（音温孛。宋《开宝》）
【释名】时珍曰∶ ，性温而气 ，故名。 （音孛），香气也。
【集解】志曰∶ 生北土，似楂子而小。
颂曰∶今关陕有之，沙苑出者更佳。其实大抵类楂，但肤慢而多毛，味尤甘。其气芬馥
，置衣笥中亦香。
藏器曰∶树如林檎，花白绿色。
宗 曰∶食之须净去浮毛，不尔损人肺。花白色，亦香。最多生虫，少有不蛀者。
时珍曰∶ ，盖 楂之类生于北土者，故其形状功用皆相仿佛。李 《南海药录》言
∶关中谓林檎为 。按∶《述征记》云∶林檎佳美。 微大而状丑有毛，其味香，关辅
乃有，江南甚希。观此则林檎、 ，盖相似而二物也。李氏误矣。
【气味】酸、甘，微温，无毒。
士良曰∶发毒热，秘大小肠，聚胸中痰，壅涩血脉，不宜多食。
瑞曰∶同车螯食，发疝气。
【主治】温中，下气消食，除心间酸水，去臭，辟衣鱼（《开宝》）。去胸膈积食，止渴
除烦。将卧时，啖一、两枚，生、熟皆宜（苏颂。宗 曰∶卧时啖此太多，亦痞塞胃脘也）。
主水泻肠虚烦热，散酒气，并宜生食（李 ）。
木皮
【主治】捣末，敷疮（苏颂）。
（音渣。《唐本草》）
【校正】《唐本草》木部赤爪木，宋《
也。今并于一，但以山楂标题。
【释名】赤爪子（侧巧切，《唐本》）、鼠楂《唐本》、猴楂（危氏）、茅楂（《日用》）、
子（音求）、 梅（音计。并《尔雅》）、羊 （《唐本》）、棠 子（《图经》）、山里果（《
食鉴》）。
时珍曰∶山楂，味似楂子，故亦名楂。世俗皆作查字，误矣。查（音槎）乃水中浮木，
与楂何关？郭璞注《尔雅》云∶ （音求）树如梅。其子大如指头，赤色似小柰，可食，此
即山
楂也。世俗作 字，亦误矣。 乃栎实，于 何关？楂、 之名，见于《尔雅》。自晋、宋
以来，不知其原，但用查、 耳。此物生于山原茅林中，猴、鼠喜食之，故又有诸名也。《
唐本草》赤爪木当作赤枣，盖枣、爪音讹也，楂状似赤枣故尔。范成大《虞衡志》有赤枣子
。王 《百一选方》云∶山里红果，俗名酸枣，又名鼻涕团。正合此义矣。
【集解】恭曰∶赤爪木，赤楂也。出山南、申、安、随诸州。小树高五、六尺，叶似香
。子似虎掌，大如小林檎，赤色。
藏器曰∶赤爪草，即鼠楂 也。生高原， 似小楂而赤，人食之。
颂曰∶棠 子生滁州。三月开白花，随便结实，采无时。彼人用治下痢及腰疼有效。他
处亦有，不入药用。
时珍曰∶赤爪、棠 、山楂，一物也。古方罕用，故《唐本》虽有赤爪，后人不知即此
也。自丹溪朱氏始着山楂之功，而后遂为要药。其类有二种，皆生山中。一种小者，山人呼
为棠 子、茅楂、猴楂，可入药用。树高数尺，叶有五尖。丫间有刺。三月开五出小白花。
实有赤、黄二色，肥者如小林檎，小者如指头，九月乃熟，小儿采而卖之。闽人取熟者去皮
核，捣和糖、蜜，作为楂糕，以充果物。其核状如牵牛子，黑色甚坚。一种大者，山人呼为
羊子。树高丈余，花叶皆同，但实稍大而色黄绿，皮涩肉虚为异尔。初甚酸涩，经霜乃可
食。功用相同，而采药者不收。
实
【修治】时珍曰∶九月霜后取带熟者，去核曝干，或蒸熟去皮核，捣作饼子，日干
【气味】酸，冷，无毒。
时珍曰∶酸、甘，微温。生食多，令人嘈烦易饥，损齿，齿龋人尤不宜也。
【主治】煮汁服，止水痢。沐头洗身，治疮痒（《唐本》）。煮汁洗漆疮，多瘥（弘景）。
治腰痛有效（苏颂）。消食积，补脾，治小肠疝气，发小儿疮疹（吴瑞）。健胃，行结气。
治妇人产后儿枕痛，恶露不尽，煎汁入沙糖服之，立效（震亨）。化饮食，消肉积症瘕，痰
饮痞满吞酸，滞血痛胀（时珍）。化血块气块，活血（宁原）。
【发明】震亨曰∶山楂大能克化饮食。若胃中无食积，脾虚不能运化，不思食者，多服
之，则反克伐脾胃生发之气也。
时珍曰∶凡脾弱食物不克化，胸腹酸刺胀闷者，于每食后嚼二、三枚，绝佳。但不可多
用，恐反克伐也。按∶《物类相感志》言∶煮老鸡、硬肉，入山楂数颗即易烂。则其消肉积
