（《拾遗》）
【释名】胞衣（《梅师》）、胎衣（《纲目》）
混元母（《蒙筌》）、佛袈裟（《纲目》）、仙人衣。时珍曰∶人胞，包人如衣，故曰胞衣。方
家讳之，别立诸名焉。《丹书》云∶天地之先，阴阳之祖，乾坤之橐龠，铅汞之匡廓，胚胎
将兆，九九数足，我则乘而载之，故谓之河车。其色有红、有绿、有紫，以紫者为良。
【修治】吴球曰∶紫河车，古方不分男女。近世男用男，女用女；一云男病用女，女病
用男。初生者为佳，次则健壮无病妇人者亦可。取得，以清米泔摆净，竹器盛，于长流水中
洗去筋膜，再以乳香酒洗过，篾笼盛之，烘干研末。亦有瓦焙研者，酒煮捣烂者，甑蒸捣晒
者，以蒸者为佳。董炳云∶今人皆酒煮火焙及去筋膜，大误矣。火焙水煮，其子多不育，惟
蒸捣和药最良。筋膜乃初结真气，不可剔去也。
【气味】甘、咸，温，无毒。
【主治】血气羸瘦，妇人劳损，面 皮黑，腹内诸病渐瘦者，治净，以五味和之，如
法与食之，勿令妇知（藏器。 ，音甲，饼也）。治男女一切虚损劳极，癫痫失志恍惚，
安心养血，益气补精（吴球）。
【发明】震亨曰∶紫河车治虚劳，当以骨蒸药佐之。气虚加补气药，血虚加补血药。以
侧柏叶、乌药叶俱酒洒，九蒸九曝，同之为丸，大能补益，名补肾丸。时珍曰∶人胞虽载于
陈氏本草，昔人用者犹少。近因丹溪朱氏言其功，遂为时用。而括苍吴球始创大造丸一方，
尤为世行。其方药味平补，虽无人胞，亦可服饵。其说详见本方下。按《隋书》云∶琉球国
妇人产乳，必食子衣。张师正《倦游录》云∶八桂獠人产男，以五味煎调胞衣，会亲啖之。
此则诸兽生子、自食其衣之意，非人类也。崔行功《小儿方》云∶凡胎衣宜藏于天德、月空
吉方。深埋紧筑，令男长寿。若为猪狗食，令儿颠狂；虫蚁食，令儿疮癣；鸟鹊食，令儿恶
死；弃于火中，令儿疮烂；近于社庙污水井灶街巷，皆有所禁。按此亦铜山西崩，洛钟东应，
自然之理也。今复以之蒸煮炮炙，和药捣饵，虽曰以人补人，取其同类；然以人食人，独不
犯崔氏之禁乎？其异于琉球、獠人者，亦几希矣。
【附方】旧一，新六。河车丸∶治妇人瘵疾劳嗽，虚损骨蒸等证。用紫河车（初生男子
者）一具（以长流水中洗净，熟煮擘细，焙干研），山药二两，人参一两，白茯苓半两，为
末，
酒糊丸梧桐子大，麝香养七日。每服三五十丸，温服，盐汤下。（《永类钤方》）大造丸∶吴
球云∶紫河车即胞衣也。儿孕胎中，脐系于胞，胞系母脊，受母之荫，父精母血，相合生成，
真元所钟，故曰河车。虽禀后天之形，实得先天之气，超然非他金石草木之类可比。愚每用
此得效，用之女人尤妙。盖本其所自出，各从其类也。若无子及多生女，月水不调，小产难
产人服之，必主有子。危疾将绝者，一二服，可更活一二日。其补阴之功极重，百发百中
久服耳聪目明，须发乌黑，延年益寿，有夺造化之功，故名大造丸。用紫河车一具（男用女
胎，女用男胎，初生者，米泔洗净，新瓦焙干研末，或以淡酒蒸熟，捣晒研末，气力尤全，
且无火毒），败龟板（年久者，童便浸三日，酥炙黄）二两（或以童便浸过，石上磨净，蒸
熟晒研，尤妙），黄柏（去皮，盐酒浸，炒）一两半，杜仲（去皮，酥炙）一两半，牛膝（去
苗，酒浸，晒）一两二钱，肥生地黄二两半（入砂仁六钱，白茯苓二两，绢袋盛，入瓦罐，
酒煮七次，去茯苓、砂仁不用，杵地黄为膏，听用），天门冬（去心）、麦门冬（去心）、人
参（去芦）各一两
二钱，夏月加五味子七钱，各不犯铁器，为末，同地黄膏入酒，米糊丸如小豆大。每服八
九十丸，空心盐汤下，冬月酒下。女人去龟板，加当归二两，以乳煮糊为丸。男子遗精，女
子带下，并加牡蛎粉一两。世医用阳药滋补，非徒无益，为害不小。盖邪火只能动欲，不能
生物。龟板、黄柏，补阳补阴，为河车之佐；加以杜仲补肾强腰，牛膝益精壮骨；四味通为
足少阴经药，古方加陈皮，名补肾丸也。生地黄凉血滋阴，得茯苓、砂仁同黄柏则走少阴，
白飞霞以此四味为天一生水丸也。天、麦门冬能保肺气，不令火炎，使肺气下行生水；然其
性有降无升，得人参则鼓动元气，有升有降，故同地黄为固本丸也。又麦门冬、人参、五味
子三味，名生脉散，皆为肺经药。此方配合之意，大抵以金水二脏为生化之原，加河车以成
大造之功故也。一人病弱，阳事大痿，服此二料，体貌顿异，连生四子。一妇年六十已衰惫
