气味辛微温，无毒。主下气杀谷，除饮食，辟口臭，去邪毒，辟恶气。久服通神明，
轻身耐老。（《纲目》误列中品，今改入上品。）
（紫苏《本经》名水苏，始生九真池泽，今处处有之，好生水旁，因名水苏，其叶面青
背紫，昼则森挺，暮则下垂。气甚辛香，开花成穗，红紫色，穗中有细子，其色黄赤，入土
易生。后人于壤土莳植，面背皆紫者，名家紫苏。野生瘠土者，背紫面青。《别录》另列紫
苏，其实一种，但家野之不同耳。又一种面背皆青，气辛臭香者，为荠 。一种面背皆白者，
名白苏，俱不堪入药。）
紫苏气味辛温，臭香色紫，其叶昼挺暮垂，禀太阳天日晦明之气。天气下降，故主下气。
下气则能杀谷，杀谷则能除饮食。除，消除也。味辛臭香，故辟口臭。辟口臭，则能去邪毒。
去
愚按∶紫苏配杏子，主利小便，消水肿，解肌表，定喘逆，与麻黄同功而不走泄正气，
故《
气味辛平，无毒。主宽中行气，消饮食，化痰涎，治噎膈反胃，止心腹痛，通十
二经关窍脉络。（《新增》附。）
（苏枝是茎上傍枝，非老梗也。）
气味苦辛温，无毒。主治胸中瘕热逆气，利水谷。久服去臭，下气，通神。
（橘生江南及山南山谷，今江浙荆襄湖 皆有。枝多坚刺，叶色青翠，经冬不凋，结实
青圆
橘实形圆色黄，臭香肉甘，脾之果也。其皮气味苦辛，性主温散，筋膜似络脉，皮形若
肌肉
，宗眼如毛孔，乃从脾脉之大络而外出于肌肉毛孔之药也。胸中瘕热逆气者，谓胃上郛郭之
间，浊气留聚，则假气成形，而为瘕热逆气之病。橘皮能达胃络之气，出于肌腠，故胸中之
瘕热逆气可治也。利水谷者，水谷入胃，藉脾气之散精，橘皮能达脾络之气，上通于胃，故
水谷可利也。久服去臭者，去中焦腐秽之臭气，而整肃脾胃也。下气通神者，下肺主之气，
通心主之神，橘皮气味辛苦，辛入肺，而苦入心也。
愚按∶上古诸方，只曰橘皮个用不切，并无去白之说。李东垣不参经义，不礼物性，承
《
嗽。
夫咳嗽非只肺病，有肝气上逆而咳嗽者，有胃气壅滞而咳嗽者，有肾气奔迫而咳嗽者，有心
火上炎而咳嗽者，有皮毛闭拒而咳嗽者，有脾肺不和而咳嗽者。《经》云∶五脏六腑皆令人
咳，非独肺也。橘皮里有筋膜，外黄内白，其味先甘后辛，其性从络脉而外达于肌肉、毛孔
，以之治咳，有从内达外之义。若去其白，其味但辛，只行皮毛，风寒咳嗽似乎相宜，虚劳
不足，益辛散矣。后人袭方书糟粕，不穷物性本原，无怪以讹传讹，而莫之止。须知雷 乃
宋人，非黄帝时雷公也。业医者当以上古方制为准绳，如《金匮要略》用橘皮汤治干呕哕，
义可知矣。日华子谓∶橘瓤上筋膜，治口渴吐酒，煎汤饮甚效。以其能行胸中之饮而行于皮
肤也。夫橘皮从内达外，凡汗多里虚，阳气外浮者，宜禁用之。
气味辛、微温，无毒。主治降气、消食化积，消除饮食积滞，去除口臭，驱除邪毒，辟除恶气。长期服用可通利神明，使身体轻健并延缓衰老。（《本草纲目》将其误列为中品，现改正列入上品。）
（紫苏在《神农本草经》中名为水苏，最初生长在九真地区的池泽之中，如今各地都有生长，喜欢生长在水边，因此得名水苏。它的叶片正面青色、背面紫色，白天挺拔，傍晚下垂。气味非常辛香，开花成穗状，呈红紫色，穗中有细小的种子，颜色黄赤，落入土中容易生长。后人在肥沃土壤中种植，正反两面都变紫色的，被称为名家紫苏。野生在贫瘠土壤中的，背面紫色、正面青色。《名医别录》单独列出紫苏，其实是一种植物，只是家生和野生的区别而已。又有一种正反两面都是青色的，气味辛臭香的，称为荠苏。又有一种正反两面都是白色的，称为白苏，这些都不适合入药。）
紫苏气味辛温，气味香而颜色紫，其叶片白天挺拔、傍晚下垂，禀受了太阳天日晦明变化的气机。天气下降，所以能主降气。降气就能消食化积，消食化积就能消除饮食积滞。“除”，就是消除的意思。味辛且气味香，所以能去除口臭。去除口臭，就能驱除邪毒。
愚按：紫苏配伍杏子，主治利尿、消除水肿、解肌表之邪、平定喘逆，功效与麻黄相同但不耗散正气，所以《……》
气味辛、温，无毒。主治降气、驱寒、温中。（《名医别录》附录）
气味辛、平，无毒。主治宽中行气、消化饮食、化痰涎，治疗噎膈反胃，止心腹痛，疏通十二经脉的关窍脉络。（《新增》附录）
（苏枝是指茎上的旁枝，不是老化的梗。）
气味苦、辛、温，无毒。主治胸中癥块热结、逆气，利水谷。长期服用可去臭、降气、通神。
（橘树生长在江南及山南山谷，如今江浙、荆襄、湖广等地都有。枝条多坚硬的刺，叶子颜色青翠，经过冬天也不凋谢，结出的果实青圆……）
橘实形状圆、颜色黄，气味香、果肉甘，是脾之果。橘皮的气味苦、辛，性质主温散，筋膜类似络脉，皮形若肌肉，宗眼如同毛孔，是从脾脉的大络向外出于肌肉毛孔的药物。所谓“胸中癥热逆气”，是指胃上廓郭之间，浊气留聚，假借气形成形体，从而产生癥热逆气的病症。橘皮能通达胃络之气，出于肌腠，所以胸中的癥热逆气可以治愈。所谓“利水谷”，是水谷进入胃中，借助脾气散布精微，橘皮能通达脾络之气，上通于胃，所以水谷可以顺利运化。长期服用去臭，是指去除中焦腐秽的臭气，从而整肃脾胃。降气通神，是指下潜肺所主之气，通达心所主之神，橘皮气味辛苦，辛入肺，苦入心。