之功，盖可推矣。珍邻家一小儿，因食积黄肿，腹胀如鼓。偶往羊 树下，取食之至饱。归
而大吐痰水，其病遂愈。羊 乃山楂同类，医家不用而有此效，则其功应相同矣。
【附方】新七。
偏坠疝气∶山棠 肉、茴香（炒）各一两，为末，糊丸梧桐子大。每服一百丸，空心白
汤下。
老人腰痛及腿痛∶用棠 子、鹿茸（炙）等分，为末，蜜丸梧桐子大。每服百丸，日二
服。肠风下血，用寒药、热药及脾弱药俱不效者∶独用山里果（俗名酸枣，又名鼻涕团）干
者，
痘疹不快∶干山楂为末，汤点服之，立出红活。又法∶猴楂五个，酒煎入水，温服即出。
痘疮干黑危困者∶用棠 子为末，紫草煎酒，调服一钱。（《全幼心鉴》）
食肉不消∶山楂肉四两，水煮食之，并饮其汁。（《简便方》）
核
【主治】吞之，化食磨积，治 疝（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
难产∶山楂核七七粒，百草霜为衣，酒吞下。（《海上方》）
阴肾 肿∶方见橄榄。
（音同“温孛”。记载于宋代《开宝本草》）
【释名】李时珍说：这种果实，性温而气味芬芳，所以得名。（音同“孛”），是指香气。
【集解】苏颂说：产于北方土地，形状像山楂但较小。
苏颂又说：现在关中、陕西一带有出产，其中沙苑所产的品质更佳。它的果实大体类似山楂，只是果皮较薄且多毛，味道特别甘甜。它的气味芬芳馥郁，放在衣箱中也能使衣物生香。
陈藏器说：树形像林檎（花红），花朵呈白绿色。
寇宗奭说：食用时必须洗净去除表面的浮毛，否则损伤人的肺脏。花朵白色，也有香味。最容易生虫，很少有不被蛀蚀的。
李时珍说：这大概是生长在北方土地的山楂类植物，所以其形状和功效都相似。李珣在《南海药录》中说：关中地区把林檎称为“柰”。按：《述征记》记载：林檎美好。“柰”稍大且形状丑陋有毛，味道香，关中和辅地才有，江南非常稀少。看这些记载，林檎和“柰”，大概是相似但属于两种不同的事物。李珣弄错了。
【气味】酸味、甘味，微温，无毒。
士良说：会引起毒热，导致大小肠闭塞，聚集胸中的痰液，阻滞血脉，不宜多吃。
吴瑞说：与车螯（一种贝类）一起食用，会引发疝气。
【主治】温暖中焦，下气消食，消除心窝处的酸水，去除口臭，预防衣鱼虫蛀（出自《开宝本草》）。消除胸膈间的积食，止渴除烦。临睡前吃一、两枚，生吃或熟吃都可以（苏颂。寇宗奭说：睡觉前吃太多这种果实，也会导致胃脘痞塞）。主治水泻、肠道虚寒引起的烦热，散发酒气，都适宜生吃（李珣）。
木皮
【主治】捣成粉末，外敷疮疡（苏颂）。
（音同“渣”。记载于《唐本草》）
【校正】《唐本草》木部中的“赤爪木”，即宋代的“山楂”。现在将两者合并为一项，但以“山楂”为标题。
【释名】赤爪子（侧巧切，《唐本草》）、鼠楂（《唐本草》）、猴楂（危氏）、茅楂（《日用本草》）、子（音求）、梅（音计。均出自《尔雅》）、羊（《唐本草》）、棠子（《图经本草》）、山里果（《食疗本草》）。
李时珍说：山楂的味道像楂子，所以也叫楂。世俗人都写作“查”字，这是错误的。“查”（音槎）是指水中的浮木，与楂有什么关系？郭璞注释《尔雅》说：（音求）树形像梅树。它的果实大如手指头，红色像小柰，可以吃，这就是山楂。世俗人写作“棣”字，也是错误的。“棣”是栎树的果实，与山楂有什么关系？“楂”、“棣”的名称，见于《尔雅》。自从晋朝、宋朝以来，人们不知道它们的本源，只使用“查”、“棣”等字。这种植物生长在山原茅草丛中，猴子、老鼠喜欢吃它，所以又有各种别名。《唐本草》中的“赤爪木”应当是“赤枣”，大概是“枣”、“爪”二字音近讹误，因为山楂形状像赤枣的缘故。范成大《虞衡志》中有“赤枣子”。王璆《百一选方》说：山里红的果实，俗名叫酸枣，又名鼻涕团。正符合这个含义。
