\r射干\pq67a.bmp\r
泻肺胃之结邪。苦降辛开。性平有毒。利咽喉之肿痛。消痰破血。力猛无余。（射干
辛苦平。微寒微毒。即扁竹根。专入肺兼达于肝。降火降痰。行瘀散结。能通利大肠。故凡
肺痈喉痹之属实火者。皆可用之。金匮鳖甲煎丸用之者。亦入肝之一验也。）
\r常山\pq67.bmp\r
服之吐利。劫肝胃蕴蓄之痰。味则苦辛。截 疟稽留之病。苗名蜀漆。宣发多功。气
属腥寒。虚羸当禁。（常山辛苦性寒。有腥气。入肝胃。劫痰蠲饮。能吐能利。或痰在上膈
。或生用多用。或与甘草同用则吐。或痰饮在下。须同大黄并用。否则大便点滴而下。如痢
者然。总之常山瞑眩之药。不可妄用。惟截疟用之者。以疟必有老痰宿饮留聚其间。故用此
劫剂耳。蜀漆即常山苗。性味主治相同。但宣发之功较胜。亦根与苗略异耳。）
\r藜芦\pq68.bmp\r
辛苦大寒。沉阴有毒。专司涌吐。能宣胸胃之风痰。善杀蛊虫。且愈肺脾之癣疥。（
藜芦其芦有黑皮包之。其根如葱。辛苦大寒。有毒。入肺胃。入口即吐。凡风痰在膈。以及
蛊毒等证。与夫癫痫不愈。久疟久哮者。皆可用之取吐。又能吹鼻取嚏。外敷疥癣。亦瞑眩
之药耳。）
\r 茹\pq69a.bmp\r
散瘀积之稽留。乌 茹。经方有法。达肝家之脉络。辛咸寒毒。风癞兼宜。（ 茹
即茹。其根皮黄色。肉带黑色。折之有汁出。辛咸寒毒。入肝经。宣通脉络中瘀血。血行
风自灭。故本经又称其能治大风。又能杀疥虫。排脓血。蚀恶肉。除症瘕。然寒毒之品。亦
非可常用之物也。）
清除肺胃中郁结的邪气。味苦能降，味辛能散（辛开）。药性平和，但有毒。能缓解咽喉肿痛。消除痰浊，破除瘀血，药力猛烈而毫不保留。（射干味辛苦，性平，微寒且微毒。即扁竹根。专门入肺经，兼达肝经。能降火、降痰，行散瘀血，消散结块。能够通利大肠。因此，凡是肺痈、喉痹属于实火证的患者，都可以使用它。《金匮要略》中的鳖甲煎丸中使用它，也是它能入肝经的一个验证。）
服用后会引起呕吐和腹泻。劫夺肝胃中蕴积蓄留的痰饮。味道苦辛。截断疟疾这种稽留不去的病证。其嫩苗名为蜀漆。宣发之功显著。气味属腥寒。身体虚弱消瘦者应当禁用。（常山味辛苦，性寒。有腥气。入肝、胃经。劫痰蠲饮，既能引起呕吐也能引起腹泻。如果痰在上膈，或者生用、多用，或者与甘草同用，则会引起呕吐；如果痰饮在下焦，必须与大黄并用，否则大便只是点滴而下，像痢疾一样。总之，常山是引起剧烈反应的药物（瞑眩之药），不可随意滥用。只有用于截疟时才使用它，因为疟疾必然有老痰宿饮留聚在体内，所以用这种劫剂来攻逐。蜀漆就是常山的嫩苗，性味主治相同，只是宣发的功效更强一些，这也是根与嫩苗略有不同的地方。）
味辛苦，性大寒。沉降阴寒，有毒。专门主管涌吐。能宣散胸胃中的风痰。善于杀灭蛊虫。并且能治愈肺脾部位的癣疥。（藜芦的芦茎有黑皮包裹，其根像葱。味辛苦，性大寒，有毒。入肺、胃经。入口即引起呕吐。凡是风痰在膈上，以及蛊毒等证候，还有癫痫久治不愈、久疟久哮的患者，都可以用它来取吐。又能吹鼻取嚏，外敷治疗疥癣。也是引起剧烈反应的药物。）
茹（乌茹）
消散瘀积稽留不去的病邪。乌茹，在经方中有特定的用法。通达肝经的脉络。味辛咸，性寒，有毒。风癞病兼宜使用。（茹即乌茹。其根皮呈黄色，肉质带黑色，折断后有汁液流出。味辛咸，性寒，有毒。入肝经。宣通脉络中的瘀血，血液运行通畅则风邪自灭。所以《神农本草经》又称它能治疗大风病。又能杀灭疥虫，排出脓血，腐蚀恶肉，消除症瘕积聚。然而，这是寒毒性质的药物，也不是可以长期使用的物品。）
Shegan (Belamcandae Rhizoma)
Clears the constrained pathogenic factors in the Lung and Stomach. Bitter flavor descends, pungent flavor opens. The nature is neutral but toxic. Relieves swelling and pain of the throat. Eliminates phlegm and breaks blood stasis, with potent action leaving no residue. (Belamcandae Rhizoma is acrid and bitter, neutral in nature, slightly cold and slightly toxic. It is also known as Bianzhu Gen (Iris Tectorii Rhizoma). It specifically enters the Lung meridian and extends to the Liver meridian. It descends fire and phlegm, promotes blood circulation, and dissipates nodules. It can unblock and lubricate the Large Intestine. Therefore, it can be used for any cases of Lung Abscess (Fei Yong) or Throat Bi (Hou Bi) that belong to excess heat syndromes. Its use in the Biejia Jian Wan (Turtle Shell Pill for Reducing Masses) from the *Jin Gui Yao Lue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet) is also a verification of its ability to enter the Liver meridian.)
Changshan (Dichroiae Radix)
