【气味】苦，温，无毒。
【主治】吐虚劳痰饮（时珍）。
【发明】吴绶曰∶人弱者，以人参芦代瓜蒂。
震亨曰∶人参入手太阴，补阳中之阴；芦，则反能泻太阴之阳。亦如麻黄，苗，能发汗；
根，则止汗。谷属金而糠之性热，麦属阳而麸之性凉。先儒谓物物具一太极，学人可不触类
而长之乎？一女子性躁味浓，暑月因怒而病呃，每作则举身跳动，昏冒不知人。其形气俱实，
乃痰因怒郁，气不得降，非吐不可。遂以人参芦半两，逆流水一盏半，煎一大碗饮之，大吐
顽痰数碗，大汗昏睡一日而安。又一人作劳发疟，服疟药变为热病，舌短痰嗽，六脉洪数而
滑，此痰蓄胸中，非吐不愈。以参芦汤加竹沥二服，涌出胶痰三块，次与人参、黄 、当归
煎服，半月乃安。
（《本经》上品）
【校正】并入《别录》有名未用部羊乳。
【释名】白参（《吴普》）、知母（《别录》）、羊乳（《别录》）、羊婆奶（《纲目》）、
铃儿草（《别录》）、虎须（《别录》）、苦心（《别录》，又名文希，一名识美，一名志取。）
弘景曰∶此与人参、玄参、丹参、苦参是为五参，其形不尽相类，而主疗颇同，故皆有
参名。又有紫参，乃牡蒙也。
时珍曰∶沙参白色，宜于沙地，故名。其根多白汁，俚人呼为羊婆奶。《别录》有名未
用，羊乳即此也。此物无心味淡，而《别录》一名苦心，又与知母同名，不知所谓也。铃儿
草，象花形也。
【集解】《别录》曰∶沙参，生河内川谷及冤句般阳续山，二月、八月采根，曝干。又
名∶羊乳，一名地黄，三月采，立夏后母死。
恭曰∶出华山者，为善。普曰∶二月生苗，如葵，叶青色，根白，实如芥，根大如芜菁，
三月采。
弘景曰∶今出近道，丛生，叶似枸杞，根白实者佳。
保升曰∶其根若葵根，其花白色。
颂曰∶今淄、齐、潞、随、江、淮、荆、湖州郡皆有之。苗长一、二尺以来，丛生崖壁
间，叶似枸杞而有叉丫，七月开紫花，根如葵根，大如指许，赤黄色，中正白实者佳。二月、
八月采根。南土生者叶有细有大，花白，瓣上仍有白粘，此为小异。
藏器曰∶羊乳根加荠 而圆，大小如拳，上有角节，折之有白汁，人取根当荠 。苗作
蔓，折之有白汁。
时珍曰∶沙参处处山原有之。二月生苗，叶如初生小葵叶，而团扁不光。八、九月抽茎，
高一、二尺。茎上之叶，则尖长如枸杞叶，而小有细齿。秋月叶间开小紫花，长二、三分，
状如铃铎，五出，白蕊，亦有白花者。并结实，大如冬青实，中有细子。霜后苗枯。其根生
沙地者，长尺余，大一虎口；黄土地者则短而小。根茎皆有白汁。八、九月采者，白而实；
春月采者，微黄而虚。小人亦往往絷蒸压实以乱人参，但体轻松，味淡而短耳。
根
【气味】苦，微寒，无毒。《别录》曰∶羊乳，温，无毒。
普曰∶沙参，岐伯∶咸；神农、黄帝、扁鹊∶无毒。李当之∶大寒。好古曰∶甘、微苦。
之才曰∶恶防己，反藜芦。
【主治】血积惊气，除寒热，补中，益肺气（《本经》）。
疗胃痹心腹痛，结热邪气头痛，皮间邪热，安五脏。久服利人。又云∶羊乳，主头眩痛，
益气，长肌肉（《别录》）。去皮肌浮风，疝气下坠，治常欲眠，养肝气，宣五脏风气（甄权）。
补虚，止惊烦，益心肺，并一切恶疮疥癣及身痒，排脓，消肿毒（大明）。清肺火，治久咳
肺痿（时珍）。
【发明】元素曰∶肺寒者，用人参；肺热者，用沙参代之，取其味甘也。好古曰∶沙参
味甘微苦，厥阴本经之药，又为脾经气分药。微苦补阴，甘则补阳，故洁古取沙参代人参。
