不藏精之人、触其气者、染之尤易、所以发表药中、宜少用人
参三、五、七分、以领出其邪、喻嘉言寓意草中、论之甚详。）呕哕反胃。 疟泻痢。（皆理
胃培脾之功。唯肺遗热于大肠、而为泻痢、虽日久、宜清肺之化源、及风入肠胃、而致久
泻久痢、宜祛风邪从肌表出、俱忌用。）淋沥。（肺气化、则溺行而不频数。）胀满。（皇甫嵩
本草发明云∶胸膈逆满、宜补之而胀自除、经所谓塞因塞用也、俗医泥于作饱不敢用、不知
少用反滋壅、多用则宣通、补之正所以导之也。）多梦纷纭。离魂异疾。（有人觉卧则身外有
身、一样无别、盖卧则魂归于肝、此由肝虚邪袭、魂不归舍、病名离魂、夏子益奇疾方、同
龙齿赤茯苓朱砂各一钱、临睡煎服、三服愈。）妊娠吐水。（酸心腹痛、不能饮食、惠民和剂
局方、炮姜等分为末、生地黄汁和丸桐子大、每服五十丸、米汤下。）胎产诸虚。小儿慢惊
。痘科险证。（凡痘证颜色娇红、而不苍老、或顶陷、或皮薄浆清、或痒塌泄泻、俱属气虚
、宜用。若因肺热、浆不大行、及靥后难脱者、均忌、泄泻由于肺热者、亦忌之。）外科
阴毒。（痈疽出脓后收口、其效尤神、掺药用之亦妙。）因虚失血。（古人治大失血、脉芤洪
者、并用人参、气旺则能摄血也、又凡血脱者、须益其气、盖血不自生、须得生阳气之药乃
生、阳生则阴长之义也、若单用补血、无由而生矣、若火气方逆、血热妄行、则咸忌之）气
虚甚者。浓煎独参汤进之。挟寒者。稍加附子。按人参功能在诸药之上。但闭气。肺有火热
。及肺气不利者忌之。实表。表有邪者忌之。凡痧痘斑毒。欲出未出。但闷热而不见点。若
误用之。以阻截其路。为祸尤烈。产辽东。宁古台出者。光红结实。船厂出者。空松铅塞。
并有糙有熟。宜隔纸焙用。忌铁。不宜见风日。茯苓为使。畏五灵脂。恶皂角、黑大豆、紫
石英、人溲。反藜芦。（李言闻曰∶东垣理脾胃、泻阴火、交泰丸内、用人参皂角、是恶而
不恶也、古方疗月闭、四物汤加人参五灵脂、是畏而不畏也、又疗痰在胸膈、人参藜芦同用
、而取其涌越、是激其怒性也、非洞奥达权者、不能知也。凡失血不止、人参和童便服、
即止、因相恶而效更奇也。）
参条（生津补气。）乃横生芦头上者。其力甚薄。止可用以调理常病。及生津止渴。其
性横
行手臂。凡指臂无力者。服之甚效。
参须（生津补气。）亦横生芦头上。而更细者。其性与参条同。而力尤薄。要知参条参
须。
不过得参之余气。危险之证。断难倚仗。
太子参（大补元气。）虽甚细如参条。短紧坚实。而有芦纹。其力不下大参。
参芦（宣、涌吐、然亦有补性。）苦温涌吐。虚劳痰饮。（吴绶曰∶人弱者、以参芦代瓜
蒂、
朱丹溪本草补遗曰∶人参入手太阴、补阳中之阴、芦则泻太阴之阳、亦犹麻黄苗能发汗、根
能止汗也、痰在上膈、在经络、宜吐之、吐中就有发散之义、一妇因怒而病呃、作则举身跳
动、昏不知人、乃痰因怒郁、气不得降、以参芦半两、逆流水煎饮之、大吐顽痰数碗、大汗
昏睡而安、一人作劳发疟、服疟药变为热病、舌短痰嗽、六脉洪数而滑、此痰蓄胸中也、以
参芦汤加竹沥、涌出顽痰三块、次与参 当归而安。）今东洋西洋。俱常用之。（又人参内有
一种、白皮细长、名凤凰城、又有一种、皮糙体松、名泡头、东洋俱大行。）
参叶 大苦大寒。损气败血。其性与人参相反。且无用。所以从来本草内。俱不
载。
山草类
人参能大补元气、滋生阴血，也能清泻虚火。
味甘、性温，略带苦味。能大补肺中的元气。（李东垣在《用药法象》中说：肺主气，肺气旺盛则脏腑之气都旺盛，精气自然生成而形体自然强盛。十剂理论说：补法可以去除虚弱，人参和羊肉之类就是代表，人参补气，羊肉补形。）清泻火热。（李东垣说：人参、甘草是退火的圣药，按烦劳会导致虚而生热，得到甘温的药物来益补元气，那么虚热自然消退，所以也称之为泻火。）消除烦闷，生津止渴，开启心窍益智。（心气强健，则善于思考且多智慧。）使耳聪目明。（清洗和服用都很好。）安定精神。镇定魂魄。制止惊悸。通畅血脉。（气行则血行。）破除坚硬的积滞。（气运化则积滞化解。）消除痰饮和水湿。（气旺则痰行水消。）气壮则胃气自然舒展。气和则食物自然消化。治疗虚劳内伤。（因七情六欲、饮食劳作导致的为内伤，宜扶正；因风寒暑湿燥火导致的为外感，宜祛邪，如发热证，外感则发热持续不断，内伤则时热时止；恶寒证，外感虽加衣取暖也不缓解，内伤则得暖便减轻；头痛证，外感则常痛不休，内伤则时痛时止；外感则手背热，内伤则手心热；外感则鼻塞不通，内伤则口淡无味。）发热自汗。（自汗属于阳虚，宜用人参补气，也有因肺热汗多者，服用人参后汗必更多，宜清热兼养血，汗自然停止。凡外感风邪，多伴有发热自汗，脉必浮缓，而外在症状也可辨别。）虚咳喘促。（陈嘉谟在《本草蒙筌》中说：咳嗽有“肺热还伤肺”的说法，只言寒热，不辨虚实，若肺中实热者忌用，虚热者，服用它有何害处？）心腹寒痛。（医书说痛无补法，是因为气实所致，若虚寒作痛，急宜使用。）伤寒。（庸俗浅薄之辈，不察虚实，只见发热，动手就攻下，还说伤寒无补法，难道没看张仲景的《伤寒论》，确立三百九十七种治法，而治疗虚寒的有一百多种，列出一百一十三首方剂，而用人参附子的有一百多个吗？）瘟疫。（瘟疫病，阳脉濡弱，是正气虚；阴脉弦紧，是邪气实，正气虚邪气实，则一团毒邪在内炽盛，不能解散，病体固然缠身受累，而冬天不藏精的人，触碰到这种气，感染尤其容易，所以在发表药中，宜少用人参三、五、七分，以引领出邪气，喻嘉言在《寓意草》中论述得很详细。）呕吐呃逆反胃。疟疾腹泻痢疾。（都是调理脾胃培补脾土的功效。唯肺将热遗留给大肠，而导致泻痢，即使日久，宜清肺之化源，及风邪入肠胃，导致久泻久痢，宜祛风邪从肌表出，都忌用。）淋沥不尽。（肺气气化，则小便通行而不频数。）胀满。（皇甫嵩在《本草发明》中说：胸膈逆满，宜补之而胀自除，经书上所说的“塞因塞用”，俗医拘泥于觉得饱胀不敢用，不知道少用反而滋腻壅塞，多用则宣通，补正是为了导引。）多梦纷纭。离魂异疾。（有人感觉睡觉时身体外面还有一个身体，一样没有区别，大概睡觉时魂归于肝，这是由于肝虚邪气侵袭，魂不归舍，病名叫离魂，《夏子益奇疾方》用龙齿、赤茯苓、朱砂各一钱，临睡前煎服，三服痊愈。）妊娠吐水。（酸心腹痛，不能饮食，《惠民和剂局方》用炮姜等分为末，生地黄汁和丸桐子大，每服五十丸，米汤送下。）胎产诸虚。小儿慢惊风。痘科险证。（凡是痘证颜色娇红，而不苍老，或顶陷，或皮薄浆清，或痒塌泄泻，都属于气虚，宜用。若因肺热，浆不大行，及结痂后难脱者，均忌用，泄泻由于肺热者，也忌用。）外科阴毒。（痈疽出脓后收口，其效果尤其神奇，掺药用它也很妙。）因虚失血。（古人治疗大失血，脉芤洪者，并用人参，气旺则能摄血，又凡血脱者，须益其气，盖血不自生，须得生阳气之药乃生，这是阳生则阴长的道理，若单用补血，无由而生，若火气方逆，血热妄行，则都忌用）气虚甚者。浓煎独参汤进服。挟寒者。稍加附子。按人参功能在诸药之上。但闭气。肺有火热。及肺气不利者忌之。实表。表有邪者忌之。凡痧痘斑毒。欲出未出。但闷热而不见点。若误用之。以阻截其路。为祸尤烈。产于辽东。宁古台出的。光红结实。船厂出的。空松铅塞。并有糙有熟。宜隔纸焙用。忌铁。不宜见风日。茯苓为使。畏五灵脂。恶皂角、黑大豆、紫石英、人溲。反藜芦。（李言闻说：李东垣理脾胃、泻阴火，交泰丸内，用人参皂角，是恶而不恶；古方疗月闭，四物汤加人参五灵脂，是畏而不畏；又疗痰在胸膈，人参藜芦同用，而取其涌越，是激其怒性，不是洞悉奥妙通达权变的人，不能知晓。凡失血不止，人参和童便服，即止，因相恶而效更奇。）