Induces vomiting and diarrhea after ingestion. It forcibly expels phlegm and fluid retention accumulated in the Liver and Stomach. The taste is bitter and pungent. It arrests malaria, a disease characterized by lingering presence. Its young shoots are named Shuqi (Dichroiae Herba). It has significant dispersing and ascending effects. Its qi is fishy and cold. It is contraindicated for patients with deficiency and emaciation. (Dichroiae Radix is acrid and bitter, cold in nature, and has a fishy odor. It enters the Liver and Stomach meridians. It forcibly expels phlegm and eliminates fluid retention, capable of inducing both vomiting and purgation. If phlegm is located in the upper diaphragm, or if it is used raw, in large doses, or combined with Licorice Root (Gancao), it induces vomiting. If phlegm-fluid retention is in the lower jiao, it must be used together with Rhubarb (Dahuang); otherwise, stool passes only in drops, resembling dysentery. In summary, Dichroiae Radix is a drug that causes severe adverse reactions (mingxuan yao) and should not be used recklessly. It is used primarily to arrest malaria because malaria inevitably involves old phlegm and retained fluids accumulating within the body, thus requiring such a forcible expelling agent. Shuqi is the young shoot of Dichroiae Radix; they share the same nature, flavor, and therapeutic actions, but Shuqi has stronger dispersing effects, reflecting the slight differences between the root and the shoot.)
Lilu (Veratri Rhizoma)
Acrid and bitter, extremely cold. Sinking and yin-natured, toxic. Specifically governs inducing vomiting. It can disperse wind-phlegm in the chest and stomach. It effectively kills parasitic worms. It also cures tinea and scabies affecting the Lung and Spleen. (Veratri Rhizoma has black skin covering its stem, and its root resembles green onion. It is acrid and bitter, extremely cold, and toxic. It enters the Lung and Stomach meridians. Upon entering the mouth, it immediately induces vomiting. It can be used to induce vomiting for cases of wind-phlegm in the diaphragm, as well as poison from parasites, persistent epilepsy, chronic malaria, and chronic asthma. It can also be blown into the nose to induce sneezing, and applied externally for tinea and scabies. It is also a drug that causes severe adverse reactions.)
Wuru (Akebiae Caulis / Wu Ru)
Dissipates lingering blood stasis and accumulations. Wuru has specific methods in classical formulas. It reaches the collaterals of the Liver. Acrid and salty, cold and toxic. Suitable for treating wind-related leprosy-like conditions. (Wuru refers to Akebiae Caulis. Its root bark is yellow, the flesh is black, and juice exudes when broken. It is acrid and salty, cold and toxic. It enters the Liver meridian. It unblocks and circulates blood stasis within the collaterals. When blood circulation resumes, wind pathogens are naturally extinguished. Therefore, the *Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) states it can treat severe wind diseases. It can also kill scabies mites, discharge pus and blood, corrode necrotic tissue, and eliminate abdominal masses (zheng jia). However, as a cold and toxic substance, it is not suitable for long-term regular use.)