，服此寿至九十犹强健。一人病后不能作声，服此气壮声出。一人病痿，足不任地者半年，
服此后能远行。（《诸证辨疑》）
清汁出乃止，以酒煮烂，捣如泥，入白茯神末和，丸梧桐子大。每米饮下百丸。忌铁器。
（《朱氏集验方》）久癫失志，气虚血弱者∶紫河车治净，烂煮食之。（刘氏《经验方》）大小
痫疾∶初生胎衣一具，长流水洗净，仍以水浸，春三、夏一、秋五、冬七日，焙干为末；羌
活、天麻、防风各半两，白僵蚕、白附子各一两，南星二两，川乌一个，全蝎二十一个，为
末，糊丸梧桐子大，朱砂为衣。每服五十丸，好酒下。（《乾坤秘韫》）解诸蛊毒∶不拘草蛊、
蛇蛊、蜣螂蛊，其状入咽刺痛欲死。取胞衣一具洗切，曝干为末，熟水调服一钱匕。（《梅
师方》）目赤生翳∶初生孩儿胞衣，曝干焙研细末。日日敷目 中，愈乃止。（《千金》）
（出自《本草拾遗》）
【释名】胞衣（出自《梅师方》）、胎衣（出自《纲目》）、混元母（出自《蒙筌》）、佛袈裟（出自《纲目》）、仙人衣。李时珍说：人胞，包裹婴儿如同衣服，所以称为胞衣。炼丹术士忌讳提及它，另外创立了各种名称。《丹书》说：在天地形成之前，它是阴阳的始祖，乾坤的风箱，铅汞的外廓，胚胎即将显现时，九九之数完备，我便乘载着它，所以称之为河车。它的颜色有红色、绿色、紫色，以紫色的为优良。
【修治】吴球说：紫河车，古方中不分男女。近代用法是男用男性的，女用女性的；另一种说法是男病用女性的，女病用男性的。初生儿的最好，其次是健壮无病的妇女的也可以。取得后，用清米泔水漂洗干净，放入竹器中，在长流水中洗去筋膜，再用乳香酒洗过，放在竹笼中，烘干研成粉末。也有用瓦片焙干后研碎的，用酒煮烂捣碎的，用蒸笼蒸熟后捣碎晒干的，其中以蒸制的为佳。董炳说：现在的人都用酒煮火焙以及去除筋膜，这是大错特错的。火焙水煮，会导致后代多不育，只有蒸熟捣碎配合药物使用才是最好的。筋膜是初结的真气，不可剔除去除。
【气味】味甘、咸，性温，无毒。
【主治】气血虚弱消瘦，妇人劳损，面色黧黑，腹内各种疾病逐渐消瘦者，将胞衣处理干净，用五味子等五味调和，依法食用，不要让妇人知道（藏器注： ，音甲，指饼）。治疗男女一切虚损劳极，癫痫失志恍惚，安心养血，益气补精（吴球）。
【发明】朱震亨说：紫河车治疗虚劳，应当配合骨蒸药辅助使用。气虚加补气药，血虚加补血药。用侧柏叶、乌药叶都用酒洒湿，九蒸九晒，混合做成丸剂，大能补益，名为补肾丸。李时珍说：人胞虽然记载在陈氏的本草中，过去人们使用的还很少。近来因为丹溪朱氏说它有功效，于是被当时所用。而括苍人吴球开始创制大造丸一方，尤其被世人流行使用。这个方子的药味平和滋补，即使没有紫河车，也可以服用。他的说法详见本方下面。按《隋书》记载：琉球国妇人生产后，必定吃下胎盘。张师正《倦游录》说：八桂獠人如果生下男孩，就用五味煎调胎盘，聚会亲人一起吃掉。这则是各种野兽生子后自己吃掉胎盘的意思，不是人类的行为。崔行功《小儿方》说：凡是胎盘应该收藏在天德、月空吉日吉方。深深埋下并紧实筑土，让男孩长寿。如果被猪狗吃掉，让孩子癫狂；被虫蚁吃掉，让孩子患疮癣；被鸟鹊吃掉，让孩子恶死；丢弃在火中，让孩子疮烂；靠近社庙污水井灶街巷，都有禁忌。按此也是铜山西崩，洛钟东应的道理，是自然的规律。现在又用它蒸煮炮炙，和药捣碎服用，虽然说以人补人，取其同类；然而以人食人，难道不触犯崔氏的禁忌吗？这与琉球、獠人的做法相比，也相差无几了。
【附方】旧方一个，新方六个。河车丸：治疗妇人痨疾咳嗽，虚损骨蒸等证。用紫河车（初生男婴的）一具（在长流水中洗净，煮熟撕细，焙干研粉），山药二两，人参一两，白茯苓半两，研成粉末，用酒糊做成梧桐子大小的丸剂，麝香养护七日。每次服用三五十丸，温水送服，盐汤送下。（《永类钤方》）大造丸：吴球说：紫河车就是胞衣。胎儿在胎中孕育，脐带系于胞衣，胞衣系于母亲脊柱，承受母亲的荫庇，父精母血，相合生成，是真元所汇聚，所以叫河车。虽然禀受后天的形体，实则得到先天的气，超然不同于其他金石草木之类。我每次使用此药都见效，用女性胎盘尤为奇妙。大概是追溯其本源，各从其类。如果没有孩子及多生女孩，月经不调，小产难产的人服用它，必定会有子嗣。危重疾病濒临死亡者，服用一两次，可以再活一两天。它补阴的功效极重，百发百中。