（《本经》中品）
【释名】 （《尔雅》，音萌）、勤母（《别录》）、苦菜（《别录》）、苦花（《别录》）、
空草（《本经》）、药实。弘景曰∶形似聚贝子，故名贝母。时珍曰∶《诗》云言采其 ，即
此。一作虻，谓根状如虻也。苦菜、药实，与野苦 、黄药子同名。
【集解】《别录》曰∶贝母，生晋地，十月采根，曝干。恭曰∶其叶似大蒜。四月蒜熟
时采之，良。若十月，苗枯，根亦不佳也。出润州、荆州、襄州者，最佳；江南诸州亦有。
颂曰∶今河中、江陵府、郢、寿、随、郑、蔡、润、滁州皆有之。二月生苗，茎细，青
色。叶亦青，似荞麦叶，随苗出。七月开花，碧绿色，形如鼓子花。八月采根，根有瓣子，
黄白色，如聚贝子。此有数种。陆玑《诗疏》云∶ ，贝母也。叶如栝蒌而细小。其子在根
下，如芋子，正白，四方连累相着，有分解。今近道出者正类此。郭璞注《尔雅》言∶白花
叶似韭，此种罕复见之。 曰∶贝母中有独颗团不作两片无皱者，号曰丹龙精，不入药用。
误服
根
【修治】 曰∶凡使，先于柳木灰中炮黄，擘破，去内口鼻中有米许大者心一颗，
后拌糯米于 上同炒，待米黄，去米用。
【气味】辛，平，无毒。《别录》曰∶苦，微寒。恭曰∶味甘、苦，不辛。之才曰∶浓
朴、白薇为之使，恶桃花，畏秦艽、莽草、 石，反乌头。
【主治】伤寒烦热，淋沥邪气，疝瘕，喉痹乳难，金疮风痉（《本经》）。疗腹中结实，
心下满，洗洗恶风寒，目眩项直，咳嗽上气，止烦热渴，出汗，安五脏，利骨髓（《别录》）
。服之不饥断谷（弘景）。消痰，润心肺。末和沙糖丸含，止嗽。烧灰油调，敷人畜恶疮，
敛疮口（大明）。主胸胁逆气，时疾黄胆。研末点目，去肤翳。以七枚作末酒服，治产难及
胞
【发明】承曰∶贝母能散心胸郁结之气，故《诗》云言∶采其 ，是也。作诗者，本以
不得志而言。今用治心中气不快、多愁郁者，殊有功。信矣。好古曰∶贝母乃肺经气分药也。
仲景治寒实结胸、外无热证者，三物小陷胸汤主之，白散亦可，以其内有贝母也。成无己云∶
辛散而苦泄，桔梗、贝母之苦辛，用以下气。机曰∶俗以半夏有毒，用贝母代之。夫贝母乃
太阴肺经之药，半夏乃太阴脾经、阳明胃经之药，何可以代？若虚劳咳嗽、吐血咯血、肺痿
肺痈、妇人乳痈、痈疽及诸郁之证，半夏乃禁忌，皆贝母为向导，犹可代也；至于脾胃湿热，
涎化为痰，久则生火，痰火上攻，昏愦僵仆蹇涩诸证，生死旦夕，亦岂贝母可代乎？颂曰∶
贝母治恶疮。唐人记其事云∶江左尝有商人，左膊上有疮如人面，亦无他苦。商人戏以酒滴
口中，其面赤色。以物食之，亦能食，多则膊内肉胀起。或不食，则一臂痹焉。有名医教其
历试诸药，金石草木之类，悉无所苦，至贝母，其疮乃聚眉闭口。商人喜，因以小苇筒毁其
口灌之，数日成痂遂愈，然不知何疾也。《本经》言主金疮，此岂金疮之类欤？
【附方】新二十一。
忧郁不伸，胸膈不宽。贝母去心，姜汁炒研，姜汁面糊丸。每服七十丸，征士锁甲煎汤
下。（《集效方》）化痰降气，止咳解郁，消食除胀，有奇效。用贝母（去心）一两，姜制浓
朴半两。蜜丸梧子大。每白汤下五十丸。（《笔峰方》）小儿 嗽，百日内咳嗽痰壅。贝母五
钱，甘草（半生半炙）二钱。为末，沙糖丸芡子大，每
孕妇咳嗽∶贝母去心，麸炒黄为末，沙糖拌丸芡子大。每含咽一丸，神效。（《救急易
方》）妊娠尿难，饮食如故。用贝母、苦参、当归各四两。为末，蜜丸小豆大，每饮服三丸
至十丸。（《金匮要略》）乳汁不下∶二母散∶贝母、知母、牡蛎粉等分。为细末。每猪蹄汤
调服二钱，此祖传方也。（王海藏《汤液本草》）冷泪目昏∶贝母一枚，胡椒七粒。为末点之。
（《儒门事亲》方）目生弩肉∶《肘后》∶用贝母、真丹等分为末，日点。《摘玄方》∶用贝母、
丁香等分，为末。乳汁调点。吐血不止∶贝母炮研，温浆水服二钱。（《圣惠方》）
衄血不止∶贝母（炮）研末，浆水服二钱，良久再服。（《普济方》）小儿鹅口，满口白
