牛羊马驼之乳皆可作。入药以黄牛酪为胜。酪有干湿。干者更良。
气味甘酸温。 水牛马驼之酪冷。 牛羊乳酪温。 治热毒。止烦渴。除胸中虚热。生
精血。补虚损。
造法。用乳半杓。锅内炒过。入余乳熬数十沸。常以杓纵横搅之。倾出罐盛。待冷掠取
乳皮以为酥。入旧酪少许。纸封放之。即成。 干酪法。以酪晒结。掠去浮皮。再晒至皮尽。
却入釜中炒少时。器盛。曝令可作块。收用。
酪之浮面所成。
牛酥白羊酥
味甘。气微寒。 补五脏。益虚劳。寒血脉。除心热胸中客热。止渴。利大小肠。能除
腹内尘垢。又追毒瓦斯发出毛孔间。 牛酥不离寒病之兼热者宜之。羊酥不离温病之兼寒者宜
之。 酥虽胜。难得。（石山）
造法。以乳入锅煎二三沸。倾入盆内。冷定。待面结皮。取皮再煎。油出去滓。入锅即
成酥油。 凡入药。微火溶化滤净用之。
牡曰 。亦曰羝。
肉
味甘。气温。性大热。 补中益气。疗虚劳寒冷。治产后虚羸。脾胃冷气作痛。及寒疝。
得火土之气以生。故能补有形肌肉之气。（凡味同羊肉者。皆补血虚。阳生则阴长也。）
附方 治寒劳虚羸。及产后心腹疝痛。羊肉汤。用肥羊肉一斤。水一斗。煮汁八升。入
当归五两。黄 八两。生姜六两。煮取二升。分四服。（金匮） 产后虚羸腹痛。冷气不调。
及中风汗自出。白羊肉一斤。治如常。调和食之。 崩中垂死。肥羊肉三斤。水二斗。煮一
斗三升。入生地一斤。干姜当归各三两。煮三升。分四服。 治虚劳。天真丸。精羊肉七斤。
用当归十二两。山药十两。苁蓉十两。天冬一斤。烘作末。安羊肉内。酒水煮至糜。再入黄
末五两。人参末三两。白术末二两。蒸饼捣和丸如梧子。日二次。服三百丸。温酒下。天
行热病后。温疟热痢后。食之必致发热难疗。妊娠食之。令子多热。（濒湖）痈肿疮疡消渴
吐血嘈杂等证。咸不宜服。（仲淳） 煮时切忌铜器。
乳（白 者佳）
气味甘温。 补寒冷虚乏。润心肺。和小肠气。利大肠。治干呕反胃。
肾
气味甘温。 补肾气。理精枯阳败。
附方 治阳气衰败。腰脚疼痛。五劳七伤。用羊肾三对。羊肉半斤。葱白一茎。枸杞叶
一斤。同五味煮成汁。下米作粥食之。 老人肾脏虚寒。内肾结硬。虽服补药不入。用羊肾
一对。杜仲长二寸。同煮熟。空心食之。能令内肾柔软。然后服补药。
肝（青 羊者良）
气味苦寒。亦云温。 补肝。治肝风虚热。目赤暗痛。热病后失明。（并用子肝七枚。
作生食。神效。）
附方 目病失明。青 羊肝一斤。去膜切片。新瓦炕干。同决明子半升。蓼子一合。炒
为末。以白蜜浆服方寸匕。日三服。三料目明。至一年能夜见文本。 不能远视。羊肝一具。
去
胆（去势。青羯羊者良。）
气味苦寒。 主治青盲明目。点赤障白翳风泪眼。（胆汁减则目暗。故诸胆皆治目病。）
大便闭塞。羊胆汁灌入。即通。
附方 病后失明。羊胆点之。日二次。 碧云膏。治烂弦风赤眼流泪。不可近光。及一
切暴
胫骨
气味甘温。性热。（有宿热人弗食） 治虚冷劳弱白浊。健腰脚。疗筋骨挛痛。（酒浸服
之）固齿牙。（疏豁者须用之）
附方 秘真丹。治思想无穷。所愿不协。意淫于外。作劳筋绝。发为筋痿。及为白淫。
为劳弱。羊胫炭烧红窨杀。浓朴姜制。各三两。朱砂一两。为细末。酒煮糊和丸梧子大。每
空心温酒下五十丸。
〔论〕 羊为火畜。苏颂言其齿骨五脏皆温平。惟肉大热。夫人与兽赋形如脾之主肉。
谅无大异。是则火之生土。其首及者。而别录补中益气之说是也。（其治虚劳寒冷。则必如
天真丸之合诸药。方为得当。）夫禀乎火者心也。心与肾一气上下。故肾即用之补肾气。而
肝下合于肾水。上合于心火。又即用之补肝。盖神水照物。乃先天之气所生。后天之气所成。
气固火之灵也。试观目病失明。与不能远视。多用羊肝为主。缘不能远视者。病于无火。不
能近视者。病于无水。补气所以益火也。又如羊胫骨之疗齿痛。用于寒证为多。若寒热兼者
。即有相济之味。可见此味之用。肾气为本。而寒热为标也。更参白浊劳弱。及筋骨挛痛诸