久服则耳聪目明，须发乌黑，延年益寿，有夺造化之功，所以名叫大造丸。用紫河车一具（男用女胎，女用男胎，初生的，米泔洗净，新瓦焙干研末，或用淡酒蒸熟，捣碎晒干研末，气力尤其保全，且无火毒），败龟板（年久的，童便浸泡三天，酥炙黄）二两（或者用童便浸过，石上磨净，蒸熟晒干研末，尤其妙），黄柏（去皮，盐酒浸，炒）一两半，杜仲（去皮，酥炙）一两半，牛膝（去苗，酒浸，晒）一两二钱，肥生地黄二两半（加入砂仁六钱，白茯苓二两，绢袋盛装，放入瓦罐，酒煮七次，去掉茯苓、砂仁不用，杵地黄为膏，备用），天门冬（去心）、麦门冬（去心）、人参（去芦）各一两二钱，夏季加五味子七钱，各不接触铁器，研成粉末，同地黄膏入酒，米糊做成小豆大小的丸剂。每次服用八九十丸，空腹盐汤送下，冬季酒送下。女性去掉龟板，加当归二两，用乳汁煮糊为丸。男子遗精，女子带下，都加牡蛎粉一两。世医用阳药滋补，不仅无益，危害不小。邪火只能动欲，不能生物。龟板、黄柏，补阳补阴，作为河车的佐使；加上杜仲补肾强腰，牛膝益精壮骨；四味通为足少阴经药，古方加陈皮，名为补肾丸。生地黄凉血滋阴，得茯苓、砂仁同黄柏则走少阴，白飞霞以此四味为天一生水丸。天、麦门冬能保肺气，不让火炎上，使肺气下行生水；然而其性有降无升，得人参则鼓动元气，有升有降，所以同地黄为固本丸。又麦门冬、人参、五味子三味，名为生脉散，皆为肺经药。此方配合之意，大致以金水二脏为生化之源，加河车以成大造之功。一人病弱，阳事大痿，服用此药两料，体貌顿时不同，连生四个儿子。一妇六十岁已衰惫，服用此药寿至九十仍强健。一人病后不能发声，服用此药气壮声出。一人患痿症，脚不能踩地半年，服用此后能远行。（《诸证辨疑》）
清汁流出才停止，用酒煮烂，捣如泥，加入白茯神末调和，做成梧桐子大小的丸剂。每次米饮送下一百丸。忌铁器。（《朱氏集验方》）久患癫痫失志，气虚血弱者：紫河车处理干净，烂煮食用。（刘氏《经验方》）大小痫疾：初生胎盘一具，长流水洗净，仍以水浸泡，春三、夏一、秋五、冬七日，焙干为末；羌活、天麻、防风各半两，白僵蚕、白附子各一两，南星二两，川乌一个，全蝎二十一个，研成粉末，糊丸梧桐子大小，朱砂为衣。每次服用五十丸，好酒送下。（《乾坤秘韫》）解各种蛊毒：不拘草蛊、蛇蛊、蜣螂蛊，其状入咽刺痛欲死。取胞衣一具洗切，曝干为末，熟水调服一钱匕。（《梅师方》）目赤生翳：初生孩儿胞衣，曝干焙研细末。日日敷眼中，愈乃止。（《千金方》）
(From *Bencao Shiyi* [Supplement to Materia Medica])
**[Names]** Baoyi (Placenta) (from *Meishi Fang*), Taiyi (Fetal Membrane) (from *Gangmu*), Hunyuanmu (Mother of Primordial Unity) (from *Mengquan*), Fojiasha (Buddha's Kasaya Robe) (from *Gangmu*), Xianrenyi (Immortal's Garment). Li Shizhen said: Renbao (Human Placenta), which wraps the human like clothing, is thus called Baoyi. Alchemists avoid mentioning it and have established various other names. The *Dan Shu* (Book of Alchemy) states: Before heaven and earth existed, it was the ancestor of Yin and Yang, the bellows of Qian and Kun, the outer casing of Lead and Mercury. When the embryo was about to manifest, once the number of nine nines was complete, I would ride upon it and carry it; hence it is called Heche (River Chariot). Its color can be red, green, or purple, with purple being the finest.
