俗名松香。
味苦甘。气温平。主治痈疽恶疮。头疡白秃。疥瘙风气。（本经）除胃中伏热。咽干消
渴。
附方 历节诸风。百节酸痛不可忍。松脂三十斤。炼五十遍。以炼酥三升。和脂三升。
搅令
瘥。
末。
松节
气味苦温。主治百节久风风虚。脚痹疼痛。炒焦。治筋骨间病。能燥血中之湿。疗风
蛀牙痛。（煎水含漱。或烧灰日揩。效。）历节风痛。四肢如解脱。松节酒。用节二十。酒五
斗
慢
〔合论松脂松节〕松禀真阳之质。凌冬不凋。松之有脂。如人有血。其主治痈疽疮秃
疥瘙风气
伏汞制
燥言。
（阳中
肺自润
中之湿
风。盖
松花
气味甘温。润心肺。益气。除风止血。治吐血久不止。有松花散。（准绳）松花即松黄
。拂取正似蒲黄。酒服令轻身。疗病胜似皮叶及脂也。（恭）不堪停久。故鲜用寄远。（颂）
多
桂林桂岭。因桂得名。从岭以南际海。尽有桂树。（藏器）移植岭北。则气味殊少辛辣。
不
三种。菌桂牡桂性止温。不可以治风寒之病。独有一字桂。（本经止有菌桂牡桂。别录又重
出单词
肉桂桂
曰木桂
尤宜
皮
按肉桂桂心桂枝薄桂皆属桂皮。如肉多而半卷。味极辛烈。为肉桂。就肉桂去其皮之
错者。取其近木而辛美之皮。为桂心。至桂枝乃肉桂之细条。非干枝也。就其嫩细而极薄
为薄桂。俱以味辛甘气熟求之。特其气有浓薄。而投之各适于用耳。
气味甘辛大热。有小毒。气之薄者。桂枝也。气之浓者。桂肉也。气薄则发泄。桂枝上
行而
肉桂入
分。（好
阴厥阴经血
淳）麻黄遍彻
而风邪去。（
急食辛以润
相火与命门
以寒为本。以
不归元而外焰
灰心冷志人。
（之颐）别录言
小毒何施。与乌附
参麦冬甘草同用。则
英干地黄。疗吐逆。忌
石膏知母人参麦冬竹叶。
赤芍僵蚕。治金疮为风寒
花牛膝生地当归。治产后
虚人。中寒腹痛不可忍。
长肉良。得姜黄郁金。治
生地乳香没药桃仁。治跌扑损伤。瘀凝
眠。腹不痛。大便不秘。小便赤。亦不
汗暂止。少顷复热。此其候也。和童便
苓散。以泻丙火。渗土湿。内有桂。能
不能饮食。肝脉盛。脾脉弱。用凉药治
中。倍加肉桂杀肝而益脾。即一治两得
别录故云利肝肺气。且与牡桂治胁痛胁
言其堕胎。庞安时云。炒过则不损胎。
肉桂
至浓如脂。肉质松。色紫。味极辛辣。而甘又过之。
气热。味大辛。纯阳也。补命门不足。益火消阴。温脾胃虚寒。愈完谷不化。利肺气使
下行
热
此
阳
桂心
去外皮之粗浓无味者。止留近木一层。味极甘辛者。故名曰心。治九种心痛。（九者
系气不鬯而血不和）中焦虚寒。结聚作痛。通脉利关窍。治一切内风壅痹。手麻脚痹。疗
癖失音喉痹。消瘀血。破 癖症瘕。内托痈疽痘疮。（寒气外覆者。并能消其浮冻之气。）
引血化汗化脓。通利月闭。胞衣不下。并产后恶血冲心。气闷欲绝。入桂心三二分于补阴
中。能行血药凝滞而补肾。由味辛属肺而能生水行血故也。（丹溪）外肾偏肿痛者。亦验。
性
气者
疏理
桂枝
即桂树之嫩细枝条 薄桂 又细嫩枝条之极薄皮其性轻扬。能行上焦头目。通手臂肢
调营血。和肌表。除伤风头痛。肢节痛风。去皮肤风湿。散下焦蓄血。直行为奔豚之先
（奔豚为肾气。肾气出膀胱。）横行为手臂之引经。世医不悟桂枝实表之义。几以此味为
补卫而密腠理。若然。何以不用参 耶。夫四时之风。因于四时之气。冬月寒风。卫为所
不能为营气之固而与之和。故汗出。惟桂枝辛甘。能散肌表寒风。又通血脉。故合于白
由卫之固以达营。使其相和而肌解汗止也。芍药酸收。即出地之风木。风木为阴中之阳
阴出地。真阳藏于地。桂能导引真阳而通血脉。故合于芍以和营卫。能去下焦蓄血。大
焦蓄血。多因热气上逆。血不循经而致。然若下焦蓄血。则是寒气冰凝。血不流行而蓄
故散以桂枝辛热之气。仲景桃仁承气汤中用之。（类明）薄桂和营之力。似不及枝。薄桂
薄飘扬。横行手臂。能引南星苍术等以治痛风。（类明）
牡桂
扁阔平薄。另是一种。其味淡。其气不辛烈。以之温上焦虚寒。能和气血壅逆。