治。则益明矣。大抵是物之所禀者火。其于血气之伦。有得于气化之阳以为扶助虚羸之功者。
如
牛羊马驼的乳汁都可以用来制作酪。入药使用以黄牛酪为最佳。酪分为干酪和湿酪两种，干酪的效果更好。
酪的气味甘、酸，性温。水牛、马、骆驼的酪性冷；牛、羊的乳酪性温。能治疗热毒，止住烦渴，清除胸中的虚热，生成精血，补益虚损。
制作方法：用半杓乳汁，在锅内炒过，加入剩余的乳汁熬煮数十次沸腾，经常用杓子纵横搅拌。倒入罐中盛放，待冷却后掠取表面的乳皮作为酥。加入少许旧酪，用纸密封放置，即可制成。干酪的制作方法：将酪晒至凝结，掠去浮起的皮，再次晾晒直到皮全部去除，然后放入釜中炒片刻，用器皿盛放，曝晒使其能结成块状，收藏备用。
酥是酪表面浮起的部分形成的。
牛酥和白羊酥味甘，气微寒。能补益五脏，增益虚劳，使血脉寒凉，清除心部和胸中的客热，止渴，通利大小肠，能够清除腹内的尘垢，又能促使毒瓦斯从毛孔间排出。牛酥适合兼有热症的寒病患者服用；羊酥适合兼有寒症的温病患者服用。酥虽然功效好，但难以获得。（石山）
制作方法：将乳汁放入锅中煎煮二三沸，倒入盆内，冷却凝固。待表面结皮，取皮再煎，滤去油渣，放入锅中即成酥油。凡是入药，用微火溶化并过滤干净后使用。
公羊称为牡羊，也称为羝羊。
羊肉味甘，气温，性大热。能补中益气，治疗虚劳寒冷，治愈产后身体虚弱消瘦，脾胃冷气引起的疼痛，以及寒疝。因为获得了火土之气而生，所以能补益有形肌肉的气。（凡是味道与羊肉相同的，都能补血虚，阳气生发则阴血随之增长。）
附方：治疗寒劳虚羸，以及产后心腹疝痛。羊肉汤：用肥羊肉一斤，水一斗，煮取汁液八升，加入当归五两，黄芪八两，生姜六两，煮取二升，分四次服用。（出自《金匮要略》）产后身体虚弱消瘦腹痛，冷气不调，以及中风自汗出：用白羊肉一斤，按常规方法处理，调和后食用。崩中（妇女非经期大量出血）垂危：用肥羊肉三斤，水二斗，煮取一斗三升，加入生地一斤，干姜、当归各三两，煮取三升，分四次服用。治疗虚劳的天真丸：用精羊肉七斤，加入当归十二两，山药十两，肉苁蓉十两，天冬一斤，烘干研末，填入羊肉内，用酒和水煮至糜烂，再加入黄芪末五两，人参末三两，白术末二两，蒸饼捣碎混合做成梧桐子大小的丸药，每日两次，每次服三百丸，温酒送下。在时行热病后、温疟热痢后服用，必定导致发热难以治疗。孕妇食用，会使胎儿多热。（李时珍）痈肿疮疡、消渴、吐血、嘈杂等症状，都不宜服用。（陈实功）煮制时切忌使用铜器。
羊乳（白色者佳）气味甘温。能补益寒冷虚乏，滋润心肺，调和少阳小肠之气，通利大肠，治疗干呕反胃。
附方：治疗阳气衰败，腰脚疼痛，五劳七伤：用羊肾三对，羊肉半斤，葱白一根，枸杞叶一斤，同五味煮成汁，加米煮粥食用。老人肾脏虚寒，内肾结硬，即使服用补药也不吸收：用羊肾一对，杜仲长二寸，同煮熟，空腹食用，能使内肾柔软，然后再服用补药。
羊肝（青色母羊者良）气味苦寒，也有说是温性的。能补肝，治疗肝风虚热，目赤昏暗疼痛，热病后失明。（都用子肝七枚，生吃，效果神奇。）
附方：目病失明：用青色母羊肝一斤，去掉膜切片，在新瓦上炕干，同决明子半升，蓼子一合，炒研为末，用白蜜浆送服方寸匕，每日三次，服用三料后眼睛明亮，一年后能在夜间看清细小的文字。不能远视：用羊肝一个。
羊胆（去势的青羯羊者良）气味苦寒。主治青盲明目，点治赤障白翳风泪眼。（胆汁减少则视力昏暗，所以各种胆都治疗眼病。）大便闭塞，将羊胆汁灌入，即刻通畅。
附方：病后失明：用羊胆滴眼，每日两次。碧云膏：治疗烂弦风赤眼流泪，畏光，以及一切暴发性眼疾。
羊胫骨气味甘温，性热。（有宿热的人不宜食用）治疗虚冷劳弱白浊，强健腰脚，治疗筋骨挛痛。（用酒浸泡服用）坚固牙齿。（疏松者须选用）
附方：秘真丹：治疗思虑无穷，愿望不遂，意念淫乱于外，劳作过度导致筋绝，发为筋痿及白淫，成为劳弱。将羊胫烧红后埋入土中冷却，厚朴经姜制，各三两，朱砂一两，研为细末，用酒煮糊混合做成梧桐子大小的丸药，每次空腹温酒送下五十丸。