盖人参性温，补五脏之阳；沙参性寒，补五脏之阴。虽云补五脏，亦须各用本脏药相佐，
使随所引而相辅之可也。
时珍曰∶人参甘苦温，其体重实，专补脾胃元气，因而益肺与肾，故内伤元气者宜之。
沙参甘淡而寒，其体轻虚，专补肺气，因而益脾与肾，故金能受火克者宜之。一补阳而生阴，
一补阴而制阳，不可不辨之也。
【附方】旧一，新二。
肺热咳嗽∶沙参半两。水煎服之。（《卫生易简方》）猝得疝气∶小腹及阴中相引痛如绞，
自汗出，欲死者。沙参，捣筛为末，酒服方寸匕，立瘥。（《肘后方》）妇人白带∶多因七情
内伤或下元虚冷所致。沙参为末，每服二钱，米饮调下。《证治要诀》
【气味】味苦，性温，无毒。
【主治】治疗因虚劳引起的呕吐痰饮（李时珍）。
【发明】吴绶说：身体虚弱的人，可以用人参芦头代替瓜蒂作为催吐药。
朱震亨（字彦修，号丹溪）说：人参入足太阴肺经，补益阳中之阴；而人参芦头，则反而能泻足太阴肺经的阳气。这也就像麻黄一样，其苗叶部分能发汗；而其根部，则能止汗。谷物属金，但谷壳的性质热；麦子属阳，但麦麸的性质凉。先前的儒者认为万物都具备一个太极（宇宙本源），学习的人难道不可以触类旁通、举一反三吗？有一个女子性格急躁且体质偏盛，在暑天因为愤怒而患上呃逆症，每次发作时全身跳动，昏迷不省人事。她的形体和气息都表现为实证，这是痰浊因愤怒而郁结，气机不能下降，非用催吐法不可。于是用人参芦头半两，配合逆流水一盏半，煎煮成一大碗服用，结果吐出大量顽痰数碗，随后大汗淋漓，昏睡一天后痊愈。又有一个人因劳累引发疟疾，服用治疟药后转变为热病，出现舌短缩、咳嗽有痰的症状，六脉洪大、快速且滑利，这是痰浊蓄积在胸中，非催吐不能治愈。用人参芦汤加入竹沥，服用两次，涌出胶结的痰块三块，接着给予人参、黄芪、当归煎服，半个月后才安定下来。
（《神农本草经》列为上品）
【校正】并入《名医别录》有名未用部的羊乳。
【释名】白参（《吴普本草》）、知母（《名医别录》）、羊乳（《名医别录》）、羊婆奶（《本草纲目》）、铃儿草（《名医别录》）、虎须（《名医别录》）、苦心（《名医别录》，又名文希，一名识美，一名志取。）
陶弘景说：这种药与人参、玄参、丹参、苦参合称为“五参”，它们的形状并不完全相似，但主要疗效颇为相同，所以都有“参”的名字。还有紫参，那是牡蒙。
李时珍说：沙参颜色白色，适宜生长在沙地，因此得名。它的根多含有白色汁液，民间人叫它羊婆奶。《名医别录》将其列为有名未用，羊乳就是这种药。此物没有心，味道淡，但《名医别录》却称它为苦心，又与知母同名，不知道这是什么意思。铃儿草，是形容花的形状像铃铛。
【集解】《名医别录》说：沙参，生长在河内川谷及冤句般阳续山，二月、八月采集根部，晒干。又名：羊乳，一名地黄，三月采集，立夏之后母株死亡。
苏恭说：出产于华山地区的，品质较好。吴普说：二月生苗，像葵菜，叶子青色，根白色，果实像芥菜籽，根大如芜菁，三月采集。
陶弘景说：现在近处道路旁也有生长，丛生，叶子像枸杞，根部洁白坚实的为佳。
寇宗奭说：它的根像葵菜的根，花是白色的。
苏颂说：现在淄州、齐州、潞州、随州、江州、淮州、荆州、湖州等郡都有生长。苗长一、二尺以上，丛生在崖壁间，叶子像枸杞但有分叉，七月开紫花，根像葵菜的根，大如手指，赤黄色，中间白色坚实的为佳。二月、八月采集根部。南方土地产的沙参叶子有的细有的大，花白色，花瓣上仍有白色粘液，这是稍微不同的地方。
