形 金木水火土 真假 轻枯虚薄缓浅假，宜治上。
色 青赤黄白黑 深浅 重润实浓急深真，宜治下。
性 寒湿温凉平 急缓 其中平者宜治中，余随脏。
味 辛酸咸苦甘 浓薄 腑所宜处。
体 虚实轻重平 枯润
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味甘，气温、微寒。气味俱轻，升也，阳也，阳中微阴。无毒。东北境域有，阴湿山
谷生。（详载下文。）《高丽（国名）志》赞云∶三桠五叶，（初生小者，一桠五叶，年久渐生
三桠叶，并生于桠之端也。）背阳向阴；欲来求我， （音假）树相寻。（其树类梧桐，大叶
蔽日阴浓，故多生树底。）种类略殊，形色弗一。紫团参紫大稍扁，出潞州紫团山；（属
山西。）白条参（俗呼
羊角参。）白坚且圆，出边外百济国。（今臣属高丽。）黄参生辽东（边戌地名。）上党，
（古郡名，在冀州西南。）黄
润有须梢纤长。高丽参（俗呼鞑参。）近紫体虚，新罗（国名）参亚黄味薄。
并堪生治，须别粗良。独黄
参功效易臻，人衔走气息自若。（《唐本注》云∶凡试上党参，令一人衔之，一人不衔，同走
二里许，不衔者必喘，衔者
气息自若。此为异也。）肖人形神具，（如人形双手足者，神力具全，最为难得，而人参之名，
亦因相类着也。）类鸡腿力
洪。（雷公云∶凡使大块，类鸡腿者良。）轻匏取春间，因汁升萌芽抽梗∶（春参无力，虽
一两，不如秋参一钱。）重实
采秋后，得汁降结晕成胶。布金井玉阑，入方剂极品。和细辛留久不蛀，（每参一斤和细辛
一两，封固磁罐中，永不蛀坏。）
去芦梗咀薄才煎。反藜芦，
人宜少投。（丹溪云∶肥白气
虚，苍黑气实，然考医案中证虚色苍黑者，亦每多用。此云其常，犹当应其变也。）健脉理
中，生津止渴。开心益志，明
目轻身。却惊悸，除梦邪，消胸胁逆满；养精神，安魂魄，苏心腹鼓疼。肠胃积冷温平，霍
乱吐泻止息。定喘嗽，通畅
血脉，泻阴火。（阴虚生内热尔。一说∶阳气下陷阴分，而生热也。丹溪言∶补阴火者，非
补助火邪。正谓虚火可补，
火反治，补中有泻意也。今恐读者不能解悟，认假为真，故直书，与下文相实，使毋惑云。）
滋补元阳。洁古云∶补上焦
元气，而泻脾、肺、胃中火邪，升麻为引；补下焦元气，而泻肾中火邪，茯苓为使。东垣曰∶
人参、黄耆、甘草三味，
退虚火圣药也。丹溪治外感挟内伤证，但气虚热甚者，必与黄耆同用，托住正气。仍恐性缓，
不能速达，少加附子，资
其健悍之性，以助成功。是知火与元阳，势不两立。一胜一负，辄用匡扶。经曰∶邪所凑，
正必虚是尔。芦发吐痰
沫善驱，味总甘和缓不峻。虚羸（音雷）老弱，膈壅煎宜。《衍义》亦云∶难服
可代。
（谟）按∶《集要》注曰∶肺受寒邪，短气少气，虚喘宜用。肺受火邪，喘嗽及阴虚火
动劳嗽
手太阴而能补火，故肺受火邪者忌之。王氏此言，乃述海藏肺寒用人参，肺热用沙参。及后
好事者，假名东垣，辑成括
曰∶肺寒则可服，肺热还伤肺。（东垣既
遗辙，亦引寒热。对云∶安
知寒热之中，犹有虚实之别也。肺中实热，忌之固宜。肺中虚热，用之何害！况丹溪云∶虚
火可补，参
曰∶龙火反治。夫龙火者，乃空中龙雷之火，即虚火也。在人身，虽指下焦相火为云，然而
上下同法。肺中虚火，亦相
侔焉。此火非水可扑，每当浓阴骤雨之时，火焰愈炽，或击碎木石，或烧毁房屋，燔灼酷烈
之势，诚不可抗。太阳一照，
火自消弥。可见人身虚火，无问上中下三焦之殊。但证有见于外，必非寒凉助水之药可制，
务资此甘温补阳之剂补足元
阳，则火自退尔。补中兼泻，泻中有补，正经所谓甘温能除大热是也。矧斯议者
，匪特丹溪独知，如前洁古、东垣俱谓能泻火者，亦因洞烛此理，辄言之真切，用之的确如
山石而不移焉。王氏弗知参能泻火之邪，反畏补火为忌。惟引寒热，不辩实虚，妄着示人，
深可哂也。大抵人参补虚，虚寒可补，虚热亦可补；气虚宜用，血虚亦宜用。虽阴虚火动、
劳嗽吐血、病久元气虚甚者，但恐不能抵当其补，非谓不可补尔。苟以王氏之言为拘，则前
王氏生者，亦何屡用而不忌
乎？如张仲景治亡血脉虚，非不知火动也，用此而补，谓气虚血弱，补气则血自生，阴生于
阳，甘能生血故也。葛可久
治痨瘵大吐血后，亦非不知由火载血上也。用此一味煎调，而名命曰独参汤。盖以血脱，须
先益其气尔。丹溪治劳嗽火
盛之邪，制琼玉膏，以之为君；或此单熬，亦曰人参膏类。服后肺火反除、嗽病渐愈者，又
非虚火可补、龙火反治之验
欤！抑不特此而已，古方书云∶诸痛不宜服参耆，此亦指暴病气实者而言，若
何尝拘于此耶！东垣治中
汤同干姜用，治腹痛吐逆者，亦谓里虚则痛，补不足也。是以医家临病用药，贵在察证虚实
为先，当减当加，自合矩度。
匪但病者不惧夭枉之殃，而在己亦得以免杀人不用刀之咎矣。
【形】人参的形态有金、木、水、火、土五种分类；其质地有真与假之分。质地轻、枯、虚、薄、缓、浅、假的，适宜治疗上焦疾病。
【色】人参的颜色有青、赤、黄、白、黑五种；其色泽有深与浅之别。质地重、润、实、浓、急、深、真的，适宜治疗下焦疾病。
【性】人参的药性有寒、湿、温、凉、平五种；其作用趋势有急与缓之分。其中药性平和的，适宜治疗中焦疾病，其余则根据所对应的脏腑而定。
【味】人参的味道有辛、酸、咸、苦、甘五种；其味道有浓与薄之异，对应六腑适宜的处所。
【体】人参的体质有虚、实、轻、重、平之分，以及枯、润之别。
人参味甘，气温，兼微寒。气味都轻清，主升，属阳，是阳中带有微阴。无毒。中国东北地区有产，生长在阴暗潮湿的山谷中。（详细记载见下文。）《高丽志》赞美道：三桠五叶。（刚生长的小株，一个枝桠长五片叶子，年代久了逐渐生出三个枝桠，叶子并生于枝桠顶端。）背阳向阴；欲来求我，（音同“假”）树相寻。（这种树的形状类似梧桐，叶子大能遮蔽阳光，树荫浓郁，所以多生长在树下。）种类略有不同，形色不一。紫团参紫色较大且稍扁，产于潞州紫团山；（属于山西。）白条参（俗称羊角参。）白色坚硬且圆润，产于边塞之外的百济国。（如今臣属于高丽。）黄参产于辽东（边防地名）上党，（古郡名，位于冀州西南。）黄色润泽，根须梢头纤长。高丽参（俗称鞑参。）近紫色，体质虚浮，新罗（国名）参偏黄色，味道较淡。这些都可以生用或熟用，但需辨别粗细优劣。唯独黄参的功效容易达到极致，人含服后行走气息依然平稳。