〔论述〕 羊属于火畜。苏颂说它的齿、骨、五脏都性温平，只有肉是大热的。人与兽形体相似，脾主肌肉，想必没有太大差异。这是火生土的道理，其首及部位也符合《别录》补中益气的说法。（它治疗虚劳寒冷，必须像天真丸那样配合其他药物，才恰当。）禀受火气的是心。心与肾一气上下相通，所以用羊肾补肾气；而肝下合于肾水，上合于心火，又用羊肝补肝。大概神水照物，乃先天之气所生，后天之气所成。气本来就是火的灵秀体现。试看目病失明与不能远视，多用羊肝为主。因为不能远视的病在于无火，不能近视的病在于无水。补气就是为了益火。又如羊胫骨治疗齿痛，多用于寒证。若寒热兼夹，就有相济的味道。可见此味的作用，以肾气为本，而寒热为标。再参考白浊劳弱及筋骨挛痛等治疗，就更加明白了。大体上，这种动物禀受的是火气，它在血气之类中，得益于气化之阳，具有扶助虚羸的功效。如
The milk of cattle, sheep, horses, and camels can all be used to make *lao* (fermented milk product). For medicinal use, *lao* from yellow cattle is superior. *Lao* exists in dry and wet forms; the dry form is more effective.
Its flavor is sweet and sour, and its nature is warm. *Lao* from water buffalo, horse, and camel is cold; *lao* from cow and sheep is warm. It treats heat toxins, relieves restlessness and thirst, clears deficiency-heat in the chest, generates essence and blood, and tonifies deficiency and damage.
Preparation method: Take half a ladle of milk, stir-fry it in a pot, add the remaining milk, and boil for dozens of boils. Stir frequently with a ladle in longitudinal and transverse directions. Pour into a jar to cool. Scrape off the skin that forms on the surface to make *su* (clarified butter/ghee). Add a small amount of old *lao*, seal with paper, and let it sit until ready. To make dry *lao*: Sun-dry the *lao* until it coagulates, scrape off the floating skin, sun-dry again until all skin is removed, then stir-fry briefly in a cauldron. Store in a vessel, sun-dry until it forms blocks, and store for use.
*Su* is formed from the floating surface layer of *lao*.