【集解】甄权说：赤爪木，就是赤楂。出产于山南、申州、安州、随州等地。小树高五、六尺，叶子像香橼。果实像虎掌，大如小林檎，红色。
陈藏器说：赤爪草，就是鼠楂。生长在高原，果实像小楂但呈红色，人们吃它。
苏颂说：棠子生长在滁州。三月开白花，随时结果，采集没有固定时间。当地人用它治疗痢疾和腰痛有效。其他地方也有，但不入药用。
李时珍说：赤爪、棠子、山楂，是同一种东西。古方很少使用，所以《唐本草》虽然有赤爪，后人不知道就是此物。自从丹溪朱震亨开始推崇山楂的功效后，它就成为了重要药物。它的种类有两种，都生长在山中。一种较小的，山人称之为棠子、茅楂、猴楂，可以入药。树高几尺，叶子有五个尖角。丫杈间有刺。三月开五瓣小白花。果实有红、黄两种颜色，肥大的像小林檎，小的像手指头，九月成熟，小孩采摘来卖。福建人取成熟的果实去皮去核，捣碎混合糖、蜜，制成楂糕，作为果品。它的核状如牵牛子，黑色非常坚硬。一种较大的，山人称之为羊子。树高一丈多，花叶都一样，只是果实稍大且颜色黄绿，皮涩肉松是它的不同之处。起初很酸涩，经过霜降后才可食用。功效相同，但采药的人不采集。
实
【修治】李时珍说：九月霜降后采收带熟的果实，去核晒干，或者蒸熟去皮去核，捣成饼状，晾干。
【气味】酸味，性冷，无毒。
李时珍说：酸、甘，微温。生吃多了，令人心中嘈杂烦闷容易饥饿，损伤牙齿，龋齿的人尤其不宜吃。
【主治】煮汁服用，停止痢疾。洗头洗澡，治疗疮疡瘙痒（《唐本草》）。煮汁清洗漆疮，大多能治愈（陶弘景）。治疗腰痛有效（苏颂）。消化食积，补脾，治疗小肠疝气，促使小儿痘疹发出（吴瑞）。健胃，行散结气。治疗妇人产后儿枕痛（产后腹痛），恶露不尽，煎汁加入砂糖服用，立即见效（朱震亨）。化解饮食，消除肉积症瘕，痰饮痞满吞酸，瘀血胀痛（李时珍）。化解血块气块，活血（宁原）。
【发明】朱震亨说：山楂非常能够消化饮食。如果胃中没有食积，脾虚不能运化，不想吃东西的人，多吃反而会克伐脾胃的生发之气。
李时珍说：凡是脾弱食物难以消化，胸腹酸刺痛闷的人，每餐饭后嚼食二、三枚，效果极佳。但不可多用，恐怕反而克伐正气。按：《物类相感志》说：煮老鸡、硬肉时，放入几颗山楂就容易烂。那么它消除肉积的功效，就可以推知了。我邻居的一个小孩，因食积导致黄肿，腹胀如鼓。偶然到羊树下，吃到饱。回家后大吐痰水，病就好了。羊是山楂同类，医生虽然不用但有此疗效，那么它的功效应该是一样的。
【附方】新方七则。
偏坠疝气：山棠肉、茴香（炒）各一两，研末，糊丸如梧桐子大。每次服一百丸，空腹白开水送下。
老人腰痛及腿痛：用棠子、鹿茸（炙）等分，研末，蜜丸如梧桐子大。每次服一百丸，每日两次。肠风下血，用寒药、热药及健脾药都无效者：单独使用山里果（俗名酸枣，又名鼻涕团）干品。
痘疹不快：干山楂研末，汤水冲服，立即发出红润活泼的痘疹。又法：猴楂五个，酒煎加水，温服即出。
痘疮干黑危困者：用棠子研末，紫草煎酒，调服一钱。（《全幼心鉴》）
食肉不消：山楂肉四两，水煮食用，并喝其汤汁。（《简便方》）
(Sound similar to "Wen Bei". Recorded in the Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao*.)
[Names] Li Shizhen said: This fruit is warm in nature and fragrant in aroma, hence the name. (Sound similar to "Bei"), refers to fragrance.
[Collection of Explanations] Su Song said: It grows in northern lands, resembling Hawthorn but smaller.