烂。贝母（去心为末）半钱，水五分，蜜少许，煎三沸，缴净抹之，日四五度。（《圣惠方》）
吹奶作痛∶贝母末，吹鼻中，大效。（危氏《得效方》）
乳痈初肿∶贝母末，酒服二钱，仍令人吮之，即通。（《仁斋直指方》）
便痈肿痛∶贝母、白芷等分为末，酒调服或酒煎服，以滓贴之。（《永类钤方》）
紫白癜斑∶贝母、南星等分为末生姜带汁擦之。《德生堂方》∶用贝母、干姜等分，为末，
如澡豆，入密室中浴擦，得汗为妙。《谈野翁方》∶以生姜擦动，醋磨贝母涂之。《圣惠方
》∶用贝母、百部等分为末，自然姜汁调搽。蜘蛛咬毒∶缚定咬处，勿使毒行。以贝母末酒
服半两，至醉。良久酒化为水，自疮口出，水尽，仍塞疮口，甚妙。（《仁斋直指方》）
蛇蝎咬伤∶方同上。
（收录于《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】 （音同“萌”，出自《尔雅》）、勤母（出自《名医别录》）、苦菜（出自《名医别录》）、苦花（出自《名医别录》）、空草（出自《神农本草经》）、药实。陶弘景说：形状像聚集在一起的贝子，所以名叫贝母。李时珍说：《诗经》里说“采其虻”，指的就是这种植物。有的写作“虻”，是说它的根状像虻虫。苦菜、药实，与野苦菜、黄药子同名。
【集解】《名医别录》说：贝母生长在晋地，十月采集根部，晒干。孟恭说：它的叶子像大蒜。四月大蒜成熟时采集，效果最好。如果是十月，苗已枯萎，根部也不好。出产于润州、荆州、襄州的贝母，品质最佳；江南各州也有出产。苏颂说：现在河中、江陵府、郢州、寿州、随州、郑州、蔡州、润州、滁州都有出产。二月生苗，茎细长，青色。叶子也是青色，像荞麦叶，随着苗长出来。七月开花，碧绿色，形状像鼓子花。八月采集根部，根部有瓣子，黄白色，像聚集的贝子。这有好几种。陆玑在《诗经疏》中说：“虻”就是贝母。叶子像瓜蒌但较小。它的子在根下，像芋头子，纯白色，四方相连累在一起，有分离的趋势。现在附近地方出产的正与此相似。郭璞注释《尔雅》说：白花叶像韭菜，这种品种现在已经很少见到了。曰：贝母中有单独一颗团圆而不分成两片、没有皱纹的，叫做丹龙精，不入药用。误服了根……
【修治】曰：凡使用贝母，先在柳木灰中炮制至黄色，掰开，去掉内部口鼻处米粒大小的一颗心，然后拌上糯米在锅上同炒，等到米变黄，去掉米使用。
【气味】辛味，性平，无毒。《名医别录》说：苦味，微寒。孟恭说：味甘、苦，不辛。徐之才说：浓朴、白薇是它的引经药，厌恶桃花，畏惧秦艽、莽草、石决明，与乌头相反。
【主治】伤寒烦热，淋沥邪气，疝瘕，喉痹乳难，金疮风痉（出自《神农本草经》）。治疗腹中结实，心下满闷，怕冷恶风，目眩项强，咳嗽气逆，止烦热渴，出汗，安五脏，利骨髓（出自《名医别录》）。服用它可以不饥饿、断绝谷物（陶弘景）。消痰，润心肺。研末和沙糖做成丸剂含服，止咳。烧成灰用油调匀，敷在人畜恶疮上，收敛疮口（出自《大明本草》）。主治胸胁逆气，时行疾病黄疸。研末点眼，去除肤翳。用七枚研末，酒送服，治疗产难及胞衣不下……
【发明】承曰：贝母能疏散心胸郁结之气，所以《诗经》说“采其虻”，就是这个意思。作诗的人，本来是因为不得志而说的。现在用它治疗心中气机不畅、多愁善感的人，非常有功效。确实如此。好古说：贝母是肺经气分的药。张仲景治疗寒实结胸、外部没有热证的情况，主要用三物小陷胸汤，白散也可以，因为里面含有贝母。成无己说：辛能发散，苦能泄降，桔梗、贝母的辛苦味，用来降气。机说：俗人认为半夏有毒，就用贝母代替。其实贝母是太阴肺经的药，半夏是太阴脾经、阳明胃经的药，怎么能代替呢？如果是虚劳咳嗽、吐血咯血、肺痿肺痈、妇人乳痈、痈疽以及各种郁证，半夏是禁忌，都可以用贝母作为向导，还可以代替；至于脾胃湿热，涎液化为痰，久了生火，痰火上攻，导致昏愦僵仆、言语蹇涩等证，生死就在旦夕之间，难道贝母可以代替吗？苏颂说：贝母治疗恶疮。唐人记载这件事说：江东曾经有个商人，左胳膊上有个疮像人脸，也没有其他痛苦。商人开玩笑把酒滴在它嘴里，那张脸就变红了。给它东西吃，也能吃，吃多了胳膊里的肉就会胀起来。如果不给吃，整条手臂就会麻木。有位名医教他尝试各种药物，金石草木之类，都没有反应，到了贝母，那个疮就皱起眉毛闭上嘴。商人很高兴，于是用小苇筒撬开它的嘴灌药，几天后结成痂就好了，然而不知道是什么病。《神农本草经》说主治金疮，这难道是金疮之类的吗？