陈藏器说：羊乳的根加上荠菜比较圆润，大小如拳头，上面有角节，折断后有白色汁液，人们采集根部时要像采集荠菜一样。苗长成藤蔓，折断后有白色汁液。
李时珍说：沙参到处山原都有生长。二月生苗，叶子像刚出生的小葵叶，圆形扁平且不光滑。八、九月抽茎，高一、二尺。茎上的叶子，则尖长像枸杞叶，但有小细齿。秋天月间叶间开小紫花，长二、三分，形状像铃铎，五瓣，白色花蕊，也有白花者。并结出果实，大如冬青树的果实，里面有细小的种子。霜降后苗枯死。生长在沙地的根，长一尺多，大一虎口宽；生长在黄土地的则短小。根和茎都有白色汁液。八、九月采挖的，白色而坚实；春季采挖的，微黄而空虚。小人也往往蒸煮压实来冒充人参，只是质地轻松，味道淡而且短而已。
根
【气味】味苦，微寒，无毒。《名医别录》说：羊乳，性温，无毒。
吴普说：沙参，岐伯认为咸；神农、黄帝、扁鹊认为无毒。李当之认为大寒。好古说：甘、微苦。
张元素（字洁古）说：恶防己，反藜芦。
【主治】治疗血积惊气，去除寒热，补益中气，益肺气（《神农本草经》）。
治疗胃痹心腹痛，结热邪气头痛，皮间邪热，安五脏。长期服用对人有益。又说：羊乳，主治头晕痛，益气，长肌肉（《名医别录》）。去除皮肤肌肉间的浮风，疝气下坠，治疗总是想睡觉，养肝气，宣散五脏风气（甄权）。补虚，止惊烦，益心肺，以及一切恶疮疥癣及身上瘙痒，排脓，消肿毒（马志/大明）。清肺火，治疗久咳肺痿（李时珍）。
【发明】张元素说：肺寒的，用人参；肺热的，用沙参代替，取其味甘的缘故。王好古说：沙参味甘微苦，是厥阴本经的药物，又是脾经气分的药。微苦补阴，甘则补阳，所以洁古取沙参代替人参。大概人参性温，补五脏之阳；沙参性寒，补五脏之阴。虽然说补五脏，但也必须各用本脏的药相佐助，使它们随着引导而相辅相成就可以了。
李时珍说：人参甘苦温，其体重实，专门补脾胃元气，进而益肺与肾，所以内伤元气的人适宜使用。沙参甘淡而寒，其体轻虚，专门补肺气，进而益脾与肾，所以金（肺）能被火克制的情况适宜使用。一个补阳而生阴，一个补阴而制阳，不可不加以辨别。
【附方】旧方一个，新方两个。
肺热咳嗽：沙参半两。水煎服。（《卫生易简方》）突然得疝气：小腹及阴部相互牵引疼痛如绞，自汗出，痛苦欲死。沙参，捣筛为末，酒服方寸匕，立即痊愈。（《肘后备急方》）妇人白带：多因七情内伤或下元虚冷所致。沙参为末，每服二钱，米饮调下。（《证治要诀》）
[Odor and Flavor] Bitter, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats vomiting of phlegm-fluid due to consumptive fatigue (Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Wu Shou said: For those with weak constitutions, ginseng rhizome (Renshen Lu) can be used to replace melon seed (Gua Di) as an emetic.