（《唐本注》说：凡是测试上党参，让一个人含在嘴里，另一个人不含，一起跑大约二里路，不含的人必定气喘吁吁，含的人气息自然平稳。这就是区别所在。）外形像人，神气具备。（像人形且有双手双脚的，神力具全，最为难得，人参的名字也因此相似而得名。）形状像鸡腿，力量宏大。（雷公说：凡是用大块头的，像鸡腿形状的为好。）春季采收的轻飘匏状人参，因为汁液上升，萌芽抽梗；（春参无力，即使一两，也不如秋参一钱。）秋季采收的重实人参，因为汁液下降，凝结成晕圈形成胶状。铺陈在金井玉阑（形容药材切面纹理美观）之中，是方剂中的极品。与人参同细辛存放久不虫蛀，（每人参一斤配细辛一两，密封在磁罐中，永远不坏。）去掉芦头和梗，切片薄煎煮。反藜芦，人参宜少用。（朱丹溪说：肥白者气虚，苍黑者气实，然而考证医案中发现证候为虚而面色苍黑的，也每每多用。这里说的是常理，还应当应对变化。）健脉理中，生津止渴。开心益志，明目轻身。消除惊悸，驱除梦邪，消散胸胁逆满；养精神，安魂魄，缓解心腹鼓胀疼痛。肠胃积冷温平，霍乱吐泻停止。定喘嗽，通畅血脉，泻阴火。（阴虚产生内热。另一种说法：阳气下陷于阴分，而产生热。朱丹溪说：补阴火，并非补助火邪。正是说虚火可以补，这是以火治火的方法，补中有泻的意思。现在担心读者不能理解，认假为真，所以直书，与下文相互印证，使大家不困惑。）滋补元阳。张洁古说：补上焦元气，而泻脾、肺、胃中的火邪，以升麻为引经药；补下焦元气，而泻肾中的火邪，以茯苓为使药。李东垣说：人参、黄耆、甘草这三味药，是退虚火的圣药。朱丹溪治疗外感挟内伤的证候，只要是气虚且热势严重的，必定与人参同用黄耆，托住正气。仍然担心药性缓和，不能迅速到达病所，少量加入附子，借助其健悍的性质，以助成功。由此可知，火邪与元阳，势力不相容。一胜一负，辄用匡扶正气。经文说：邪气聚集的地方，正气必定虚弱，就是这样。人参芦头发散，能吐痰沫，善于驱除痰浊，味道总归甘和缓和不峻烈。虚羸（音雷）老弱，膈间壅滞煎服为宜。《衍义》也说：难服用时可代用人参。（谟）按：《集要》注释说：肺受寒邪，短气少气，虚喘适宜使用。肺受火邪，喘嗽及阴虚火动劳嗽，手太阴肺经能补火，所以肺受火邪者忌用。王好古这话，是叙述海藏认为肺寒用人参，肺热用沙参。后来好事者，假借东垣之名，辑录成语说：肺寒则可服，肺热还伤肺。（东垣既然遗留了车辙，也引用寒热之说。对他说：怎么知道寒热之中，还有虚实之别呢？肺中实热，忌用固然应该。肺中虚热，使用它有什么害处！况且朱丹溪说：虚火可补，又说：龙火反治。所谓龙火，就是空中龙雷之火，即虚火。在人身，虽然指下焦相火而言，然而上下同理。肺中虚火，也与相火等同。这种火不是水可以扑灭的，每当浓阴骤雨之时，火焰更加炽盛，或者击碎木石，或者烧毁房屋，燔灼酷烈的势头，确实不可抗拒。太阳一照，火自然消弥。可见人身虚火，无论上中下三焦有何不同。只要证候表现在外，必定不是寒凉助水之药可以制约的，务必依靠这甘温补阳的药剂补足元阳，那么火自然消退。补中兼泻，泻中有补，这正是经书所说的甘温能除大热。况且这个议论，不只是朱丹溪独自知晓，如前面的张洁古、李东垣都说能泻火，也是因为洞察了这个道理，所以说得真切，用得确切如山石般不可动摇。王好古不知道人参能泻火邪，反而畏惧补火为禁忌。只引用寒热，不分辨虚实，胡乱昭示于人，深深可笑。大体上人参补虚，虚寒可补，虚热亦可补；气虚宜用，血虚亦宜用。虽然是阴虚火动、劳嗽吐血、病久元气虚甚者，只是担心身体不能承受其补益之力，并不是说不可补。如果拘泥于王好古的话，那么之前比王好古早生的医家，为何屡次使用而不忌讳呢？如张仲景治疗亡血脉虚，并非不知道火动，使用此药来补，说是气虚血弱，补气则血自生，阴生于阳，甘能生血故也。葛可久治疗痨瘵大吐血后，也并非不知道是由火载血上。使用这一味药煎调，命名为独参汤。大概是因为血脱，必须先益其气罢了。朱丹溪治疗劳嗽火盛的邪气，制作琼玉膏，以此药为君药；或者单熬此药，也称为人参膏之类。服用后肺火反而消除、咳嗽病渐渐痊愈的，又不是虚火可补、龙火反治的验证吗！不仅如此，古方书说：诸痛不宜服参耆，这也是指暴病气实者而言，哪里曾拘泥于此呢！李东垣治疗中汤同干姜用，治疗腹痛吐逆者，也是说里虚则痛，补不足也。因此医家临病用药，贵在察证虚实为先，当减当加，自然合乎规矩法度。不仅病患者不惧怕夭折枉死的灾殃，而且医者自己也能免除不用刀杀人却致人死亡的罪过啊。
[Form] The morphology of Ginseng is classified into the Five Elements: Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth. Its quality is distinguished as genuine or fake. Qualities that are light, dry, hollow, thin, slow, shallow, and fake are suitable for treating diseases in the Upper Jiao (Upper Burner).
[Color] The colors of Ginseng include Green, Red, Yellow, White, and Black. Their shades vary from deep to light. Qualities that are heavy, moist, solid, dense, urgent, deep, and genuine are suitable for treating diseases in the Lower Jiao (Lower Burner).
[Nature] The therapeutic properties include Cold, Damp, Warm, Cool, and Neutral. Their action trends are either urgent or slow. Among them, those with a neutral nature are suitable for treating diseases in the Middle Jiao (Middle Burner), while others correspond to specific Zang-Fu organs.