亦不概置。不若菌桂仅为昔人食料之用。
气味辛温。主治上气咳逆结气。喉痹吐吸。利关节。疗胁风痛。补中益气。不治沉寒痼
冷之
和。
焉。
调气
气之温
和。则木
〔论〕 桂禀天地之阳。洁古谓为纯阳。东垣目为阳中之阳。故取其用于气之浮。而精
专在
气有
反
特其味浓而趋阴者。入足少阴血分。消阴翳以发阳光。（是为阴中之阳）其味精而趋阳者。
入
即
剂
纯
厥
阳
表
风
即就和血而还调气。乃营卫之剂。非风寒之药。又补元阳虚寒。即可祛外受凝寒。亦非专司
外寒之药也。但就气之浓者。走里而入阴分。则凡在里之阴滞而阳不足者。皆可治。气之薄
者。走表而入阳分。即凡在表之阳壅而阴不和者。皆可治。审乎此旨。将所谓入经散寒。出
表祛风。用者当以意逆之矣。桂性独热偏阳。表里俱达。和营气。散表邪。出汗实腠理。则
桂枝为长。肉桂桂心走里行血。除寒破血。平肝入右肾命门。补相火不足。其功能也。然用
桂大忌于阴虚暑热温病。及一切内热伏热阳厥脱阴等证。若误投之。祸不旋踵。谨察病因。
万无行所疑也。慎之慎之。（仲淳）忌生葱。忌火。
〔修事〕 收之不可见火日。用时刮去粗皮。旋切。有余以纸重裹。使不泄其辛气。妊
娠
俗名松香。
味苦、甘，药性温平。主治痈疽恶疮、头疡白秃、疥瘙风气。（出自《本经》）能清除胃中潜伏的热邪，治疗咽干、消渴。
附方：历节诸风。百节酸痛难以忍受。用松脂三十斤，炼制五十遍，再用炼酥三升，与松脂三升混合，搅拌至均匀。
松节
气味苦温。主治百节久风、风虚、脚痹疼痛。炒焦后，可治疗筋骨间的疾病，能燥除血中的湿气，治疗风蛀牙痛。（煎水含漱，或烧成灰每日擦拭，有效。）对于历节风痛，四肢感觉像脱臼一样无力，可用松节酒。取松节二十个，酒五斗，慢火煎煮。
〔综合论述松脂与松节〕松树禀受真阳的质地，凌冬不凋。松树有脂，就像人有血一样。其主治痈疽疮秃、疥瘙风气，是因为它能去除伏匿的湿邪和风气。
松花
气味甘温。滋润心肺，益气，祛风止血。治疗吐血久治不愈。有松花散（出自《准绳》）。松花即松黄，拂取下来正像蒲黄一样，用酒送服可令身体轻健，治疗疾病的效果胜过树皮、树叶及松脂。（出自《本草拾遗·恭》）松花不宜久存，所以很少鲜用寄往远方。（出自《本草图经·颂》）
桂林桂岭，因桂树而得名。从岭以南直到海边，到处都是桂树。（出自《本草拾遗·藏器》）移植到岭北，则气味缺少辛辣。
三种。菌桂、牡桂的性质只是温，不可以用来治疗风寒之病。唯独有一种字桂。（《本经》只记载了菌桂、牡桂，《别录》又重复出现单词肉桂、桂心、桂枝、薄桂皆属于桂皮。如肉质多而半卷曲，味道极辛烈，为肉桂。在肉桂上去掉粗糙的皮，取其靠近木质部且味道辛美的皮，为桂心。至于桂枝则是肉桂的细条，不是主干枝条。取其嫩细而极薄的皮为薄桂。都通过味道辛甘、气熟来寻求它们。特别之处在于它们的气有浓薄之分，而投入使用时各有所适。
气味甘辛大热，有小毒。气较薄的，是桂枝；气较浓的，是肉桂。气薄则主发泄，桂枝上行而……肉桂入……分。（出自《本草衍义·好》）阴厥阴经血……淳……麻黄遍彻……而风邪去。（……急食辛以润……相火与命门……以寒为本，以……不归元而外焰……灰心冷志人。（出自《易简方·之颐》）《别录》言小毒何施？与乌附参麦冬甘草同用，则……英干地黄，疗吐逆，忌石膏知母人参麦冬竹叶。赤芍僵蚕，治金疮为风寒。花牛膝生地当归，治产后虚人，中寒腹痛不可忍。长肉良，得姜黄郁金，治……生地乳香没药桃仁，治跌扑损伤，瘀凝……眠，腹不痛，大便不秘，小便赤，亦不能饮食。肝脉盛，脾脉弱，用凉药治中，倍加肉桂杀肝而益脾，即一治两得。《别录》故云利肝肺气，且与牡桂治胁痛胁。言其堕胎，庞安时云，炒过则不损胎。
肉桂
至浓如脂，肉质松，色紫，味极辛辣，而甘又过之。气热，味大辛，纯阳也。补命门不足，益火消阴，温脾胃虚寒，愈完谷不化，利肺气使下行……热……此……阳……桂心