Zhenheng (Zhu Zhenheng) said: Ginseng enters the Taiyin Lung Meridian, tonifying the Yin within Yang; whereas ginseng rhizome, conversely, can drain the Yang of the Taiyin Lung Meridian. This is similar to Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang): its aerial parts induce sweating, while its root arrests sweating. Grains belong to Metal, yet their husks are hot in nature; wheat belongs to Yang, yet its bran is cool in nature. Former Confucian scholars stated that all things possess a Taiji (primordial unity); should not learners apply this principle by analogy? A woman with an irritable disposition and robust constitution developed hiccups in summer due to anger. Each episode was accompanied by whole-body tremors, coma, and unconsciousness. Her physical form and Qi were both excess patterns; this was phlegm stagnating due to anger-induced Qi constraint, preventing Qi from descending, requiring emesis. Thus, half tael of ginseng rhizome was decocted in one and a half cups of counter-flowing water into a large bowl for drinking. It induced massive vomiting of stubborn phlegm (several bowls), followed by profuse sweating, a day-long sleep, and subsequent recovery. Another person developed malaria after overexertion; after taking antimalarial drugs, it transformed into a heat disease with short tongue, cough with phlegm, and six pulses that were surging, rapid, and slippery. This indicated phlegm accumulation in the chest, curable only by emesis. Two doses of Ginseng Rhizome Decoction added with Bamboo Sap (Zhuli) expelled three pieces of gelatinous phlegm. Subsequently, a decoction of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen), Astragali Radix (Huangqi), and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui) was administered, leading to stability after half a month.
(Shangpin / Superior Grade in *Benjing*)
[Correction] Merged into the "Named but Unused" section of *Bielu* as Yangru.
[Names] Baishen (*Wuping*), Zhimu (*Bielu*), Yangru (*Bielu*), Yangponai (*Gangmu*), Ling'ercao (*Bielu*), Huxu (*Bielu*), Kuxin (*Bielu*, also known as Wenxi, Yiming Shimie, Yiming Zhiqu.)
Hongjing said: This herb, along with Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen), Scrophulariae Radix (Xuanshen), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (Danshen), and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix (Kushen), constitutes the "Five Shen." Their shapes are not entirely similar, but their therapeutic effects are quite alike, hence they all bear the name "Shen." There is also Zishen, which is Mumeng.
Shizhen said: Adenophorae Radix (Shashen) is white and suitable for sandy soil, hence its name. Its roots contain much white juice, so common people call it Yangponai. *Bielu* listed it as named but unused; Yangru is this herb. This substance has no core and tastes bland, yet *Bielu* calls it Kuxin (Bitter Heart) and gives it the same name as Zhimu, which is incomprehensible. Ling'ercao refers to the bell-like shape of its flowers.
[Collection of Explanations] *Bielu* says: Adenophorae Radix (Shashen) grows in river valleys of Henei and at Banshan Xushan in Yuanju. Roots are harvested in February and August and dried in the sun. Also known as: Yangru, alternatively Dihuang, harvested in March; the mother plant dies after Lixia (Start of Summer).
Gong said: Those produced in Huashan are superior. Pu said: Sprouts emerge in February, resembling Brassica rapa var. pekinensis (Kuicai), with green leaves and white roots; fruits resemble mustard seeds; roots are as large as turnips, harvested in March.
Hongjing said: Now found near roadsides, growing in clusters, with leaves resembling Lycii Cortex (Gouqizi); roots that are white and solid are best.
Baosheng said: Its roots resemble Kuicai roots, with white flowers.
Song said: Now found in various prefectures including Zhou, Qi, Lu, Sui, Jiang, Huai, Jing, and Hu. Seedlings grow one to two chi tall, clustering on cliff walls; leaves resemble Gouqizi but have forked tips; purple flowers bloom in July; roots resemble Kuicai roots, about finger-thick, reddish-yellow, with white centers being best. Roots are harvested in February and August. Southern varieties have leaves varying in size, white flowers, and white sticky residue on petals, which is a slight difference.
Cangqi said: Yangru roots are rounder when compared to Jiquan (Shepherd's Purse), fist-sized, with angular nodes; breaking them yields white juice. People harvest roots like Shepherd's Purse. The seedling grows as a vine, yielding white juice when broken.