**[Preparation]** Wu Qiu stated: Zihuche (Purple River Chariot), in ancient prescriptions, did not distinguish between male and female. In recent times, males use male placentas and females use female placentas; another view holds that for male illnesses, female placentas are used, and for female illnesses, male placentas are used. Those from newborns are best; those from robust, healthy women are also acceptable. After obtaining it, rinse thoroughly with clear rice water, place in a bamboo container, wash away the membranes in running water, then rinse with Frankincense wine. Place in a bamboo basket, dry, and grind into powder. Some roast on tiles and grind, some boil in wine and mash, some steam in a steamer, mash, and dry; steaming is considered best. Dong Bing said: Nowadays, people all use wine-boiling, fire-roasting, and removing the membranes, which is a great error. Fire-roasting and water-boiling often result in offspring being infertile; only steaming, mashing, and mixing with medicine is most beneficial. The membranes contain the initial true Qi and should not be removed.
**[Flavor and Properties]** Sweet, salty, warm, non-toxic.
**[Indications]** Treats Qi and Blood emaciation, maternal exhaustion, darkened facial skin, and abdominal diseases causing gradual wasting. Processed cleanly, mix with five flavors, prepare according to method, and consume, without letting the woman know (Zangqi notes: , pronounced 'jia', refers to a cake). Treats all deficiency and extreme fatigue in men and women, epilepsy, loss of will, and mental confusion; calms the mind, nourishes Blood, tonifies Qi, and replenishes Essence (Wu Qiu).