Su Song further stated: It is now found in the Guanzhong and Shaanxi regions, with those from Shayuan being of superior quality. Its fruit is generally similar to Hawthorn, but the skin is thinner and hairier, and the taste is particularly sweet. Its aroma is rich and fragrant; placing it in a wardrobe can also scent the clothes.
Chen Cangqi said: The tree resembles Malus asiatica (Chinese Pear-leaved Crabapple), and the flowers are white-green.
Kou Zongshi said: When consuming, one must thoroughly wash away the floating hairs on the surface; otherwise, it damages the lungs. The flowers are white and also fragrant. They are most prone to insect infestation, with very few remaining uninfested.
Li Shizhen said: This is likely a type of Hawthorn growing in northern lands, so its shape and functions are quite similar. Li Xun, in *Nanhai Yaolu*, stated: In the Guanzhong region, Malus asiatica is called "Nai" (Crabapple). Note: *Shuzheng Ji* records that Malus asiatica is beautiful. "Nai" is slightly larger, ugly in shape, hairy, and fragrant in taste; it is found in Guanzhong and Fuxi areas but is rare in Jiangnan. Observing this, Malus asiatica and "Nai" are likely similar but distinct entities. Li Xun was mistaken.
[Flavor and Properties] Sour, sweet, slightly warm, non-toxic.
Shiliang said: It can induce toxic heat, cause constipation in both large and small intestines, accumulate phlegm in the chest, obstruct blood vessels, and should not be eaten in excess.
Wu Rui said: Consuming it together with Charonia tritonis (a type of sea snail) can trigger hernia.