Shizhen said: Adenophorae Radix (Shashen) grows abundantly in mountain plains everywhere. Sprouts emerge in February, leaves resembling young Kuicai leaves, round, flat, and not smooth. Stems shoot up in August and September, reaching one to two chi high. Leaves on the stem are lanceolate like Gouqizi leaves but with fine serrations. Small purple flowers bloom among leaves in autumn, two to three fen long, bell-shaped, five-lobed, with white stamens; some have white flowers. Fruits set, sized like Ilex cornuta (Dongqing) berries, containing fine seeds. Seedlings wither after frost. Roots growing in sandy soil exceed one chi long and are as thick as a tiger's mouth; those in yellow soil are shorter and smaller. Both roots and stems contain white juice. Harvested in August/September, they are white and solid; harvested in spring, they are slightly yellow and hollow. Unscrupulous persons often steam, compress, and compact them to pass off as Renshen, but they are lighter in texture, bland in taste, and shorter.
Root
[Odor and Flavor] Bitter, slightly cold, non-toxic. *Bielu* says: Yangru is warm and non-toxic.
Pu said: Shashen. Qibo considered it salty; Shennong, Huangdi, and Bianque considered it non-toxic. Li Dangzhi considered it greatly cold. Haogu said: Sweet, slightly bitter.
Zhicai said: Hostile against Paeoniae Radix Alba (Fangji), contrary to Veratri Rhizoma (Lilu).
[Indications] Treats blood accumulation and fright qi, eliminates chills and fever, tonifies the Middle, benefits Lung Qi (*Benjing*).
Treats Wei Bi (stomach obstruction) and heart/abdominal pain, clears constrained heat and pathogenic qi headaches, removes pathogenic heat in the skin, calms the Five Viscera. Long-term use benefits the person. Furthermore: Yangru treats vertigo and headache, benefits Qi, promotes muscle growth (*Bielu*). Removes floating wind from skin and muscles, hernia with prolapse, treats constant drowsiness, nourishes Liver Qi, disseminates Wind Qi of the Five Viscera (Zhenquan). Tonifies deficiency, stops fright and irritability, benefits Heart and Lung, treats all kinds of malignant sores, scabies, ringworm, and body itching, expels pus, reduces swelling and toxicity (Daming). Clears Lung Fire, treats chronic cough and Fei Fei (lung atrophy) (Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Yuansu said: For Cold Lung, use Renshen; for Heat Lung, substitute Shashen, taking advantage of its sweet flavor. Haogu said: Shashen is sweet and slightly bitter, a drug of the Jueyin primary meridian, and also a Qi-level drug of the Spleen meridian. Slight bitterness tonifies Yin, sweetness tonifies Yang, hence Jiegu uses Shashen to replace Renshen. Generally, Renshen is warm and tonifies Yang of the Five Viscera; Shashen is cold and tonifies Yin of the Five Viscera. Although it claims to tonify the Five Viscera, it must be assisted by herbs specific to each organ to guide and support them appropriately.
Shizhen said: Renshen is sweet, bitter, and warm; its substance is heavy and solid, specifically tonifying Yuan Qi of the Spleen and Stomach, thereby benefiting Lung and Kidney, making it suitable for internal injury of Yuan Qi. Shashen is sweet, bland, and cold; its substance is light and empty, specifically tonifying Lung Qi, thereby benefiting Spleen and Kidney, making it suitable when Metal (Lung) is overcome by Fire. One tonifies Yang to generate Yin; the other tonifies Yin to control Yang. This distinction must not be overlooked.
[Attached Prescriptions] One old, two new.
Lung Heat Cough: Adenophorae Radix (Shashen) half tael. Decoct in water and take orally. (*Weisheng Yijian Fang*)
Sudden Hernia: Severe pulling pain in lower abdomen and genitals, spontaneous sweating, feeling of impending death. Adenophorae Radix (Shashen), pounded and sifted into powder, taken with wine using a square-inch measure, immediate cure. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*)
Women's Leukorrhea: Often caused by emotional injury or deficiency-cold of the Lower Origin. Adenophorae Radix (Shashen) powdered, two qian per dose, mixed with rice drink and taken orally. (*Zhengzhi Yaojue*)