（《拾遗》）
【释名】巢钩子（《拾遗》）、甜槠子。
瑞曰∶钩栗即甜槠子。
时珍曰∶钩、槠二字，方音相近。其状如栎，当作钩栎。
【集解】藏器曰∶钩栗生江南山谷。木大数围，冬月不凋，其子似栗而圆小。又有雀子
，相似而圆黑，久食不饥。详槠子下。
仁
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】食之不饥，浓肠胃，令人肥健（藏器）。
（音象。《唐本草》）
【校正】自木部移入。
【释名】橡斗（《说文》）、皂斗（同）、栎 （音历求）、柞子（音作）、 （杼同。序、
暑
禹锡曰∶案∶《尔雅》云∶栩，杼也。又曰∶栎，其实 。孙炎注云∶栩，一名杼也。
栎，似樗之木也。 ，盛实之房也。其实名橡，有 自裹之。《诗·唐风》云∶集于苞栩
。《秦风》云∶山有苞栎。陆机注云∶即柞栎也。秦人谓之栎，徐人谓之杼，或谓之栩。其
子谓之皂，亦曰皂斗。其壳煮汁可染皂也。今京洛、河内亦谓之杼。盖五方通语，皆一物也。
时珍曰∶栎，柞木也。实名橡斗、皂斗，谓其斗 剜象斗，可以染皂也。南人呼皂如柞
，音相近也。
【集解】颂曰∶橡实，栎木子也。所在山谷皆有。木高二、三丈。三、四月开花黄色，
八、九月结实。其实为皂斗，槲、栎皆有斗，而以栎为胜。
宗 曰∶栎叶如栗叶，所在有之。木坚而不堪充材，亦木之性也。为炭则他木皆不及。
其壳虽可染皂，若曾经雨水者，其色淡。槲亦有壳，但小而不及栎也。
时珍曰∶栎有二种∶一种不结实者，其名曰 ，其木心赤，《诗》云“瑟彼柞 ”是也；
一种结实者，其名曰栩，其实为橡。二者树小则耸枝，大则偃蹇。其叶如槠叶，而纹理皆斜
勾。四、五月开花如栗花，黄色。结实如荔枝核而有尖。其蒂有斗，包其半截。其仁如老莲
肉，山人俭岁采以为饭，或捣浸取粉食，丰年可以肥猪。北人亦种之。其木高二、三丈，坚
实而重，有斑纹点点。大者可作柱栋，小者可为薪炭。《周礼·职方氏》“山林宜皂物，柞、
栗之属”即此也。其嫩叶可煎饮代茶。
实
【修治】雷曰∶霜后收采，去壳蒸之，从巳至未，锉作五片，晒干用。
周定王曰∶取子换水，浸十五次，淘去涩味，蒸极熟食之，可以济饥。
【气味】苦，微温，无毒。
【主治】下痢，浓肠胃，肥健人（苏恭）。涩肠止泻。煮食，止饥，御歉岁（大明）。
【发明】思邈曰∶橡子，非果非谷而最益人，服食未能断谷，啖之尤佳。无气而受气，
无味而受味，消食止痢，令人强健不极。
时珍曰∶木实为果，橡盖果也。俭岁，人皆取以御饥。昔挚虞入南山，饥甚，拾橡实而
食；唐杜甫客秦州，采橡、栗自给，是矣。
【附方】新五。
水谷下痢，日夜百余行者∶橡实二两，楮叶（炙）一两。为末。每服一钱，食前乌梅汤
调下
血痢不止∶上方加缩砂仁半两。
下痢脱肛∶橡斗子，烧存性。研末。猪脂和敷。（《直指方》）
痔疮出血∶橡子粉、糯米粉各一升。炒黄，滚水调作果子，饭上蒸熟食之，不过四、五
次，效。（李楼《奇方》）石痈坚硬如石，不作脓∶用橡子一枚，以醋于青石上磨汁涂之。干
则易，不过十度即平
斗壳
【修治】大明曰∶入药并宜捣细，炒焦或烧存性，研用。
【气味】涩，温，无毒。
【主治】为散及煮汁服，止下痢。并可染皂（恭）。止肠风、崩中、带下、冷热泻痢。
并
【附方】新五。