[Therapeutic Actions] Warms the middle jiao, directs qi downward, aids digestion, eliminates acid water from the heart area, removes bad breath, and prevents clothing moth damage (*Kaibao Bencao*). Eliminates food stagnation in the chest and diaphragm, relieves thirst, and clears irritability. Eating one or two pieces before sleep, whether raw or cooked, is suitable (Su Song. Kou Zongshi noted: Eating too much of this before sleep can also cause epigastric fullness). Mainly treats watery diarrhea, intestinal deficiency-heat, dissipates alcohol intoxication, and all are suitable for raw consumption (Li Xun).
Bark
[Therapeutic Actions] Pounded into powder and applied externally to sores (Su Song).
(Sound similar to "Zha". Recorded in *Tang Bencao*.)
[Correction] The "Chi Zhao Mu" (Red Claw Wood) in the Wood section of *Tang Bencao* is the same as the Song Dynasty's "Shanzha" (Hawthorn). Now they are combined into one entry, titled under "Shanzha".
[Names] Chi Zhua Zi (side-cut pronunciation, *Tang Bencao*), Shu Zha (*Tang Bencao*), Hou Zha (Wei Shi), Mao Zha (*Riyong Bencao*), Zi (sound Qiu), Mei (sound Ji. Both from *Erya*), Yang ( *Tang Bencao*), Tang Zi (*Tujing Bencao*), Shanli Guo (*Shiliao Bencao*).
Li Shizhen said: Shanzha tastes like Zha Zi, hence also named Zha. The common people write it as "Cha", which is incorrect. "Cha" (sound Cha) refers to floating wood in water, what does it have to do with Zha? Guo Pu annotated *Erya* saying: (Sound Qiu) the tree resembles a plum tree. Its fruit is as large as a finger, red like small Nai, and edible; this is indeed Shanzha. The common people write it as "Di", which is also incorrect. "Di" is the fruit of the Oak tree, what does it have to do with Shanzha? The names "Zha" and "Di" appear in *Erya*. Since the Jin and Song dynasties, people have not known their origins, using only "Cha" and "Di". This plant grows in mountainous grasslands; monkeys and rats like to eat it, hence the various names. "Chi Zhao Mu" in *Tang Bencao* should be "Chi Zao" (Red Date), likely due to phonetic error between "Zao" and "Zhao", because Shanzha resembles Red Dates in shape. Fan Chengda's *Yu Heng Zhi* mentions "Chi Zao Zi". Wang Qiu's *Bai Yi Xuan Fang* states: The fruit of Shanli Hong, commonly known as Suan Zao, also called Bibi Tuan. This perfectly matches this meaning.
[Collection of Explanations] Zhen Quan said: Chi Zhao Mu is Chi Zha. It comes from southern mountains, Shenzhou, Anzhou, Suizhou, etc. Small trees are five to six chi high, leaves resemble Citrus medica (Citron). Fruit resembles tiger's paw, as large as small Malus asiatica, red.
Chen Cangqi said: Chi Zhao Cao is Shu Zha. Grows in high plains, fruit resembles small Zha but is red, people eat it.
Su Song said: Tang Zi grows in Chuzhou. Blooms white flowers in March, bears fruit at any time, harvest has no fixed season. Locals use it effectively to treat dysentery and lower back pain. It exists elsewhere but is not used medicinally.
Li Shizhen said: Chi Zhao, Tang Zi, and Shanzha are the same thing. Ancient formulas rarely used it, so although *Tang Bencao* had Chi Zhao, later generations did not know it was this herb. Since Zhu Danxi (Zhu Zhenheng) began to highlight the efficacy of Shanzha, it became an important medicine. There are two varieties, both growing in mountains. One is smaller, called Tang Zi, Mao Zha, Hou Zha by locals, and can be used medicinally. Trees are several chi high, leaves have five tips. Thorns between branches. Five-petaled small white flowers bloom in March. Fruits are red or yellow, fat ones like small Malus asiatica, small ones like fingers, ripening in September. Children pick and sell them. Fujian people take ripe fruits, peel and remove seeds, pound and mix with sugar and honey to make Zha Gao (Hawthorn cake) as a fruit snack. The seeds resemble Pharbitidis Semen (Morning Glory seed), black and very hard. The other is larger, called Yang Zi by locals. Trees are over one zhang high, flowers and leaves are the same, but fruits are slightly larger, yellow-green, with astringent skin and loose flesh as differences. Initially very sour and astringent, edible only after frost. Functions are the same, but herbal collectors do not gather them.