愚按：上古时期的方剂，只说用橘皮，并未切制，也没有去皮白的说法。李东垣不参究经络义理，不体察药物本性，沿袭《……》导致咳嗽。
咳嗽不仅仅是肺病，有因肝气上逆而咳嗽的，有因胃气壅滞而咳嗽的，有因肾气奔迫而咳嗽的，有因心火上炎而咳嗽的，有因皮毛闭拒而咳嗽的，有因脾肺不和而咳嗽的。《内经》说：五脏六腑皆令人咳，非独肺也。橘皮里面有筋膜，外黄内白，味道先甘后辛，其性从络脉向外达于肌肉、毛孔，用它来治疗咳嗽，有从内达外的含义。如果去掉白色的部分，味道就只剩辛，只作用于皮毛，风寒咳嗽似乎适宜，但对于虚劳不足之人，反而更加辛散耗气。后人沿袭方书的糟粕，不穷究药物本原，难怪以讹传讹，无人制止。须知雷敩是宋人，并非黄帝时代的雷公。行医的人应当以上古方制为准绳，如《金匮要略》用橘皮汤治疗干呕哕，其中的义理就可以知道了。日华子说：橘瓤上的筋膜，治疗口渴吐酒，煎汤饮用非常有效。因为它能行胸中之饮并运行于皮肤。橘皮从内达外，凡是汗多里虚、阳气外浮的人，应当禁用。
The flavor is pungent and slightly warm, non-toxic. It primarily directs Qi downward, aids digestion, eliminates food stagnation, removes bad breath, expels pathogenic toxins, and wards off foul odors. Long-term consumption promotes spiritual clarity, lightens the body, and delays aging. (Bencao Gangmu erroneously listed it in the middle grade; it is now corrected to the upper grade.)
(Zisu [Perilla Leaf], known as Shuizu [Water Mint] in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, originally grew in the pools and marshes of Jiuzhen. It is now found everywhere, favoring growth near water sources, hence the name Shuizu. Its leaves are green on the upper surface and purple on the lower surface; they stand erect during the day and droop at night. The odor is strongly pungent and fragrant. Flowers form spikes, red-purple in color, containing small yellow-red seeds that germinate easily in soil. Later generations cultivated varieties in fertile soil where both surfaces turned purple, called "Famous Zisu." Wild varieties in barren soil have purple undersides and green tops. Mingyi Bie Lu listed Zisu separately, but it is essentially the same plant, differing only in domestic versus wild origins. Another variety with green surfaces on both sides has a pungent, foul fragrance and is called Qisū. A variety with white surfaces on both sides is called Baishu [White Perilla]. Neither is suitable for medicinal use.)