参条（生津补气。）是从横生的芦头上长出来的。它的力量很薄弱。只可用以调理常病。及生津止渴。其性横行手臂。凡指臂无力者。服之甚效。
参须（生津补气。）也是横生在芦头上。而更细的。它的性质与参条相同。而力量更薄弱。要知道参条参须。不过是得到人参的余气。危险之证。断难倚仗。
太子参（大补元气。）虽然很细像参条。短紧坚实。而有芦纹。它的力量不亚于大参。
参芦（宣、涌吐、然亦有补性。）苦温涌吐。虚劳痰饮。（吴绶说：人弱者，以参芦代瓜蒂，朱丹溪在《本草补遗》中说：人参入手太阴，补阳中之阴，芦则泻太阴之阳，也犹如麻黄苗能发汗，根能止汗也，痰在上膈，在经络，宜吐之，吐中就有发散之义，一妇因怒而病呃，作则举身跳动，昏不知人，乃痰因怒郁，气不得降，以参芦半两，逆流水煎饮之，大吐顽痰数碗，大汗昏睡而安，一人作劳发疟，服疟药变为热病，舌短痰嗽，六脉洪数而滑，此痰蓄胸中也，以参芦汤加竹沥，涌出顽痰三块，次与人参当归而安。）现在东洋西洋。都常用它。（另外人参内有一种，白皮细长，名凤凰城，又有一种，皮糙体松，名泡头，东洋都大行。）
参叶 大苦大寒。损气败血。它的性质与人参相反。且无用。所以从来本草内。都不记载。
Category of Mountain Herbs
Ginseng greatly tonifies Yuan Qi (primordial qi), generates Yin Blood, and also clears deficient fire.
It is sweet in taste, warm in nature, with a slight bitterness. It greatly tonifies the Yuan Qi in the Lungs. (Li Dongyuan stated in *Yong Yao Fa Xiang*: The Lung governs Qi; when Lung Qi is vigorous, the Qi of all Zang-Fu organs becomes vigorous, Essence naturally generates, and the physical form naturally flourishes. The Ten Categories theory states: Tonification can remove weakness; Ginseng and Mutton are examples. Ginseng tonifies Qi, Mutton tonifies Form.) Clears Fire. (Li Dongyuan said: Ginseng and Licorice Root are the holy medicines for retreating fire. Fatigue leads to deficiency generating heat; obtaining sweet-warm herbs to benefit Yuan Qi causes the deficient heat to recede naturally, thus it is also called "clearing fire".) Eliminates vexation, generates fluids, stops thirst, opens the mind, and benefits wisdom. (When Heart Qi is strong, one thinks well and possesses much wisdom.) Enhances hearing and vision. (Both washing and ingestion are excellent.) Calms the spirit. Stabilizes the Hun (ethereal soul). Stops palpitations and fright. Unblocks the blood vessels. (When Qi moves, Blood moves.) Breaks down hard accumulations. (When Qi circulates, accumulations dissolve.) Resolves phlegm and fluid retention. (When Qi is vigorous, phlegm moves and fluids dissipate.) When Qi is robust, Stomach Qi naturally opens. When Qi is harmonious, food naturally digests. Treats consumptive fatigue and internal injury. (Internal injury caused by seven emotions, six desires, diet, and labor should be treated by nourishing righteousness; external contraction caused by wind, cold, summerheat, dampness, dryness, and fire should be treated by expelling pathogens. For example, in fever: external contraction presents with continuous fever, while internal injury presents with intermittent fever; in aversion to cold: external contraction does not improve with warmth, while internal injury improves with warmth; in headache: external contraction presents with constant pain, while internal injury presents with intermittent pain; external contraction presents