【附方】新收二十一首。
忧郁不伸，胸膈不宽。贝母去心，姜汁炒研，姜汁面糊做丸。每次服用七十丸，用征士锁甲煎汤送下。（《集效方》）化痰降气，止咳解郁，消食除胀，有奇效。用贝母（去心）一两，姜制的浓朴半两。蜜丸如梧子大。每次白开水送服五十丸。（《笔峰方》）小儿嗽，百日内咳嗽痰壅。贝母五钱，甘草（半生半炙）二钱。研为末，沙糖做丸如芡子大，每……
孕妇咳嗽：贝母去心，麸炒黄研为末，沙糖拌丸如芡子大。每次含咽一丸，神效。（《救急易方》）妊娠尿难，饮食如常。用贝母、苦参、当归各四两。研为末，蜜丸如小豆大，每次饮水送服三丸至十丸。（《金匮要略》）乳汁不下：二母散：贝母、知母、牡蛎粉等分。研为细末。每次猪蹄汤调服二钱，这是祖传方。（王海藏《汤液本草》）冷泪目昏：贝母一枚，胡椒七粒。研为末点眼。（《儒门事亲》方）目生弩肉：《肘后备急方》：用贝母、真丹等分为末，每日点眼。《摘玄方》：用贝母、丁香等分，研为末。乳汁调匀点眼。吐血不止：贝母炮制后研末，温浆水送服二钱。（《圣惠方》）
衄血不止：贝母（炮制）研末，浆水送服二钱，过一会儿再服。（《普济方》）小儿鹅口，满口白烂。贝母（去心研末）半钱，水五分，蜜少许，煎煮三沸，搅净涂抹患处，每天四五次。（《圣惠方》）吹奶作痛：贝母末，吹入鼻中，大效。（危氏《得效方》）
乳痈初肿：贝母末，酒送服二钱，仍让人吮吸，即通。（《仁斋直指方》）
便痈肿痛：贝母、白芷等分为末，酒调服或酒煎服，用药渣贴敷。（《永类钤方》）
紫白癜斑：贝母、南星等分为末，生姜带汁擦拭。《德生堂方》：用贝母、干姜等分，研为末，像澡豆一样，进入密室中洗浴擦拭，出汗为妙。《谈野翁方》：用生姜擦动皮肤，醋磨贝母涂之。《圣惠方》：用贝母、百部等分为末，自然姜汁调搽。蜘蛛咬毒：绑紧咬处，不要让毒气扩散。用贝母末酒送服半两，直到醉倒。过了一会儿酒化为水，从疮口流出，水流尽，仍塞住疮口，非常奇妙。（《仁斋直指方》）
蛇蝎咬伤：方同上。
(Recorded in the Middle Category of *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Names] (Sound same as "meng", from *Erya*), Qinmu (from *Mingyi Bielu*), Kucail (from *Mingyi Bielu*), Kuhua (from *Mingyi Bielu*), Kongcao (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*), Yaoshi. Hongjing said: Its shape resembles gathered clam shells, hence the name Beimu (Fritillaria Bulb). Shizhen said: The *Classic of Poetry* says "gathering its meng," which refers to this plant. It is also written as "meng," meaning the root looks like a horsefly. Kucail and Yaoshi share names with wild kucail and Huangyaozi.