去外皮之粗浓无味者，止留近木一层，味极甘辛者，故名曰心。治九种心痛。（九者系气不鬯而血不和）中焦虚寒，结聚作痛，通脉利关窍，治一切内风壅痹，手麻脚痹，疗癖失音喉痹，消瘀血，破 癖症瘕，内托痈疽痘疮。（寒气外覆者，并能消其浮冻之气。）引血化汗化脓，通利月闭，胞衣不下，并产后恶血冲心，气闷欲绝。入桂心三二分于补阴中，能行血药凝滞而补肾，由味辛属肺而能生水行血故也。（出自《丹溪心法》）外肾偏肿痛者，亦验。
性
气者
疏理
桂枝
即桂树之嫩细枝条。薄桂，又细嫩枝条之极薄皮。其性轻扬，能行上焦头目，通手臂肢，调营血，和肌表，除伤风头痛，肢节痛风，去皮肤风湿，散下焦蓄血，直行为奔豚之先（奔豚为肾气，肾气出膀胱）。横行为手臂之引经。世医不悟桂枝实表之义，几以此味为补卫而密腠理。若然，何以不用参 耶。夫四时之风，因于四时之气，冬月寒风，卫为所不能为营气之固而与之和，故汗出。惟桂枝辛甘，能散肌表寒风，又通血脉，故合于白由卫之固以达营，使其相和而肌解汗止也。芍药酸收，即出地之风木，风木为阴中之阳，阴出地，真阳藏于地，桂能导引真阳而通血脉，故合于芍以和营卫，能去下焦蓄血，大焦蓄血，多因热气上逆，血不循经而致。然若下焦蓄血，则是寒气冰凝，血不流行而蓄，故散以桂枝辛热之气。仲景桃仁承气汤中用之。（出自《类证》）薄桂和营之力，似不及枝。薄桂薄飘扬，横行手臂，能引南星苍术等以治痛风。（出自《类明》）
牡桂
扁阔平薄，另是一种。其味淡，其气不辛烈。以之温上焦虚寒，能和气血壅逆。亦不概置，不若菌桂仅为昔人食料之用。
气味辛温。主治上气咳逆结气，喉痹吐吸，利关节，疗胁风痛，补中益气。不治沉寒痼冷之……和。焉。调气。气之温和，则木……〔论〕 桂禀天地之阳，洁古谓为纯阳，东垣目为阳中之阳。故取其用于气之浮，而精专在气有反特其味浓而趋阴者，入足少阴血分，消阴翳以发阳光。（是为阴中之阳）其味精而趋阳者，入即剂纯厥阳表风即就和血而还调气，乃营卫之剂，非风寒之药。又补元阳虚寒，即可祛外受凝寒，亦非专司外寒之药也。但就气之浓者，走里而入阴分，则凡在里之阴滞而阳不足者，皆可治。气之薄者，走表而入阳分，即凡在表之阳壅而阴不和者，皆可治。审乎此旨，将所谓入经散寒，出表祛风，用者当以意逆之矣。桂性独热偏阳，表里俱达，和营气，散表邪，出汗实腠理，则桂枝为长。肉桂桂心走里行血，除寒破血，平肝入右肾命门，补相火不足，其功能也。然用桂大忌于阴虚暑热温病，及一切内热伏热阳厥脱阴等证。若误投之，祸不旋踵。谨察病因，万无行所疑也。慎之慎之。（出自《伤寒绪论·仲淳》）忌生葱，忌火。
〔修事〕 收之不可见火日，用时刮去粗皮，旋切。有余以纸重裹，使不泄其辛气。妊娠
Commonly known as Pine Resin.
Taste: Bitter, Sweet. Temperature: Warm, Neutral. Indications: Carbuncles, malignant sores, head ulcers with white alopecia, scabies, and wind-rheumatism. (From *Shennong Bencao Jing*). Clears latent heat in the stomach, treats dry throat, and xiao-ke (wasting-thirst syndrome).
Prescription: For various joint pains due to wind rheumatism, where pain in all joints is unbearable. Use thirty jin of pine resin, refined fifty times. Mix with three sheng of refined butter and three sheng of pine resin, stirring until uniform.