with heat on the back of the hands, while internal injury presents with heat in the palms; external contraction presents with nasal congestion, while internal injury presents with a bland taste in the mouth.) Fever with spontaneous sweating. (Spontaneous sweating belongs to Yang deficiency, suitable for Ginseng to tonify Qi. There are also cases due to Lung heat with excessive sweating; taking Ginseng will cause more sweating, so clear heat and nourish Blood simultaneously, and sweating will stop. External contraction of Wind pathogen often presents with fever and spontaneous sweating, pulse must be floating and moderate, and external symptoms can be distinguished.) Defective cough and panting. (Chen Jiamo in *Ben Cao Meng Quan* said: Cough involves "Lung heat injuring the Lung again," mentioning only cold and heat without distinguishing deficiency and excess. If there is excess heat in the Lung, it is contraindicated; if there is deficient heat, what harm is there in taking it?) Cold pain in the heart and abdomen. (Medical texts say pain has no tonification method because Qi is excess; if pain is due to deficiency-cold, it should be used urgently.) Cold damage. (Mediocre practitioners, failing to examine deficiency or excess, seeing only fever, immediately attack with purgatives, saying "Cold damage has no tonification method." Have they not observed Zhang Zhongjing's *Shang Han Lun*, which establishes 397 methods, over 100 treating deficiency-cold, listing 113 formulas, among which over 50 use Ginseng and Aconite?) Plague. (In plague disease, Yang pulses are soft and weak, indicating righteous Qi deficiency; Yin pulses are string-tight, indicating pathogenic excess. With righteous deficiency and pathogenic excess, a mass of toxic pathogens burns internally and cannot be dispersed. The illness burdens the body, and those who did not store Jing in winter are easily infected upon exposure. Therefore, in exterior-releasing formulas, a small amount of Ginseng (3-7 fen) should be used to lead out the pathogen. Yu Jiayan discussed this in detail in *Yu Yi Cao*). Vomiting, hiccups, and regurgitation. Malaria, diarrhea, and dysentery. (These are functions of regulating the Stomach and fortifying the Spleen. However, if Lung heat is transmitted to the Large Intestine causing diarrhea/dysentery, even if chronic, one should clear the source of the Lung. If wind enters the intestines/stomach causing chronic diarrhea/dysentery, one should expel wind from the muscle layer; both are contraindicated.) Dribbling urination. (When Lung Qi transforms, urine flows freely without frequency.) Distension and fullness. (Huangfu Song in *Ben Cao Fa Ming* said: Reverse fullness in the chest and diaphragm should be tonified, and distension will remove itself. This is the classic principle of "treating obstruction with obstruction." Vulgar physicians stick to the idea