下痢脱肛∶橡斗壳烧存性，研末。猪脂和搽，并煎汁洗之。（《直指方》）
肠风下血∶橡斗子壳，用白梅肉填满，两个合定，铁线札住， 存性，研末。每服二钱，
米饮下。一方∶用硫黄填满， 研酒服。（余居士《选奇方》）
走马牙疳∶橡斗壳，入盐填满，合定烧透，出火毒，研末，入麝香少许。先以米泔漱过，
搽之。（《全幼心鉴》）
风虫牙痛∶橡斗五个（入盐在内），皂荚一条（入盐在内）。同 过，研末。日擦三、五
次，
木皮、根皮（《拾遗》）
【气味】苦，平，无毒。
【主治】恶疮，因风犯露致肿者，煎汁日洗，令脓血尽乃止，亦治痢（藏器）。止水痢，
消瘰 （大明）。
【附方】新一。
蚀烂痈肿及疣赘瘤痣∶柞栎木灰四斗，桑柴灰四斗，锻石一斗五升。以沸汤调湿，甑中
蒸一日，取釜中沸汤七斗，合甑灰淋之取汁，再熬至一升，投乱头发一鸡子大消尽，又剪五
色彩投入消尽，瓶盛密收。每以少许，挑破点之。煎时勿令鸡、犬、妇人、小儿见。（《普
济方》）
【释名】巢钩子（出自《本草拾遗》）、甜槠子。
李瑞说：钩栗就是甜槠子。
李时珍说：“钩”和“槠”两个字，方言读音相近。它的形状像栎树，应该写作“钩栎”。
【集解】陈藏器说：钩栗生长在江南的山谷中。树木粗壮数围，冬季不落叶，它的果实像栗子但更圆更小。还有一种叫雀子的，形状相似但颜色圆黑，长期食用不会饥饿。详细内容见“槠子”条目下。
仁
【气味】味甘，性平，无毒。
【主治】食用后不感到饥饿，能厚肠胃，使人肥胖健壮（陈藏器）。
（音同“象”。出自《唐本草》）
【校正】从木部移入此处。
【释名】橡斗（出自《说文解字》）、皂斗（同上）、栎 （音历求）、柞子（音作）、 （与“杼”同音。序、暑）。
陶弘景说：考证《尔雅》记载：栩，就是杼。又说：栎，它的果实是 。孙炎注释说：栩，别名杼。栎，是像樗树那样的树木。 ，是盛放果实的房壳。它的果实名叫橡，有 包裹着它。《诗经·唐风》说：聚集在茂盛的栩树上。《诗经·秦风》说：山上有茂盛的栎树。陆机注释说：这就是柞栎。秦地人叫它栎，徐地人叫它杼，或者叫它栩。它的果实叫皂，也叫皂斗。它的壳煮出的汁液可以染黑布。现在京城洛阳、河内地区也把它叫作杼。大概是各地通用的语言，都是指同一种东西。
李时珍说：栎，就是柞木。实名橡斗、皂斗，是因为它的斗状外壳像斗一样凹陷，可以用来染黑布。南方人把皂读得像柞，读音相近。
【集解】苏颂说：橡实，是栎树的种子。所在山谷都有生长。树木高两到三丈。三、四月开黄花，八、九月结果实。它的果实称为皂斗，槲树和栎树都有斗状壳，但以栎树的为优。
寇宗奭说：栎树叶像栗树叶，到处都有生长。木材坚硬但不能用来做建筑材料，这也是木材的特性。如果烧成炭，其他木材都比不上。它的壳虽然可以染黑布，但如果经过雨水淋过，颜色就会变淡。槲树也有壳，但比较小，不如栎树的好。
李时珍说：栎树有两种：一种不结果的，名字叫 ，它的木质中心是红色的，《诗经》中说“瑟彼柞 ”指的就是这种；一种结果的，名字叫栩，它的果实是橡。这两种树小的时候枝条耸立，大的时候枝干弯曲。叶子像槠树叶，纹理都是斜勾的。四、五月开花像栗花，黄色。果实像荔枝核但有尖头。蒂部有斗状壳，包裹住果实的一半。里面的仁像老莲肉，山民在饥荒年份采集它当饭吃，或者捣碎浸泡提取淀粉食用，丰收年份可以用来喂猪。北方人也种植它。树木高两到三丈，坚实而重，有斑点纹路。大的可以做柱子栋梁，小的可以做薪炭。《周礼·职方氏》记载“山林适宜种植产皂物，柞、栗之类”说的就是这个。它的嫩叶可以煎水代茶饮用。