[Collection and Explanation] *Mingyi Bielu* states: Beimu grows in the Jin region; roots are harvested in the tenth lunar month and dried in the sun. Gong said: Its leaves resemble garlic. Harvest it when garlic ripens in the fourth lunar month for best results. If harvested in the tenth lunar month, the sprouts are withered, and the roots are not good. Those from Runzhou, Jingzhou, and Xiangzhou are the best; those from various Jiangnan prefectures are also available. Song said: Currently, they grow in Hezhong, Jiangling Prefecture, Yingzhou, Shouzhou, Suizhou, Zhengzhou, Caizhou, Runzhou, and Chuzhou. Sprouts emerge in the second lunar month; stems are thin and green. Leaves are also green, resembling buckwheat leaves, emerging with the sprout. Flowers bloom in the seventh lunar month, dark green, shaped like drum flowers. Roots are harvested in the eighth lunar month; the roots have lobes, yellowish-white, resembling gathered clam shells. There are several varieties. Lu Ji's commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: "Meng" is Beimu. Leaves resemble Trichosanthes but are smaller. The bulbs are under the root, like taro tubers, pure white, connected in four directions, with a tendency to separate. Those from nearby regions resemble this exactly. Guo Pu's annotation of *Erya* mentions: White flower, leaves resemble leeks; this variety is rarely seen now. [Name missing] said: Among Beimus, there are single, round ones that do not split into two halves and have no wrinkles, called Danlongjing, which are not used medicinally. Accidental ingestion of the root...
[Processing] Said: Generally, before use, stir-fry in willow wood ash until yellow, break open, remove the heart-sized core inside resembling a rice grain at the opening/nose area, then stir-fry together with glutinous rice until the rice turns yellow, discard the rice, and use the herb.
[Flavor and Properties] Acrid, neutral, non-toxic. *Mingyi Bielu* states: Bitter, slightly cold. Gong said: Sweet, bitter, not acrid. Zhicai said: Nanpu (Magnolia Bark) and Baiwei (Cynanchum Root) act as guides; it dislikes Taohua (Peach Flower); it fears Qinjiao (Gentiana Macrophylla Root), Mangcao (Artemisia Argyi Leaf), Shijue (Abalone Shell), and is incompatible with Wutou (Aconite Root).
[Indications] Treats shanghan (cold damage) with vexation and heat, strangury with pathogenic qi, hernia masses, throat obstruction, difficulty in lactation, traumatic injuries with wind spasms (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*). Cures abdominal firmness, fullness below the heart, aversion to cold and wind, dizziness and stiff neck, cough with rebellious qi, stops vexation, heat, and thirst, induces sweating, calms the five zang organs, benefits the bone marrow (from *Mingyi Bielu*). Taking it prevents hunger and allows fasting (Hongjing). Resolves phlegm, moistens lungs and heart. Mixed with rock sugar into pills for sucking, stops cough. Burned to ash, mixed with oil, applied to malignant sores in humans and animals, contracts sore openings (from *Daming Bencao*). Mainly treats rebellious qi in chest and hypochondrium, epidemic jaundice. Ground into powder and applied to eyes, removes corneal opacity. Seven bulbs ground into powder, taken with wine, treats difficult labor and retained placenta...
[Elucidation] Cheng said: Beimu can disperse stagnant qi in the chest and heart, hence the *Classic of Poetry* says "gathering its meng," referring to this. The poet originally spoke of frustration. Now, using it to treat people with poor qi circulation in the heart and excessive melancholy is very effective. Truly so. Haogu said: Beimu is a drug for the qi level of the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin. Zhang Zhongjing treated cold-solid chest binding without external heat signs primarily with Sanwu Xiaoxianxiong Tang; Baisan is also acceptable because it contains Beimu. Cheng Wuji said: Acrid disperses, bitter drains; the acrid-bitter nature of Jiegeng (Platycodon Root) and Beimu is used to direct qi downward. Ji said: Commoners believe Banxia (Pinellia Tuber) is toxic and substitute it with Beimu. However, Beimu is a drug for the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin, while Banxia is a drug for the Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin and Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming. How can they be substituted? For deficiency-consumption cough, hemoptysis, lung abscess, women's breast abscess, carbuncles, and various stagnation syndromes, where Banxia is contraindicated, Beimu can serve as a guide and may substitute; however, for damp-heat in spleen and stomach, where saliva transforms into phlegm, generating fire over time, leading to phlegm-fire attacking upward causing coma, stiffness, falling, and speech impediments—where life and death hang in the balance—can Beimu really substitute? Song said: Beimu treats malignant sores. Tang dynasty records state: A merchant in Jiangzuo once had a sore on his left upper arm resembling a human face, with no other discomfort. The merchant jokingly dripped wine into its mouth, and the face turned red. Feeding it food allowed it to eat; if fed too much, the flesh in the arm would swell. If not fed, the entire arm would become numb. A famous doctor taught him to test various drugs, minerals, stones, herbs, and trees, all of which caused no reaction. Upon reaching Beimu, the sore furrowed its brows and closed its mouth. The merchant was delighted, pried the mouth open with a small reed tube, and poured the medicine in. After several days, a scab formed, and it healed, though the disease remained unknown. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats traumatic injuries; could this be a type of traumatic injury?