Zisu has a pungent and warm flavor, a fragrant odor, and a purple color. Its leaves stand erect by day and droop by night, embodying the Qi of the Sun's brightness and darkness. As Heavenly Qi descends, it primarily directs Qi downward. Directing Qi downward aids digestion; aiding digestion eliminates food stagnation. "Eliminate" means to remove. The pungent and fragrant flavor removes bad breath. Removing bad breath expels pathogenic toxins.
Commentary: When Zisu is combined with Apricot Kernels, it promotes urination, reduces edema, releases the muscle layer, and calms wheezing. Its efficacy is similar to Mahuang [Ephedra Herb] but does not leak or deplete healthy Qi. Therefore, [Jingue...
Flavor: Pungent, warm. Non-toxic. Primarily directs Qi downward, dispels cold, and warms the middle. (Appendix from Mingyi Bie Lu)
Flavor: Pungent, neutral. Non-toxic. Primarily widens the middle and regulates Qi, digests food, resolves phlegm-saliva, treats dysphagia and regurgitation, stops heart and abdominal pain, and unblocks the acupoints and collaterals of the twelve meridians. (Appendix from Xin Zeng)
(Suzhi [Perilla Stem] refers to the side branches of the stem, not the old woody stalks.)
Flavor: Bitter, pungent, warm. Non-toxic. Primarily treats heat and rebellious Qi associated with masses in the chest, promotes the metabolism of water and grain. Long-term consumption removes foul odors, directs Qi downward, and connects with the spirit.
(The Orange tree grows in Jiangnan and mountain valleys. Currently, it is found in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jingxiang, and Huguang. Branches have many hard thorns; leaves are emerald green and do not wither in winter. Fruits are green and round...)
Orange fruits are round and yellow, fragrant in odor, and sweet in flesh; they are the fruit of the Spleen. The peel has a bitter and pungent flavor, with a warming and dispersing nature. Its fibrous membrane resembles collaterals; its shape resembles muscle; its pores resemble hair follicles. It is a herb that travels from the large collaterals of the Spleen meridian outward to the muscles and hair follicles. "Heat and rebellious Qi associated with masses in the chest" refers to turbid Qi accumulating between the upper boundary of the Stomach, taking form through Qi, resulting in pathology. Jupi [Tangerine Peel] can reach the Qi of the Stomach collaterals and emerge from the skin and muscle interstices, thus treating chest masses and rebellious Qi. "Promoting the metabolism of water and grain" means that when water and grain enter the Stomach, they rely on the Spleen's distribution of essence. Jupi reaches the Qi of the Spleen collaterals and ascends to the Stomach, facilitating the proper transformation of water and grain. Long-term consumption removes foul odors by eliminating rotting filth from the Middle Jiao and regulating the Spleen and Stomach. Directing Qi downward and connecting with the Spirit refers to descending the Qi governed by the Lungs and connecting with the Spirit governed by the Heart. The pungent flavor enters the Lungs, and the bitter flavor enters the Heart.
Commentary: In ancient prescriptions, Jupi was used whole without cutting, and there was no mention of removing the white pith. Li Dongyuan, without consulting meridian theory or understanding material nature, followed [erroneous practices leading to cough].
Cough is not solely a Lung disease. There are cases caused by rebellious Liver Qi, stagnant Stomach Qi, rushing Kidney Qi, flaming-up Heart Fire, closed exterior due to skin/hair obstruction, and disharmony between Spleen and Lungs. The Classic states: "All five zang organs and six fu organs can cause cough, not just the Lungs." Inside Jupi are fibrous membranes; the outside is yellow, the inside white. The taste is first sweet, then pungent. Its nature moves from collaterals outward to muscles and hair follicles. Using it to treat cough embodies the principle of moving from interior to exterior. If the white pith is removed, the taste becomes purely pungent, acting only on the exterior/skin. This may seem suitable for wind-cold cough, but for deficiency consumptive conditions, it would further disperse Qi through pungency. Later generations inherited the dregs of prescription books without investigating the original nature of materials. No wonder errors spread unchecked. One must know that Lei Xiao was a Song dynasty figure, not the Leigong of the Yellow Emperor's time. Practitioners should take ancient prescriptions as the standard. For example, using Jupi Tang in Jingui Yaolue to treat dry vomiting and hiccups reveals this principle. Rihua Zi stated: The fibrous membrane on orange pulp effectively treats thirst and alcohol-induced vomiting when decocted and drunk. This is because it circulates fluid in the chest and moves it to the skin. Since Jupi moves from interior to exterior, it is strictly contraindicated for those with excessive sweating, interior deficiency, and floating Yang Qi.