枳橙叶有两刻。橘叶两头尖。无两刻。柑叶与橘同。但柑树独无刺。橘枳橙皆有刺
皮纹细。色红而薄。内多筋膜。其味苦辛。柑皮纹粗。色黄而浓。内多白膜。其味辛甘
皮最浓。而虚纹更粗。色黄。内多膜。无筋。其味甘多辛少。以此别之不差。橘皮性温。
柚皮性冷。今市肆货橘皮。多以柑皮杂之。柑皮犹可用。柚皮则与橘悬殊矣。味苦辛。气
气味俱浓。可升可降。阳中之阴。入脾肺二经气分。及足阳明经。开胃和中。利水谷。理
燥湿。快膈消痰。治上气咳嗽。定呕哕嘈杂。时吐清水。及大肠闭塞并气痢。除膀胱留热停
水。疗酒病。留白则补脾胃。因白有甘意。去白则理肺气。消痰泄气。去白者。恐甘缓其辛
也。橘皮花开于夏。实成于秋。得火气少。金气多。（仲淳）同补药则补。同泻药则泻。同
升
胃。
肠血
感寒伤
食亦无
同枳
稠粘
末。
是
服。
卧各
杏仁
两。
和丸。绿
同黄连猪胆。
〔论〕橘皮味苦而辛。辛苦适均而气温。据其苦泄辛散温行。以为行滞气之剂。几与散
气诸
以
泽毛
能补能和。同于
无病。然气之寒者
皮专以泄滞气
单用并致戒于多用久用
能耗散真气。中气虚。气不归元者。忌与耗气药同用。胃虚有火呕吐。不宜与温热香燥
药同
〔修治〕入和中理胃药则留白。入下气消痰药则去白。去白者以盐汤洗浸。刮去筋膜。
哂干
水蘸
枳橙的叶子有两处凹陷。橘叶的两头是尖的，没有两处凹陷。柑叶与橘叶相似，但柑树唯独没有刺，而橘、枳、橙都有刺。
橘皮的纹理细密，颜色红且薄，内部含有较多的筋膜，味道苦辛。柑皮的纹理粗糙，颜色黄且厚，内部含有较多的白色膜状物，味道辛甘。
柚皮的皮层最厚，而且虚纹更加粗大，颜色黄，内部多膜，无筋膜，味道甘甜多于辛辣。根据这些特征来辨别就不会出错。橘皮性温，柚皮性寒。如今市场上售卖的橘皮，常混杂柑皮。柑皮尚可使用，柚皮则与橘皮相差甚远。
（柚皮）味道苦辛，气味浓厚，既能上升又能下降，属于阳中之阴，归入脾、肺二经的气分，以及足阳明经。具有开胃和中、利水谷、理燥湿、宽胸消痰的功效，治疗上气咳嗽、定止呕吐呃逆嘈杂、时常吐出清水，以及大肠闭塞和气痢。能清除膀胱内的余热和停聚的水饮，治疗酒病。
保留白瓤可以补益脾胃，因为白瓤有甘味；去除白瓤则可以调理肺气，消除痰浊，泄降气机。去除白瓤的原因，是担心甘味会缓和辛味的发散作用。
橘皮在夏季开花，秋季结果，得火气少，得金气多。（陈实功/仲淳注：）与补药同用则起补益作用，与泻药同用则起泻下作用。
（此处原文片段破碎，似为散佚或排版错乱，结合上下文及常见本草论述，推测涉及配伍禁忌或具体用法，如“同枳实”、“治肠血”、“感寒伤食”等，但因原文残缺严重，仅翻译可见部分）……稠粘之末。是服。卧各杏仁两。和丸。绿同黄连猪胆。
〔论〕橘皮味道苦而辛，辛苦程度相当且气温。根据其苦能泄降、辛能发散、温能通行的特性，将其作为行滞气的药剂。几乎与所有散气药物一样，若无病滥用，或者单用并戒除多用久用，会耗散真气。中气虚弱、气不归元者，忌与耗气药同用。胃虚有火引起的呕吐，不宜与温热香燥药同用。
The leaves of *Poncirus trifoliata* (Zhicheng) have two notches. The leaves of *Citrus reticulata* (Ju, Tangerine) are pointed at both ends and lack these two notches. The leaves of *Citrus maxima* (Gan, Pomelo) are similar to those of tangerine, but the pomelo tree is uniquely thornless, whereas tangerine, trifoliate orange, and sweet orange all have thorns.
The peel of tangerine has fine texture, is red and thin, contains many fibrous membranes internally, and tastes bitter and acrid. The peel of pomelo (*Citrus maxima*) has coarse texture, is yellow and thick, contains much white pith/membrane internally, and tastes acrid and sweet.
The peel of citron (*Citrus medica*) is the thickest, with even coarser veins, yellow in color, containing many membranes but no fibers internally, and tastes predominantly sweet with little acridity. One can distinguish them accurately by these characteristics. Tangerine peel is warm in nature, while pomelo peel is cold. Currently, market tangerine peels are often adulterated with pomelo peel. Pomelo peel is still usable, but pomelo peel differs significantly from tangerine peel.
(Pomelo peel) tastes bitter and acrid, has strong aroma and flavor, can ascend and descend, belongs to Yin within Yang, enters the Qi aspect of the Spleen and Lung meridians, as well as the Foot-Yangming Stomach meridian. It opens the stomach and harmonizes the middle, promotes digestion of water and grain, regulates dryness and dampness, relieves chest fullness and resolves phlegm, treats upper qi coughing, stabilizes vomiting, belching, and acid regurgitation, frequent spitting of clear fluid, large intestine obstruction, and qi-type dysentery. It removes lingering heat and retained water in the bladder, and treats alcohol-induced disorders.
Retaining the white pith tonifies the Spleen and Stomach because the pith possesses a sweet quality; removing the white pith regulates Lung Qi, eliminates phlegm, and drains Qi. The reason for removing the white pith is to prevent the sweet nature from moderating the acrid dispersing action.
Tangerine flowers in summer and fruits in autumn, receiving less Fire Qi and more Metal Qi. (Chen Zhongchun notes:) When combined with tonifying herbs, it acts as a tonic; when combined with purgative herbs, it acts as a purgative.
[Fragmented text follows, likely referring to specific preparations or contraindications involving interactions with Zhi Shi, intestinal blood, cold injury, food stagnation, etc., which are too fragmented to translate fully accurately without reconstruction.] ...thick and sticky powder. Take each with Almond seeds... mix into pills. Combined with Coptis Rhizoma and pig bile.
[Discussion] Tangerine peel tastes bitter and acrid, with balanced bitter and acrid properties and warm temperature. Based on its bitter-draining, acrid-dispersing, and warming-moving actions, it serves as an agent for moving stagnant Qi. Like other Qi-dispersing herbs, if used without indication, or if single-used and abused over long periods, it can consume true Qi. Those with deficient Middle Qi and Qi failing to return to its root should avoid using it with Qi-consuming herbs. Vomiting due to Stomach deficiency with fire should not be treated with warm, hot, aromatic, and drying herbs.
[Processing] For formulas that harmonize the middle and regulate the Stomach, retain the white pith. For formulas that direct Qi downward and resolve phlegm, remove the white pith. To remove the white pith, wash and soak in salt water, scrape off the fibrous membranes, and dry.