Pine Joint (Songjie)
Taste and Aroma: Bitter, Warm. Indications: Chronic wind-dampness in all joints, wind-deficiency, bi-syndrome pain in the feet. When charred, it treats diseases between sinews and bones, can dry dampness in blood, and treat toothache caused by wind decay. (Decoct for gargling, or burn to ash and rub daily; effective.) For joint pain due to wind rheumatism, where limbs feel detached, use Pine Joint Wine. Take twenty pine joints and five dou of wine, simmer slowly.
[General Discussion on Pine Resin and Pine Joint] The pine tree possesses the quality of True Yang, remaining evergreen in winter. Pine resin is like human blood. Its indications for carbuncles, sores, alopecia, scabies, and wind-rheumatism are due to its ability to eliminate latent dampness and wind.
Pine Flower (Songhua)
Taste and Aroma: Sweet, Warm. Actions: Moistens heart and lungs, tonifies qi, dispels wind, stops bleeding. Treats persistent hematemesis. There is a Pine Flower Powder (*Zhunsheng*). Pine flower is also called pine pollen, resembling cattail pollen when brushed off. Taken with wine, it lightens the body and treats diseases more effectively than bark, leaves, or resin. (From *Gong*) It cannot be stored for long, hence rarely used fresh for distant transport. (From *Song*)
Guilin Guiling derives its name from cassia trees. From the south of the ridge to the sea, there are abundant cassia trees. (From *Zangqi*) Transplanted north of the ridge, the aroma lacks pungency.