实
【修治】雷敩说：霜降后采收，去掉壳蒸制，从巳时到未时，切成五片，晒干使用。
周定王说：取子换水，浸泡十五次，淘去涩味，蒸熟极烂后食用，可以救济饥饿。
【气味】味苦，微温，无毒。
【主治】治疗痢疾，厚肠胃，使人肥胖健壮（苏恭）。涩肠止泻。煮食，止饥，抵御歉收年份（朱震亨/大明）。
【发明】孙思邈说：橡子，不是水果也不是谷物却最有益于人，服食未能断绝五谷时，吃它尤其好。没有气味却接受气，没有味道却接受味，消食止痢，使人强健而不疲惫。
李时珍说：树木的果实叫果，橡大概也是果类。饥荒年份，人们都取用它来抵御饥饿。从前挚虞进入南山，非常饥饿，捡橡实吃；唐代杜甫客居秦州，采集橡、栗自给自足，就是这样做的。
【附方】新收录五首。
水谷痢疾，一天一夜腹泻一百多次：橡实二两，楮叶（炙烤）一两。研成末。每次服用一钱，饭前用乌梅汤调服。
血痢不止：上方加入缩砂仁半两。
痢疾脱肛：橡斗子，烧至存性。研成末。用猪脂调和敷贴。（《直指方》）
痔疮出血：橡子粉、糯米粉各一升。炒黄，用滚水调制成果子状，放在饭上蒸熟食用，不超过四五次，见效。（李楼《奇方》）石痈坚硬如石，不化脓：用橡子一枚，用醋在青石上磨成汁涂抹。干了就换，不超过十次即可平复。
斗壳
【修治】朱震亨（大明）说：入药都应捣细，炒焦或烧至存性，研末使用。
【气味】味涩，性温，无毒。
【主治】做成散剂及煮汁服用，可止痢疾。也可以用来染黑布（苏恭）。治疗肠风、崩中、带下、冷热泻痢。
并
【附方】新收录五首。
下痢脱肛：橡斗壳烧至存性，研成末。用猪脂调和搽抹，并煎汁清洗。（《直指方》）
肠风下血：橡斗子壳，用白梅肉填满，两个合在一起，用铁丝扎紧，煅烧存性，研成末。每次服用二钱，米饮送下。另一方法：用硫黄填满，煅烧研末，酒送服。（余居士《选奇方》）
走马牙疳：橡斗壳，填入盐填满，合严烧透，去除火毒，研成末，加入少许麝香。先用米泔水漱口，然后搽涂。（《全幼心鉴》）
风虫牙痛：橡斗五个（里面放入盐），皂荚一条（里面放入盐）。一同煅烧，研成末。每天擦拭三到五次。
木皮、根皮（出自《本草拾遗》）
【气味】味苦，性平，无毒。
【主治】恶疮，因受风露侵袭导致肿胀的，煎汁每日清洗，直到脓血流尽才停止，也治疗痢疾（陈藏器）。治疗水痢，消除瘰疬（朱震亨/大明）。
【附方】新收录一首。
蚀烂痈肿及疣赘瘤痣：柞栎木灰四斗，桑柴灰四斗，锻石一斗五升。用沸水调湿，在甑中蒸一天，取釜中的沸水七斗，过滤甑中的灰取汁，再熬至一升，投入鸡蛋大小的乱头发使其完全溶解，又剪五色彩线投入使其完全溶解，瓶装密封保存。每次取少许，挑破患处点涂。煎制时不要让鸡、狗、妇人、小孩看见。（《普济方》）
(From *Bencao Shiyi* [Supplement to Materia Medica])
[Names] Chao Gou Zi (from *Bencao Shiyi*), Tian Zhu Zi.
Li Rui stated: Gou Li is the same as Tian Zhu Zi.