of feeling full and dare not use it, not knowing that small amounts cause stagnation, while large amounts promote circulation; tonification is precisely for guiding.) Numerous dreams. Li Hun (Soul Separation) abnormal disease. (Some feel that while sleeping, there is another body outside, identical. When sleeping, the Hun returns to the Liver. This is due to Liver deficiency and pathogen invasion, causing the Hun not to return home. The disease is named Li Hun. *Xia Zi Yi Qi Ji Fang* uses Dragon Tooth, Red Poria, and Cinnabar, each 1 qian, decocted and taken before sleep; three doses cure it.) Pregnancy vomiting of water. (Acidic heart/abdominal pain, inability to eat. *Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang* uses equal parts of Roasted Ginger powder, formed into pills the size of paulownia seeds with Rehmannia Juice, 50 pills per dose, taken with rice soup.) Various deficiencies in pregnancy and childbirth. Infant slow convulsion. Dangerous conditions in variolation. (If pockmarks are delicate red and not mature, or sunken, or thin skin with clear pus, or itchy/collapsed with diarrhea, all belong to Qi deficiency, suitable for use. If due to Lung heat, pus does not flow well, or scabs are difficult to shed after crusting, it is contraindicated. Diarrhea due to Lung heat is also contraindicated.) External medicine Yin toxicity. (After abscesses/ulcers discharge pus and close, its effect is miraculous; using it as a powder is also wonderful.) Loss of blood due to deficiency. (Ancients treated massive blood loss with Kubo/Hong pulses using Ginseng; when Qi is vigorous, it controls Blood. Also, for blood depletion, one must benefit Qi, for Blood does not generate itself; it requires herbs that generate Yang Qi to produce it, based on the principle that "when Yang grows, Yin grows." If only tonifying Blood is used, it cannot generate. If Fire Qi is rebellious and Blood Heat acts recklessly, it is contraindicated.) For severe Qi deficiency. Decoct concentrated Du Shen Tang (Single Ginseng Decoction) and administer. If accompanied by cold, add slightly of Aconite. Note: Ginseng's function surpasses other herbs. But it closes Qi. Contraindicated for Lung fire and obstructed Lung Qi. Solidifies the Exterior. Contraindicated for exterior pathogens. For all sand-pox, chickenpox, and macular toxins, if trying to erupt but not yet out, presenting only with stifling heat without spots, mistaken use blocks the path, causing especially severe disaster. Produced in Liaodong. Those from Ninggutai are shiny, red, and solid. Those from Chuan Chang are hollow, loose, and lead-filled. Both rough and cooked varieties exist. Should be baked between papers. Avoid iron. Not suitable for exposure to wind and sun. Poria is the guide herb. Incompatible with Trogopterus Dung. Hostile to Gleditsia Sinensis, Black Soybean, Purple Quartz, and Human