There are three types. Jun Gui (Cinnamomum burmannii) and Mu Gui (Cinnamomum cassia) have only warm properties and cannot treat wind-cold diseases. Only one type, Rou Gui (Cinnamon Bark), is distinct. (*Benjing* only lists Jun Gui and Mu Gui; *Bielu* repeats words Rou Gui, Guixin, Guizhi, Baogui all belong to cinnamon bark. If the flesh is thick and half-curling, with an extremely pungent taste, it is Rou Gui. Removing the rough bark from Rou Gui and taking the skin close to the wood that is pungent and beautiful, it is called Guixin. Guizhi refers to the thin twigs of Rou Gui, not the main branch. Taking the tender, fine, and extremely thin bark, it is called Baogui. All are sought based on their pungent, sweet taste and mature qi. Specifically, their qi varies in density, and each is suitable for different uses.
Taste: Sweet, Pungent. Temperature: Very Hot. Slight toxicity. The one with thinner qi is Guizhi; the one with denser qi is Rou Gui. Thinner qi leads to dispersal; Guizhi moves upward... Rou Gui enters... points. (From *Hao*) Yin Jueyin channel blood... Chun... Ephedra permeates... and wind pathogen is expelled. (...urgently eat pungent to moisten... Ministerial Fire and Mingmen... cold as root, as... failing to return to origin while flaming outward... person with cold heart and will. (From *Zhiyi*) *Bielu* says, what harm does slight toxicity do? Used with Wuzhuyu, Aconite, Ginseng, Ophiopogon, Licorice, then... Ying Gan Dihuang treats vomiting and regurgitation. Avoid Gypsum, Anemarrhena, Ginseng, Ophiopogon, Bamboo Leaf. Red Peony, Silkworm Chrysalis treat traumatic injuries complicated by wind-cold. Achyranthes, Rehmannia, Angelica treat postpartum deficiency. For deficient persons with cold abdominal pain unbearable, it is good for flesh regeneration. With Turmeric and Curcuma, it treats... Rehmannia, Frankincense, Myrrh, Peach Kernel treat falls and injuries, blood stasis... sleep, no abdominal pain, no constipation, red urine, also unable to eat. Liver pulse strong, Spleen pulse weak, use cooling medicines to treat middle, add double amount of Rou Gui to suppress liver and benefit spleen, achieving two benefits with one treatment. *Bielu* thus says it benefits liver and lung qi, and with Mu Gui treats hypochondriac pain. Regarding abortion, Pang Anshi said, if fried, it does not damage the fetus.
Rou Gui (Cinnamon Bark)
Dense like fat, texture loose, purple color, extremely pungent taste, and sweetness exceeds it. Temperature: Hot. Taste: Extremely Pungent. Pure Yang. Tonifies deficiency of Mingmen, benefits fire to dissipate yin, warms spleen and stomach deficiency-cold, cures undigested food in stool, promotes lung qi to descend... heat... this... yang... Guixin
Remove the rough, tasteless outer bark, leaving only the layer close to the wood, which is extremely sweet and pungent, hence named "Heart". Treats nine types of heart pain. (The nine types relate to qi stagnation and blood disharmony) Middle jiao deficiency-cold, accumulation causing pain, unblocks vessels and opens orifices, treats all internal wind obstruction and numbness in hands and feet, treats phlegm retention, loss of voice, throat obstruction, resolves blood stasis, breaks masses and accumulations, internally supports carbuncles and smallpox. (For external covering cold, it can dissipate floating frozen qi.) Guides blood to transform into sweat and pus, regulates amenorrhea, retained placenta, and postpartum evil blood rushing to the heart, suffocation about to perish. Add 2-3 fen of Guixin to yin-tonifying formulas, it can move blood-stagnating herbs and tonify kidney, because pungent taste belongs to lung and generates water to move blood. (From *Danxi*) Swelling and pain of external kidneys is also verified.