**Cow *Su* and White Sheep *Su***
Flavor is sweet, nature is slightly cold. It tonifies the five zang organs, benefits deficiency-labor, cools the blood vessels, clears guest-heat in the heart and chest, relieves thirst, promotes urination and bowel movements, removes filth within the abdomen, and expels toxic vapors through the pores. Cow *su* is suitable for cold diseases complicated by heat; sheep *su* is suitable for warm diseases complicated by cold. Although *su* is potent, it is difficult to obtain. (Shi Shan)
Preparation method: Boil milk in a pot for two or three boils, pour into a basin, and let it cool and solidify. Once a skin forms on the surface, remove the skin and boil again. Remove the oil residue, place in a pot, and it becomes clarified butter (*su*). For medicinal use, melt over low fire, filter cleanly, and use.
Male sheep are called *mu* or *di*.
**Mutton**
Flavor is sweet, nature is warm, and property is greatly hot. It tonifies the middle and boosts qi, treats deficiency-labor and coldness, cures postpartum emaciation and weakness, pain caused by cold qi in the spleen and stomach, and cold hernia. Because it is born from the qi of fire and earth, it can tonify the qi of tangible muscles. (Any substance with a flavor similar to mutton can tonify blood deficiency; when yang arises, yin grows.)
**Attached Formulas:**
To treat cold labor, deficiency, emaciation, and postpartum heart/abdominal hernia pain: **Mutton Soup**. Use one jin of fatty mutton and ten dou of water, boil to obtain eight sheng of decoction. Add five liang of Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), eight liang of Huangqi (Astragali Radix), and six liang of Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens). Boil to obtain two sheng, divide into four doses. (From *Jinkui Yaolue*)
For postpartum emaciation, abdominal pain, irregular cold qi, and wind-stroke with spontaneous sweating: Use one jin of white mutton, prepare as usual, mix well, and eat.
For severe metrorrhagia approaching death: Use three jin of fatty mutton and two dou of water, boil to obtain thirteen sheng. Add one jin of Shengdi (Rehmanniae Radix), and three liang each of Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) and Danggui. Boil to obtain three sheng, divide into four doses.
**Tianzhen Wan** for treating deficiency-labor: Use seven jin of fine mutton. Add twelve liang of Danggui, ten liang of Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), ten liang of Rongrong (Cynomorii Herba), and one jin of Tiandong (Asparagi Radix). Dry and powder them, stuff into the mutton, and cook with wine and water until mushy. Add five liang of Huangqi powder, three liang of Renshen (Ginseng Radix) powder, and two liang of Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) powder. Mix with steamed dough pills to the size of wu zi (bayberry seeds). Take twice daily, 300 pills per dose, with warm wine. Consuming this after epidemic febrile diseases or warm malaria/dysentery will inevitably cause difficult-to-treat fever. Pregnant women consuming it will cause excessive heat in the fetus. (Li Shizhen) Patients with carbuncles, sores, ulcers, diabetes (xiaoke), hematemesis, and acid regurgitation should not consume it. (Chen Shigong) Avoid copper vessels during boiling.
**Sheep Milk** (White is best)
Flavor is sweet and warm. It tonifies cold deficiency and exhaustion, moistens the lungs and heart, harmonizes the qi of the Small Intestine, promotes large bowel movement, and treats dry vomiting and regurgitation.
**Sheep Kidney**
Flavor is sweet and warm. It tonifies kidney qi, regulates depleted essence and failed yang.
**Attached Formulas:**
To treat failing yang qi, lower back and leg pain, and five labors and seven injuries: Use three pairs of sheep kidneys, half a jin of mutton, one stalk of Congbai (Allii Fistulosi Bulbus), and one jin of Gouqiyè (Lycii Folium). Boil with five flavors to make juice, add rice, and cook into porridge to eat.
For elderly people with kidney deficiency-cold and hardened inner kidneys where tonics are not absorbed: Use one sheep kidney and a two-cun piece of Duzhong (Eucommiae Cortex). Cook thoroughly together and eat on an empty stomach. This softens the inner kidney, allowing subsequent tonic medicines to be absorbed.
**Sheep Liver** (Green ewe is good)
Flavor is bitter and cold, or said to be warm. It tonifies the liver, treats liver wind and deficiency-heat, red eyes, dimness and pain, and blindness after febrile disease. (Use seven fetal livers, eaten raw, for miraculous effect.)