[Taste] The tastes include Pungent, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Sweet. Their intensity varies between strong and weak, corresponding to the appropriate locations of the Fu organs.
[Body] The physical constitution varies in terms of emptiness, solidity, lightness, heaviness, and neutrality, as well as dryness and moisture.
Luzhou Ginseng [Image]
Weishengjun Ginseng [Image]
Ginseng has a sweet taste, warm temperature, and slightly cold property. Its aroma and flavor are both light and clear, ascending in nature, belonging to Yang, specifically Yang containing slight Yin. It is non-toxic. It grows in the northeastern regions of China, in shady and humid mountain valleys. (Detailed records follow below.) The "Chronicles of Goryeo" praises it: "Three branches, five leaves." (Young plants initially have one branch with five leaves; as they age, three branches gradually emerge, with leaves growing at the tips of the branches.) Facing away from the sun and towards the shade; "If you seek me, find me under the tree." (The tree resembles Paulownia, with large leaves shading the sun and providing dense shade, so it often grows beneath trees.) Varieties differ slightly in type, and shapes and colors are not uniform. Zituan Shen (Purple Cluster Ginseng) is purple, larger, and slightly flat, originating from Zituan Mountain in Luzhou (Shanxi Province). Batiao Shen (White Strip Ginseng), commonly known as Yangjiao Shen (Ram's Horn Ginseng), is white, hard, and round, originating from Baekje beyond the border (now a vassal of Goryeo). Huang Shen (Yellow Ginseng) grows in Liaodong (a frontier military region) and Shangdang (an ancient commandery southwest of Jizhou); it is yellow, moist, with long, fine rootlets. Goryeo Ginseng, commonly known as Dasha Shen, is purplish, hollow, and less substantial; Xinluo Ginseng is yellowish with a thinner taste. All can be used raw or cooked, but one must distinguish between coarse and fine qualities. Only Huang Shen achieves efficacy easily; when held in the mouth, breathing remains calm even after walking. (The "Tang Bencao Zhu" states: To test Shangdang Ginseng, let one person hold it in their mouth and another not, then both run for about two li. The one without ginseng will pant, while the one with it breathes calmly. This is the distinction.) It resembles the human form, possessing spirit and vitality. (Those resembling humans with hands and feet possess complete divine power and are rarest; hence the name