Nature
Qi
Regulate
Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig)
Refers to the tender, thin branches of the cassia tree. Baogui is the extremely thin bark of these tender branches. Its nature is light and ascending, can travel to upper jiao head and eyes, unblock arms and limbs, regulate nutritive blood, harmonize muscle surface, relieve wind-cold headache, joint gout, remove wind-dampness from skin, disperse lower jiao blood stasis, moves directly as the precursor of Ben Tun (Roving Tumor, which is Kidney Qi emerging from Bladder). Moves horizontally as a guiding herb for arms. Physicians of later generations do not understand the meaning of Guizhi consolidating the exterior, almost using this herb to tonify Wei Qi and tighten pores. If so, why not use Ginseng? Wind of four seasons arises from qi of four seasons. Winter cold wind, Wei Qi is attacked, unable to secure Ying Qi and harmonize with it, thus sweating occurs. Only Guizhi, pungent and sweet, can disperse wind-cold on muscle surface, and unblock blood vessels, thus combining with White [Peony] to secure Wei Qi to reach Ying Qi, making them harmonious so muscles relax and sweat stops. Peony is sour and astringent, representing wind-wood emerging from earth. Wind-wood is yang within yin. Yin emerges from earth, True Yang hides in earth. Cassia can guide True Yang and unblock blood vessels, thus combining with Peony to harmonize Ying and Wei, can remove lower jiao blood stasis. Lower jiao blood stasis often results from heat qi reversing upward, blood not following meridians. However, if lower jiao blood stasis, it is due to cold congealing like ice, blood not flowing and accumulating, thus dispersing with Guizhi's pungent-hot qi. Zhongjing uses it in Tao Ren Cheng Qi Tang. (From *Leiming*) Baogui's power to harmonize Ying seems inferior to Guizhi. Baogui floats lightly, moves horizontally in arms, can guide Arisaema, Atractylodes etc. to treat gout. (From *Leiming*)
Mu Gui (Mother Cinnamon)
Flat, broad, thin, another type. Taste is bland, aroma is not pungent. Used to warm upper jiao deficiency-cold, can harmonize qi and blood stagnation and reversal. Also not generally placed, unlike Jun Gui which was only used as food by ancients.
Taste: Pungent, Warm. Indications: Upper qi cough and reversal, stagnant qi, throat obstruction, difficulty inhaling/exhaling, benefits joints, treats hypochondriac wind-pain, tonifies middle and benefits qi. Does not treat deep-seated chronic cold... harmony. How? Regulate qi. Qi temperature harmony, then wood... [Discussion] Cassia inherits heaven and earth's Yang. Jieguo called it Pure Yang, Dongyuan regarded it as Yang within Yang. Thus take it for use in floating qi, and essence specializes in qi having reverse specific taste dense and trending to yin, enters Foot Shaoyin blood level, dissipates yin shadows to emit sunlight. (This is Yin within Yang) Its essence light and trending to yang, enters... formula pure jueyang exterior wind... then harmonizes blood and returns to regulate qi, is Ying-Wei formula, not wind-cold medicine. Also tonifies primal yang deficiency-cold, can expel externally contracted condensed cold, also not exclusively treating external cold medicine. But regarding qi dense, travels interior and enters yin level, then凡是 in interior yin stagnation and yang insufficient, all can be treated. Qi thin, travels exterior and enters yang level, then凡是 in exterior yang congestion and yin disharmony, all can be treated. Examine this principle, regarding so-called entering channels to scatter cold, exiting exterior to dispel wind, users should interpret with mind. Cassia nature uniquely hot biased yang, interior and exterior both reach, harmonize Ying Qi, scatter exterior pathogen, induce sweat solidify pores, then Guizhi is longest. Rou Gui Guixin travel interior move blood, remove cold break blood, calm liver enter right kidney Mingmen, tonify ministerial fire insufficiency, its function. However using cassia strictly contraindicated in yin deficiency summer-heat warm disease, and all interior heat latent heat yang jue yin collapse etc. syndromes. If mistakenly administered, disaster follows immediately. Carefully observe etiology, absolutely no doubt in action. Be cautious, be cautious. (From *Zhongchun*) Avoid raw green onion, avoid fire.
[Processing] Harvest avoiding fire and sun. When using, scrape off rough bark, slice immediately. Surplus wrap heavily in paper to prevent leaking pungent qi. Pregnancy