Li Shizhen stated: The characters "Gou" and "Zhu" have similar pronunciations in local dialects. Its appearance resembles that of an oak tree, so it should be written as "Gou Li".
[Collected Explanations] Chen Zangqi stated: Gou Li grows in the valleys of Jiangnan. The trees are several feet thick in circumference, do not shed leaves in winter, and its fruits resemble chestnuts but are rounder and smaller. There is also a fruit called Que Zi, which is similar in shape but round and black; long-term consumption prevents hunger. For details, see the entry under Zhu Zi.
Kernel
[Properties and Flavors] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Consumption prevents hunger, thickens the intestines and stomach, and makes one fat and strong (Chen Zangqi).
(Pronounced like "Xiang". From *Tang Bencao*)
[Correction] Moved from the Wood section.
[Names] Xiang Dou (from *Shuowen Jiezi*), Zao Dou (same), Li (pronounced Li Qiu), Zuo Zi (pronounced Zuo), (Same as "Zhu". Xu, Shu).
Tao Hongjing stated: According to *Erya*: Xu is Zhu. It also says: Li, its fruit is . Sun Yan's annotation states: Xu is also called Zhu. Li is a tree similar to Chu. , the housing for the fruit. Its fruit is named Xiang, wrapped by . The *Book of Songs · Tang Feng* says: Gathering on lush Xu trees. The *Book of Songs · Qin Feng* says: Mountains have lush Li trees. Lu Ji's annotation states: This is Zuo Li. People in Qin call it Li, people in Xu call it Zhu, or sometimes Xu. Its fruit is called Zao, also Zao Dou. Its shell can be boiled to extract juice for dyeing black cloth. Currently, in the capital Luoyang and Henei regions, it is also called Zhu. This is likely a common term across regions, referring to the same object.
Li Shizhen stated: Li is Zuo wood. Its true names are Xiang Dou and Zao Dou, because its bowl-like shell resembles a dou (a measuring vessel) and can be used to dye black cloth. Southerners pronounce Zao similarly to Zuo, hence the phonetic similarity.
[Collected Explanations] Su Song stated: Xiang Shi are the seeds of the Li tree. They grow in valleys everywhere. The trees are two to three zhang high. They bloom yellow flowers in the third and fourth months and bear fruit in the eighth and ninth months. Their fruit is called Zao Dou. Both Hu and Li trees have shell casings, but those of Li are superior.
Kou Zongshi stated: Li leaves resemble chestnut leaves and are found everywhere. The wood is hard but unsuitable for construction materials, which is its nature. However, when made into charcoal, no other wood compares. Although its shells can dye black cloth, if exposed to rain, the color becomes pale. Hu trees also have shells, but they are smaller and inferior to those of Li.
Li Shizhen stated: There are two types of Li trees: one that does not bear fruit, named , with red heartwood, as mentioned in the *Book of Songs*: "Se bi Zuo "; the other bears fruit, named Xu, and its fruit is Xiang. When young, both types have upright branches; when old, their branches become curved. The leaves resemble Zhu leaves, with diagonal vein patterns. They bloom yellow flowers like chestnuts in the fourth and fifth months. The fruit resembles lychee pits but has a point. The calyx forms a cup-shaped casing covering half the fruit. The kernel resembles old lotus meat. Mountain people harvest it during famine years for food, or crush and soak it to extract starch. In abundant years, it can be used to fatten pigs. Northerners also cultivate it. The trees are two to three zhang high, solid, heavy, with spotted grain patterns. Large ones can serve as pillars and beams; small ones serve as firewood and charcoal. The *Rites of Zhou · Zhifang Shi* records: "Forests and mountains are suitable for producing substances for dyeing, such as Zuo and Li," referring to this. Its tender leaves can be decocted as tea.
Fruit
[Processing] Lei Xiao stated: Harvest after frost, remove shells, steam from Si hour to Wei hour, cut into five pieces, and dry in the sun for use.
King Ding of Zhou stated: Take the nuts, change the water, soak fifteen times, wash away the astringent taste, steam until thoroughly cooked, and eat to relieve hunger.