Ginseng, derived from this similarity.) Those resembling chicken legs have potent force. (Lei Gong said: Large pieces resembling chicken legs are good.) Spring-harvested, light, gourd-shaped Ginseng rises in sap, sprouting stems (Spring Ginseng lacks strength; one tael is inferior to one qian of Autumn Ginseng). Autumn-harvested, heavy, solid Ginseng descends in sap, forming rings and gum-like substances. Displayed with golden wells and jade railings (describing beautiful cross-section textures), it is a top-grade ingredient in prescriptions. Mixed with Asari Radix (Xixin) prevents insect damage for a long time (Mix one jin of Ginseng with one liang of Xixin, seal in a porcelain jar, never damaged by insects). Remove the rhizome (Lu) and stems, slice thinly for decoction. Incompatible with Veratrum Viride (Lilu); Ginseng should be used sparingly. (Zhu Danxi said: Fat and fair-skinned individuals tend to have Qi deficiency, while dark-skinned individuals tend to have Qi excess. However, medical cases show that patients with deficiency patterns and dark complexions also use it frequently. This statement refers to general rules, but variations must be considered.) It strengthens meridians, regulates the Middle Jiao, generates fluids, and quenches thirst. It opens the heart, benefits willpower, clarifies vision, and lightens the body. It dispels palpitations, eliminates dream-disturbances, and resolves chest and hypochondriac fullness/reversal. It nourishes spirit, calms the soul, and relieves abdominal drumming pain. It warms and balances cold accumulation in the intestines and stomach, stopping cholera-like vomiting and diarrhea. It stabilizes wheezing and cough, unblocks blood vessels, and drains Yin Fire. (Yin deficiency generates internal heat. Another view: Yang Qi sinking into the Yin layer generates heat. Zhu Danxi stated: Tonifying Yin Fire does not mean boosting fire pathogenic factors. It means deficient fire can be tonified; using fire to treat fire implies tonification contains draining intent. To prevent readers from misunderstanding, it is written plainly here, corroborating the following text.) It tonifies Original Yang. Zhang Jiegu said: It tonifies Yuan Qi of the Upper Jiao and drains Fire pathogens in the Spleen, Lung, and Stomach, using Cimicifugae Rhizoma (Shengma) as a guiding herb; it tonifies Yuan Qi of the Lower Jiao and drains Kidney Fire, using Poria (Fuling) as an usher herb. Li Dongyuan said: Ginseng, Astragali Radix (Huangqi), and Licorice Root (Gancao) are the holy medicines for retreating deficient heat. Zhu Danxi