[Attached Formulas] Twenty-one new formulas.
Depression and stifled sensation, wide chest and diaphragm. Beimu, remove heart, stir-fry with ginger juice, grind, make pills with ginger juice and flour paste. Take 70 pills each time, down with Zhengshi Suojia decoction. (*Jixiao Fang*) Resolves phlegm, directs qi downward, stops cough, relieves depression, promotes digestion, removes distension, with miraculous effect. Use Beimu (remove heart) 1 liang, Nanpu processed with ginger half liang. Honey pills size of wu zi (walnut seed). Take 50 pills each time with warm water. (*Bifeng Fang*) Infant cough, coughing with phlegm obstruction within 100 days. Beimu 5 qian, Gancao (half raw, half roasted) 2 qian. Grind into powder, make pills size of euryale seed with rock sugar, take...
Pregnant woman cough: Beimu remove heart, stir-fry with bran until yellow, grind into powder, mix with rock sugar into pills size of euryale seed. Suck and swallow one pill each time, miraculous effect. (*Jiuji Yi Fang*) Pregnancy with difficult urination, diet remains normal. Use Beimu, Kushen (Sophora Root), Danggui (Angelica Sinensis) each 4 liang. Grind into powder, honey pills size of mung bean. Take 3 to 10 pills each time with drink. (*Jingui Yaolue*) Milk not flowing down: Ermu San: Beimu, Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome), Muli (Oyster Shell) powder equal parts. Grind into fine powder. Take 2 qian each time mixed with pig trotter soup; this is an ancestral formula. (Wang Haicang *Tangye Bencao*) Cold tears and dim vision: One Beimu, seven peppercorns. Grind into powder and apply to eyes. (*Rumen Shiqin* Formula) Pterygium growth in eyes: *Zhouhou*: Use Beimu, Zhendan (Cinnabar) equal parts, grind into powder, apply daily. *Zhaixuan Fang*: Use Beimu, Dingxiang (Clove) equal parts, grind into powder. Mix with milk and apply. Hemoptysis unceasing: Beimu processed and ground, take 2 qian with warm river water. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Epistaxis unceasing: Beimu (processed) ground into powder, take 2 qian with river water, take again after a while. (*Puji Fang*) Infant thrush, white rot covering the mouth. Beimu (remove heart, grind into powder) half qian, 5 fen water, little honey, boil three times, strain and wipe, 4-5 times daily. (*Shenghui Fang*) Breast engorgement pain: Beimu powder, blow into nose, great effect. (Wei Shi *Defang Fang*)
Breast abscess initial swelling: Beimu powder, take 2 qian with wine, still have someone suckle, immediately unblocks. (*Renzhai Zhizhi Fang*)
Perineal abscess swelling and pain: Beimu, Baizhi (Angelica Dahurica) equal parts, grind into powder, take mixed with wine or decocted with wine, apply residue externally. (*Yonglei Qianfang*)
Vitiligo patches: Beimu, Nanxing (Arisaema Rhizome) equal parts, rub with ginger juice containing pulp. *Desengtang Fang*: Use Beimu, Ganjiang (Dried Ginger) equal parts, grind into powder, like bath soap, enter a sealed room to bathe and rub, sweating is ideal. *Tanyeweng Fang*: Rub skin with ginger, grind Beimu with vinegar and apply. *Shenghui Fang*: Use Beimu, Baibu (Stemona Root) equal parts, mix with natural ginger juice and apply. Spider bite poison: Tie tightly at the bite site, do not let poison spread. Take half liang of Beimu powder with wine, until drunk. After a while, wine transforms into water, exudes from the wound. When water finishes, plug the wound again, very wonderful. (*Renzhai Zhizhi Fang*)
Snake and scorpion bites: Same formula as above.