[Properties and Flavors] Bitter, slightly warm, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats dysentery, thickens the intestines and stomach, and promotes robustness (Su Gong). Astringes the intestines and stops diarrhea. Boiled and eaten, it relieves hunger and sustains during lean years (Zhu Danxi/Daming).
[Elucidation] Sun Simiao stated: Xiang Zi is neither a fruit nor a grain yet is most beneficial to humans. When fasting from grains is difficult, eating it is excellent. It absorbs Qi without having a distinct odor, absorbs flavor without having a distinct taste, aids digestion, stops dysentery, and strengthens the body without causing exhaustion.
Li Shizhen stated: Fruits from trees are called Guo; Xiang is likely a type of Guo. During famines, people collect it to stave off hunger. Previously, Zhi Yu entered the Southern Mountains, was very hungry, and ate collected Xiang Shi; Du Fu, while residing in Qinzhou during the Tang Dynasty, gathered Xiang and Li to sustain himself. These examples confirm this practice.
[Attached Prescriptions] Five new prescriptions.
Water and grain dysentery, defecating over a hundred times day and night: Two liang of Xiang Shi, one liang of Chu Ye (roasted). Grind into powder. Take one qian before meals, mixed with Wu Mei Tang (Dark Plum Decoction).
Incessant bloody dysentery: Add half a liang of Suo Sha Ren to the above prescription.
Dysentery with rectal prolapse: Roast Xiang Dou Zi until carbonized (preserve nature). Grind into powder. Mix with lard and apply externally (*Zhizhi Fang*).
Hemorrhoidal bleeding: One sheng each of Xiang Zi powder and Glutinous Rice Flour. Stir-fry until yellow, mix with boiling water to form dumpling-like shapes, steam over rice, and eat. Effect seen within four or five doses. (Li Lou *Qifang*). Hard stone abscesses that do not suppurate: Use one Xiang Zi, grind with vinegar on a bluestone to make juice, and apply. Change when dry; effect achieved within ten applications.
Shell Casing
[Processing] Zhu Danxi (Daming) stated: For medicinal use, crush finely, stir-fry until charred or roast until carbonized (preserve nature), then grind into powder.
[Properties and Flavors] Astringent, warm, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] As a powder or decoction, it stops dysentery. Can also be used for dyeing black cloth (Su Gong). Treats intestinal wind, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, and cold-heat diarrhea.
And
[Attached Prescriptions] Five new prescriptions.
Dysentery with rectal prolapse: Roast Xiang Dou Qiao until carbonized, grind into powder. Mix with lard for external application, and decoct for washing (*Zhizhi Fang*).
Intestinal wind with bleeding: Fill Xiang Dou Zi shells with white plum flesh, bind two shells together with iron wire, calcine until carbonized, grind into powder. Take two qian, washed down with rice drink. Another method: Fill with sulfur, calcine, grind, and take with wine. (Yu Jushi *Xuanqifang*).
Malignant gum disease (Zouma Yagan): Fill Xiang Dou Qiao with salt, seal tightly, roast thoroughly, remove fire toxicity, grind into powder, add a little Musk. Rinse mouth with rice water first, then apply (*Quanyou Xinjian*).
Wind-worm toothache: Five Xiang Dou (with salt inside), one Gleditsia Sinensis pod (with salt inside). Calcine together, grind into powder. Rub on teeth three to five times daily.
Bark and Root Bark (from *Bencao Shiyi*)
[Properties and Flavors] Bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats malignant sores and swelling caused by exposure to wind and dew; decoct and wash daily until pus and blood cease; also treats dysentery (Chen Zangqi). Stops watery dysentery, resolves scrofula (Zhu Danxi/Daming).
[Attached Prescriptions] One new prescription.
Ulcerated abscesses, swellings, warts, and moles: Four dou of Zuo Li wood ash, four dou of mulberry branch ash, one dou and five sheng of smelted lime. Moisten with boiling water, steam in a steamer for one day. Take seven dou of boiling water from the pot below, filter through the ash in the steamer to obtain juice, boil down to one sheng. Add a chicken-egg-sized amount of tangled hair until dissolved, then add cut colorful silk threads until dissolved. Store in a bottle, sealed tightly. Apply a small amount to punctured lesions. Do not let chickens, dogs, women, or children see the preparation process (*Puji Fang*).