**[Elucidation]** Zhu Zhenheng said: When using Zihuche to treat consumptive fever, it should be assisted with medicines for bone-steaming fever. For Qi deficiency, add Qi-tonifying medicines; for Blood deficiency, add Blood-nourishing medicines. Sprinkle Ceiye (Platycladi Cacumen) and Wuyaoye (Linderae Folium) with wine, steam and sun-dry nine times, combine them into pills; this greatly tonifies and is named Bushen Wan (Kidney-Tonifying Pill). Li Shizhen said: Although Renbao is recorded in Chen’s Materia Medica, it was rarely used by ancients. Recently, due to Danxi Zhu’s statements regarding its efficacy, it has come into current use. Wu Qiu of Kuocang first created the formula Dazao Wan (Great Creation Pill), which is particularly popular among the world. The ingredients of this formula are mild and tonifying; even without Zihuche, it can be taken. His explanation is detailed under this formula. According to the *Book of Sui*: Women in the Kingdom of Liqiu must eat the placenta after childbirth. Zhang Shizheng’s *Juan You Lu* records: Among the Liao people of Bagui, if a boy is born, the placenta is decocted with five flavors and shared among relatives to eat. This follows the behavior of beasts eating their own placentas after birth, not human custom. Cui Xinggong’s *Xiaoer Fang* states: Placentas should be buried in auspicious directions corresponding to Tian De and Yue Kong stars. Bury deep and compact the soil to ensure the boy lives long. If eaten by pigs or dogs, the child becomes insane; if eaten by insects or ants, the child develops sores and ringworm; if eaten by birds or magpies, the child dies an evil death; if thrown into fire, the child develops rotting sores; there are prohibitions against placing them near altars, temples, sewage wells, stoves, streets, or alleys. This follows the principle that "when copper mountains collapse, bells in Luoyang respond," which is natural law. Now, however, we cook, roast, and process it, mixing it with medicine to take as pills. Although it is said to "use human to supplement human," taking its kind; does consuming human flesh not violate Cui’s prohibitions? Compared to the practices of Liqiu and the Liao people, the difference is minimal.
**[Attached Formulas]** One old formula, six new formulas. Heche Wan (River Chariot Pill): Treats female tuberculosis cough, deficiency, and bone-steaming fever. Use one Zihuche (from a male newborn) (wash clean in running water, boil until cooked, tear into pieces, dry, and grind), Shan Yao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma) 2 liang, Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) 1 liang, Bai Fu Ling (Poria) 0.5 liang. Grind into powder, make pills with wine paste the size of Sophora seeds, cure with She Xiang (Moschus) for seven days. Take 30-50 pills each time, warm with water, or down with salt water. (*Yong Lei Qian Fang*) Dazao Wan: Wu Qiu said: Zihuche is the placenta. While in the womb, the fetus is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, and the placenta is attached to the mother’s spine, receiving her protection. Father’s essence and mother’s blood combine to form it; it is where True Yuan gathers, hence called Heche. Though it takes form from postnatal existence, it actually obtains pre-natal Qi, transcending minerals, stones, grasses, and trees. I have always found it effective, especially when using female placentas. This traces back to the source, following its own kind. It is beneficial for those without children, those who have had many daughters, irregular menstruation, miscarriage, or difficult labor, ensuring conception. For critical cases near death, one or two doses can extend life by a day or two. Its power to tonify Yin is extremely potent, working perfectly every time. Long-term use brings clear hearing and sight, black hair and beard, longevity, and benefits akin to creation itself, hence named Dazao Wan. Use one Zihuche (male uses female fetus, female uses male fetus, from newborns, washed in rice water, dried on new tiles and ground, or steamed in light wine, mashed, dried, and ground to preserve potency and avoid fire toxicity), Bai Guiban (Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum) (aged, soaked in child’s urine for three days, roasted with suet until yellow) 2 liang (or soaked in child’s urine, cleaned on stone, steamed, dried, and ground for best results), Huang Bo (Phellodendri