Fruit
[Processing] Li Shizhen said: Harvest ripe fruits after frost in September, remove seeds and dry in sun, or steam, peel, remove seeds, pound into cakes, and dry.
[Flavor and Properties] Sour, cold, non-toxic.
Li Shizhen said: Sour, sweet, slightly warm. Eating too much raw causes gastric discomfort, irritability, easy hunger, and damages teeth; especially unsuitable for those with dental caries.
[Therapeutic Actions] Decocted juice stops dysentery. Washing head and body treats sore and itching sores (*Tang Bencao*). Decocted juice washes lacquer dermatitis, mostly curative (Tao Hongjing). Effective for treating lower back pain (Su Song). Digests food accumulation, tonifies spleen, treats small intestine hernia, promotes eruption of infant measles/rubella (Wu Rui). Strengthens stomach, moves stagnant qi. Treats postpartum abdominal pain (Erzhen Tong) and lochia retention; decocted juice with brown sugar taken orally yields immediate results (Zhu Zhenheng). Transforms food, eliminates meat accumulation and masses, phlegm-fluid retention, epigastric fullness, acid regurgitation, blood stasis, pain, and distension (Li Shizhen). Resolves blood clumps and qi clumps, invigorates blood (Ning Yuan).
[Elucidation] Zhu Zhenheng said: Shanzha is very effective in digesting food. If there is no food stagnation in the stomach, and the spleen is deficient unable to transport and transform, leading to loss of appetite, taking too much will instead attack the generating qi of the spleen and stomach.
Li Shizhen said: For those with weak spleen unable to digest food, experiencing sour stabbing pain and fullness in the chest and abdomen, chewing two or three pieces after each meal is excellent. But do not use excessively, lest it attack healthy qi. Note: *Wulei Xianggan Zhi* states: When boiling old chicken or tough meat, adding a few Shanzha makes it tender easily. Thus, its ability to eliminate meat accumulation can be inferred. A child in my neighbor's house suffered from jaundice and swelling due to food stagnation, with a drum-like distended abdomen. He accidentally went under a Yang tree, ate until full. Returned home and vomited profusely of phlegm-water, and the illness was cured. Yang is a relative of Shanzha; although doctors do not use it, it has this effect, so its function should be the same.
[Attached Formulas] Seven new formulas.
Oblique Hernia: Mountain Tang flesh, Fennel (stir-fried) each 1 liang, powdered, paste pills size of Sophora japonica seeds. Take 100 pills each time, with plain warm water on an empty stomach.
Lower Back Pain and Leg Pain in Elderly: Tang Zi, Deer Antler (roasted) in equal parts, powdered, honey pills size of Sophora japonica seeds. Take 100 pills each time, twice daily. Intestinal wind bleeding, when cold, hot, and spleen-tonifying medicines are ineffective: Use dried Shanli Guo alone (commonly known as Suan Zao, also Bibi Tuan).
Measles/Rubella not erupting well: Powdered dried Shanzha, taken with water, immediately erupts red and lively. Another method: Five Hou Zha, decocted in wine with water, taken warm to promote eruption.
Measles/Rubella dry and black, critical condition: Powdered Tang Zi, mixed with Scutellaria barbata decocted in wine, taken 1 qian (*Quanyou Xinjian*).
Indigestion of Meat: 4 liang Shanzha flesh, boiled in water, eaten, and drink the broth (*Jianbian Fang*).
Seed
[Therapeutic Actions] Swallowed whole, transforms food, grinds accumulation, treats hernia (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Formula] One new formula.
Dystocia: 77 Shanzha seeds, coated with Cacumen Bambusae炭 (Baicaoshuang), swallowed with wine (*Haishang Fang*).
Scrotal/Testicular Swelling: See Olive entry.