treated exterior contraction complicated by interior injury; in cases of Qi deficiency with severe heat, he always combined it with Huangqi to support righteous Qi. Fearing the mild action might not reach quickly, he added small amounts of Aconite Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) to leverage its vigorous nature for success. Thus, Fire pathogens and Original Yang are mutually exclusive. One prevails, the other yields; thus, supporting measures are taken. The Classic states: Where pathogens gather, Righteous Qi is necessarily deficient. Ginseng rhizomes induce vomiting of phlegm foam, effectively driving out turbidity. Its overall taste is sweet, harmonious, gentle, and not harsh. Suitable for decoction in frail, elderly, and weak individuals with diaphragmatic stagnation. "Yanyi" also states it can be substituted when difficult to obtain. (Mo) Commentary: "Jiyao" notes: For Lung affected by Cold Pathogen, causing shortness of breath and deficient wheezing, it is suitable. For Lung affected by Fire Pathogen, causing wheezing, cough, and deficient-fire consumptive cough, since the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian can tonify Fire, it is contraindicated for Lung affected by Fire. Wang Haogu's statement describes Hai-Zang's view that Ginseng is used for Cold-Lung and Sha-Shen for Heat-Lung. Later enthusiasts, falsely attributing this to Dongyuan, compiled the saying: "Cold-Lung may take it, Heat-Lung harms the Lung." (Dongyuan, leaving behind his legacy, also cited Cold and Heat. Responding: How do you know within Cold and Heat there are distinctions of Excess and Deficiency? Lung Excess-Heat contraindication is appropriate. But what harm is there in using it for Lung Deficient-Heat! Moreover, Zhu Danxi said: Deficient fire can be tonified; Dragon Fire is treated inversely. Dragon Fire refers to the thunder-fire in the sky, i.e., deficient fire. In the human body, although referring to Ministerial Fire in the Lower Jiao, the principle applies above and below. Lung deficient fire is equivalent to Ministerial Fire. This fire cannot be extinguished by water; during heavy rain and thick clouds, flames intensify, shattering wood and stone or burning houses. Its scorching intensity is indeed irresistible. Once the sun shines, the fire naturally dissipates. Thus, human deficient fire, regardless of Upper, Middle, or Lower Jiao differences, if manifested externally, cannot be controlled by cold-cooling water-assisting drugs. One must rely on this sweet-warm Yang-tonifying agent to replenish Original Yang, then