Cortex) (peeled, soaked in salt wine, stir-fried) 1.5 liang, Du Zhong (Eucommiae Cortex) (peeled, roasted with suet) 1.5 liang, Niu Xi (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix) (remove sprouts, soak in wine, dry) 1.2 qian, Fei Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix Recens) 2.5 liang (add Sha Ren (Amomi Fructus Rotundus) 6 qian, Bai Fu Ling 2 liang, place in silk bag, put in clay pot, boil in wine seven times, remove Fu Ling and Sha Ren, pound Di Huang into paste for use), Tian Men Dong (Asparagi Radix) (remove heart), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) (remove heart), Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) (remove rhizome) each 1.2 qian. In summer, add Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Fructus) 7 qian. Do not touch iron vessels. Grind into powder, mix with Di Huang paste and wine, make pills the size of small beans with rice paste. Take 80-90 pills on an empty stomach with salt water; in winter, take with wine. For women, remove Guiban, add Dang Gui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) 2 liang, make pills with milk paste. For male spermatorrhea or female leukorrhea, add Mu Li Fen (Ostreae Concha) 1 liang. Worldly doctors use Yang-tonifying medicines for supplementation; this is not only useless but harmful. Evil fire can only stimulate desire, not generate life. Guiban and Huang Bo tonify Yang and Yin respectively, serving as assistants to Heche; added with Du Zhong to tonify Kidney and strengthen waist, and Niu Xi to benefit Essence and strengthen bones; these four herbs enter the Foot Shaoyin Meridian. Ancient formulas add Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), named Bushen Wan. Sheng Di Huang cools Blood and nourishes Yin; combined with Fu Ling and Sha Ren and Huang Bo, it enters Shaoyin. Bai Feixia calls these four herbs Tiansheng Yishui Wan (Heaven Generates One Water Pill). Tian and Mai Men Dong protect Lung Qi, preventing fire from flaring upward, allowing Lung Qi to descend and generate Water; however, their nature is descending only, without ascending. With Ren Shen to stir up Yuan Qi, they ascend and descend together, thus forming Guben Wan (Root-Solidifying Pill) with Di Huang. Furthermore, Mai Men Dong, Ren Shen, and Wu Wei Zi constitute Shengmai San (Generate Pulse Powder), all herbs of the Lung Meridian. The intent of this formula’s combination is largely based on Metal and Water organs as the source of generation, adding Heche to achieve Great Creation. A man weak with severe impotence took two doses of this, his appearance changed instantly, and he fathered four sons. A woman aged sixty, already frail, took this and lived to ninety, still vigorous. A man unable to speak after illness took this, his Qi strengthened and voice returned. A man suffering from paralysis, unable to stand for half a year, could walk far distances after taking this. (*Zhuzheng Bianyi*)
Stop when clear juice flows out, boil in wine until soft, mash into paste, mix with Bai Fushen (Poria cum Radix) powder, make pills the size of Sophora seeds. Take 100 pills with rice drink. Avoid iron vessels. (*Zhu Shi Ji Yan Fang*) For chronic epilepsy with loss of will, Qi deficiency, and Blood weakness: Clean Zihuche, boil until soft, and eat. (Liu Shi *Jingyan Fang*) For major and minor epilepsy: One fresh placenta, wash clean in running water, soak in water for 3 days in spring, 1 day in summer, 5 days in autumn, 7 days in winter, dry and grind into powder; Qiang Huo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix), Tian Ma (Gastrodiae Rhizoma), Fang Feng (Saposhnikoviae Radix) each 0.5 liang, Bai Jiang Can (Bombyx Batryticatus) and Bai Fu Zi (Typhonii Rhizoma) each 1 liang, Nan Xing (Arisaematis Rhizoma Preparatum) 2 liang, Chuan Wu (Aconiti Radix Preparata) 1 piece, Quan Xie (Scorpio) 21 pieces. Grind into powder, make pills the size of Sophora seeds with paste, coat with Zhu Sha (Cinnabaris). Take 50 pills each time with good wine. (*Qiankun Mi Yun*) To resolve all Gu poison: Regardless of Grass Gu, Snake Gu, or Dung Beetle Gu, which causes stabbing pain in the throat nearly fatal. Take one placenta, wash and cut, dry in sun, grind into powder, mix with warm water and take one Qianbi dose. (*Meishi Fang*) For red eyes with nebula: Fresh infant placenta, dry in sun, roast, and grind finely. Apply daily to the eyes until healed. (*Qianjin Fang*)