\r没药\pq87a.bmp\r
活血与乳香相仿。性利能宣。行瘀则没药为长。味平而苦。（没药亦树脂也。味苦平
。其治虽与乳香相仿。而行瘀散血。则没药独擅其长。故能治金疮杖疮症瘕痈肿等证。所以
能止痛者。血瘀则痛。气壅亦痛也。外科药用之。其理概可想见。）
\r血竭\pq87.bmp\r
色赤入营。功可行瘀止痛。性收敛口。力能和血生肌。性平润而甘咸。入心肝之血分
。（血竭亦树脂也。色纯赤。味甘咸。性平无毒。入心肝血分。行瘀活血。是其所长。至若
止痛生肌者。以血活则痛止。瘀去则新生也。故外科药每用之。但性急却能引脓。）
\r冰片\pq88.bmp\r
其体温而用凉。其味辛而带苦。香能达窍。内能透骨搜风。散可疏邪。外可通经宣毒
。（冰片出波斯等国。树脂也。一云深山穷谷中千年老杉未经伤损者。则有之。辛温香烈。
宣窍散气。凡一切风痰诸中内闭等证。暂用以开闭搜邪。然辛香走窜之极。服之令人暴亡。
惟外证点眼吹喉等药用之。或藉其辛散。或赖其香开耳。）
\r乌药\pq89a1.bmp\r
上入肺脾。下通肾脏。性偏香窜。能疏气闭之邪。味属辛温。可治血瘀之妇。冷气腹
疼宿疾去。疝瘕便数旧邪除。（乌药出岭南等处。一云出天台者为佳。树根也。辛温香窜。
上行肺胃。下达肾与膀胱。通理上下一切诸气。气理则寒散瘀行。腹痛止。瘕疝愈耳。至其
治小便频数一证。亦止谓寒证之一端耳。）
没药
活血作用与乳香相似。其性通利，能够宣散。在行血化瘀方面，没药更为擅长。味道平和而苦。（没药也是树脂。味道苦平。虽然其治疗作用与乳香相似，但在行瘀散血方面，没药独擅其长。因此能治疗金疮、杖疮、症瘕、痈肿等病证。之所以能止痛，是因为血瘀则痛，气机壅滞也会痛。外科用药常用它，其中的道理大概可以想见。）
血竭
颜色赤红，入营分。功效可行瘀止痛。性质收敛，力量能和血生肌。性平润，味甘甜咸。入心、肝二经的血分。（血竭也是树脂。颜色纯赤，味甘咸，性平无毒。入心、肝血分，行瘀活血是它的长处。至于止痛生肌，是因为血活则痛止，瘀去则新生。所以外科药物经常使用它。但药性急猛，却能引脓排出。）
冰片
其体温而效用清凉。其味辛而带苦。香气能通达窍道，内能透骨搜风。疏散可疏解邪气，外可通经宣毒。（冰片产于波斯等国，是树脂。另一种说法认为深山穷谷中千年老杉未经损伤的才有。气味辛温香烈，宣通窍道，疏散气机。凡是各种风痰及诸种中风内闭等证，暂时用它来开闭搜邪。然而辛香走窜之极，服用会导致人突然死亡。只有在外证点眼、吹喉等药用时使用。或是借助其辛散，或是依赖其香开罢了。）
乌药
上入肺、脾，下通肾脏。性偏香窜，能疏解气机闭塞的邪气。味道属辛温，可治疗因血瘀引起的妇女病症。冷气腹痛宿疾去除，疝气、症瘕、小便频数等旧邪消除。（乌药产于岭南等处，另一种说法认为产天台的为佳。是树根。辛温香窜，上行肺胃，下达肾与膀胱，通理上下一切诸气。气机理顺则寒散瘀行，腹痛停止，瘕疝痊愈。至于它治疗小便频数这一证候，也只是针对寒证的一个方面而言。）
Myrrh (Moyao)
Its blood-activating effect is similar to that of Frankincense (Ruxiang). Its nature is unblocking and capable of dispersing. In promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis, Myrrh excels. Its taste is mild and bitter. (Myrrh is also a resin. Its taste is bitter and mild. Although its therapeutic effects are similar to Frankincense, in promoting blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis, Myrrh has unique strengths. Therefore, it can treat conditions such as metal wounds, beating injuries, masses (Zhengjia), and carbuncles and swellings. The reason it can relieve pain is that blood stasis causes pain, and qi stagnation also causes pain. It is commonly used in external medicine; the rationale can be generally inferred.)
Dragon's Blood (Xuexie)
Its red color enters the Ying (Nutrient) level. Its function is to promote blood circulation and relieve pain. Its nature is astringent, and its strength harmonizes blood and generates flesh. Its nature is mild, moist, with a sweet and salty taste. It enters the blood aspect of the Heart and Liver meridians. (Dragon's Blood is also a resin. Its color is purely red, with a sweet and salty taste, mild nature, and non-toxic. Entering the blood aspect of the Heart and Liver, promoting blood circulation and activating blood are its strengths. Regarding relieving pain and generating flesh, it is because when blood flows freely, pain stops, and when stasis is removed, new tissue grows. Thus, it is frequently used in external medicine. However, its nature is urgent, yet it can draw out pus.)
Borneol (Bingpian)
Its body temperature is warm, but its use is cool. Its taste is pungent and slightly bitter. Its fragrance can reach orifices; internally, it penetrates bones to search for wind. Its dispersing action can scatter pathogens; externally, it opens meridians and disseminates toxicity. (Borneol originates from Persia and other countries and is a resin. Another theory states it comes from thousand-year-old fir trees in deep mountains and remote valleys that have never been damaged. It is pungent, warm, fragrant, and intense, opening orifices and dispersing qi. For all kinds of wind-phlegm and various types of stroke with internal closure, it is temporarily used to open closures and search for pathogens. However, being extremely pungent, aromatic, and penetrating, ingestion can cause sudden death. It is only used in external applications such as eye drops or throat insufflations. Either relying on its pungent dispersion or its aromatic opening.)
Lindera Root (Wuyao)
It ascends to the Lung and Spleen and descends to connect with the Kidney. Its nature tends to be aromatic and penetrating, capable of dispersing pathogenic factors of qi obstruction. Its taste is pungent and warm, suitable for treating women with blood stasis. Cold qi abdominal pain and chronic diseases are eliminated; hernias, masses, and frequent urination old pathogens are removed. (Lindera Root originates from Lingnan and other places, with another view stating that those from Tiantai are superior. It is a tree root. Pungent, warm, aromatic, and penetrating, it ascends to the Lung and Stomach and descends to the Kidney and Bladder, regulating all qi throughout the upper and lower body. When qi regulation is achieved, cold scatters, stasis moves, abdominal pain stops, and hernias/masses heal. Regarding its treatment of frequent urination, this refers only to one aspect of cold syndromes.)