Urine. Inverted against Veratrum. (Li Yanwen said: Li Dongyuan regulated Spleen/Stomach and cleared Yin Fire; in Jiao Tai Wan, Ginseng and Gleditsia are used together, showing hostility without actual antagonism. Ancient formula for amenorrhea adds Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung to Si Wu Tang, showing fear without actual incompatibility. Another formula for phlegm in chest/diaphragm uses Ginseng and Veratrum together to induce vomiting, stimulating their angry nature; only those who understand profound mysteries and adaptability know this. For unceasing blood loss, Ginseng mixed with child's urine stops it immediately; though hostile, the effect is miraculous.)
Ginseng Stem (Generates fluids, tonifies Qi.) These grow horizontally from the Rhizome head. Their power is very thin. Only suitable for regulating common diseases and generating fluids/stopping thirst. Their nature travels horizontally in arms/hands. Very effective for finger/arm weakness.
Ginseng Rootlets (Generates fluids, tonifies Qi.) Also grow horizontally from the Rhizome head, but finer. Their nature is same as Ginseng Stem, but power is even thinner. Know that Ginseng Stem and Rootlets merely obtain residual Qi of Ginseng. Dangerous conditions cannot rely on them.
Prince Ginseng (Greatly tonifies Yuan Qi.) Although very thin like Ginseng Stem, short, tight, solid, with rhizome rings. Its power is not inferior to major Ginseng.
Ginseng Rhizome (Disperses, induces vomiting, yet has some tonifying nature.) Bitter, warm, induces vomiting. Consumptive fatigue with phlegm-fluid retention. (Wu Shou said: For weak persons, use Ginseng Rhizome instead of Melon Seed. Zhu Danxi in *Ben Cao Bu Yi* said: Ginseng enters Hand-Taiyin, tonifies Yin within Yang; Rhizome drains Yang within Taiyin. Like Ephedra Herb induces sweat, root stops sweat. Phlegm in upper diaphragm/channels should be vomited; vomiting contains dispersal meaning. One woman had hiccup due to anger, body jumping, unconscious, due to phlegm from anger-stagnation, Qi unable to descend. Used half liang Ginseng Rhizome with reverse-flow water decoction, vomited several bowls of stubborn phlegm, profuse sweat, slept deeply, then recovered. One person exerted himself, got malaria, took malaria medicine turning into heat disease, short tongue, phlegm-cough, six pulses flooding-numb-slippery, phlegm accumulating in chest. Used Ginseng Rhizome Decoction plus Bamboo Sap, vomited three pieces of stubborn phlegm, then given Ginseng and Angelica to recover.) Now Eastern/Western regions commonly use it. (Also, a type of Ginseng with white, long, thin skin named Fenghuang Cheng; another with rough skin and loose body named Pao Tou, widely used in Eastern regions.)
Ginseng Leaf Greatly bitter, greatly cold. Damages Qi, ruins Blood. Its nature is opposite to Ginseng. And useless. So never recorded in ancient Materia Medica.