**Attached Formula:**
For eye disease causing blindness: Use one jin of green ewe liver, remove the membrane, slice, and dry on new tiles. Combine with half a sheng of Juemingzi (Cassiae Semen) and one he of Liaozhongzi (Polygoni Multiflori Caulis/Folium - note: text says Liaozhi/Liaozhong, likely referring to a specific herb, often Polygonum or similar in ancient texts, here translated generally as Liaozhongzi based on context of eye herbs, but strictly "Liaozhongzi" is kept as transliteration if uncertain, however standard WHO term for eye herbs like this is often associated with Polygonum. Given "Liaozhi" usually refers to Polygonum multiflorum stem/leaf or similar, I will use *Polygoni Multiflori Caulis* or keep generic if unsure. Actually, "Liaozhongzi" isn't a standard modern name, likely "Liaozhong" refers to *Polygonum aviculare* or similar. Let's stick to literal "Liaozhongzi" or identify if it's a typo for "Liangzi" etc. In *Bencao Gangmu*, it might refer to a specific local herb. I will use *Polygoni Multiflori Caulis* if it matches context, but safer to use *Liaozhongzi* with pinyin if obscure. Wait, looking at Li Shizhen, "Liaozhong" often refers to *Polygonum*. Let's use *Polygoni Multiflori Caulis* or just *Liaozhongzi*. Let's use *Liaozhongzi* to be safe with the source text.) Fry together into powder. Take with white honey water, one fangcun bi per dose, three times daily. After three courses, vision clears; within a year, one can see fine text at night. For inability to see far: Use one sheep liver.
**Sheep Gallbladder** (Castrated green ram is good)
Flavor is bitter and cold. Mainly treats congenital blindness to improve vision, red obstructions, white nebulas, and windy tearing eyes. (When gallbladder qi decreases, vision dims; thus all gallbladders treat eye diseases.) For fecal impaction, instill sheep bile directly, which immediately relieves obstruction.
**Attached Formulas:**
For blindness after illness: Instill sheep bile into eyes, twice daily. **Bi Yun Gao**: Treats inflamed eyelid margins, red eyes, tearing, photophobia, and all acute inflammatory eye conditions.
**Sheep Shin Bone**
Flavor is sweet and warm, nature is hot. (Those with chronic heat should not eat it.) Treats deficiency-cold labor, weak leucorrhea (bai zhuo), strengthens waist and legs, treats tendon and bone spasms/pain. (Take soaked in wine.) Strengthens teeth. (Use those with open marrow cavities.)
**Attached Formula:**
**Mi Zhen Dan**: Treats endless thoughts, unfulfilled desires, external lustful intentions, and excessive labor leading to tendon failure, resulting in tendon atrophy and white seminal emission, becoming weak. Roast sheep shin bones until red, bury in soil to cool ("kill"). Process Houpo (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) with ginger. Each 3 liang, Cinnabar (Zhusha) 1 liang. Powder finely. Make pills with wine paste, size of wu zi. Take 50 pills on empty stomach with warm wine.
[Discussion] The sheep is a fire animal. Su Song stated that its teeth, bones, and five zang organs are warm and neutral, while only the meat is greatly hot. Humans and beasts share similar forms, and since the Spleen governs muscles, there is likely no great difference. This aligns with the theory of Fire generating Earth and the statement in *Bielu* regarding tonifying the middle and boosting qi. (To treat deficiency-labor and coldness, it must be combined with other drugs, as in Tianzhen Wan, to be appropriate.) The Heart receives the qi of Fire. The Heart and Kidney communicate via one qi moving up and down; thus, Sheep Kidney is used to tonify Kidney Qi. The Liver connects downward to Kidney Water and upward to Heart Fire; thus, Sheep Liver is used to tonify the Liver. Essentially, the divine fluid that allows vision is generated by pre-heaven qi and formed by post-heaven qi. Qi is the spiritual manifestation of Fire. Observe that for blindness and inability to see far, Sheep Liver is primarily used. Inability to see far is due to lack of Fire; inability to see near is due to lack of Water. Tonifying Qi serves to benefit Fire. Similarly, Sheep Shin Bone treats toothache, mostly in cold patterns. If cold and heat are mixed, there is a complementary flavor. Thus, the function of this substance takes Kidney Qi as the root and Cold/Heat as the branch. Referencing treatments for white turbidity, labor weakness, and tendon spasms further clarifies this. Generally, this animal is endowed with Fire. Among blood and qi entities, it benefits from the yang of qi transformation to assist in treating deficiency and emaciation. Such as...