the fire recedes. Tonification includes draining, and draining includes tonification; this is exactly what the Classics call 'Sweet-Warm can remove great heat.' Furthermore, this discussion is not unique to Zhu Danxi; Zhang Jiegu and Li Dongyuan also mentioned draining fire because they deeply understood this principle, speaking truthfully and applying it firmly as rock. Wang Haogu did not know Ginseng could drain Fire Pathogens, instead fearing tonifying Fire as a contraindication. Citing only Cold and Heat without distinguishing Excess and Deficiency, he arbitrarily instructed people, which is laughable. Generally, Ginseng tonifies deficiency; Deficient-Cold can be tonified, Deficient-Heat can also be tonified; Qi deficiency suits its use, Blood deficiency also suits its use. Even in Yin deficiency with fire agitation, consumptive cough with hemoptysis, or prolonged illness with severe Yuan Qi deficiency, the concern is merely that the body may not withstand the tonification, not that it cannot be tonified. If one adheres strictly to Wang Haogu's words, why did earlier physicians use it repeatedly without taboo? For example, Zhang Zhongjing treated blood loss and blood deficiency, knowing well about fire agitation, yet used this to tonify, stating that Qi deficiency leads to blood weakness; tonifying Qi generates Blood, Yin arises from Yang, and Sweet generates Blood. Ge Kejiu treated massive hemoptysis after tuberculosis, knowing well it was caused by fire carrying blood upward. He used this single herb in decoction, naming it Du Shen Tang (Single Ginseng Decoction). Because blood loss requires first benefiting Qi. Zhu Danxi treated lung consumption with flourishing fire pathogens, making Qiongyu Gao (Jade Jade Paste) with Ginseng as the sovereign herb; or single-decocted Ginseng, called Ginseng Paste. After taking it, lung fire was eliminated and cough improved, verifying that deficient fire can be tonified and dragon fire treated inversely! Not only this, ancient texts state: Various pains should not take Ginseng and Astragalus; this refers to acute diseases with Qi excess. Why adhere to this rigidly! Li Dongyuan used Ginseng with Ginger (Jiang) in Treat-Middle Decoction for abdominal pain and vomiting, stating that interior deficiency causes pain, requiring tonification of insufficiency. Therefore, when prescribing for diseases, physicians must prioritize observing Excess and Deficiency patterns. Dosage adjustments naturally conform to standards. Patients avoid premature death, and physicians avoid the sin of killing without a knife.