经曰∶地为人之下，太虚中者也，然地太虚之中，非谓至下之处也。以观平野之外，目视之
极，天圆之际，非谓天之有际，而与地之相接也。凡遐迹山休，皆黄隔而致之然也。物隔之际，
是为日月营运道路上下之中也。是故日
未出而先晓，日乍入而朗明矣。然日月星象，非谓高下齐等，循天而营运也矣。
\r新添太阳出入早晚之图\pt166a23.bmp\r
然南方阳火，其气炎上，北方阴水，其性下流，故上南也，下北也。北方下而为阴也，子正
阴极，而反生阳而上升，日乃上行，循于丑寅，至卯乃晓，以上物隔之际，而乃出也。次乃上循
辰巳，至午正阳极，而反生阴而下降，日
乃下行。循于未申，至酉乃暮，以下物隔之际，而入之也。次下循于戌亥，至子，周而复始也。
此乃一日之中，阴阳升降营运之道也。岁中升降，亦如是也。故冬至为子正也，日行之下，循天
营运，道路阔远，故日昼行南道，而迟出早入也。乃昼凡四十刻，而夜凡六十刻也。然冬至之后，
阳乃始生，日反上行，而渐高也。则循天之营运，道路穿狭，故日昼渐北行，而早出迟入也。凡
九日，昼加一刻，而为约也。至为春分，日行中道，故昼夜停而各得五十刻也。至于夏至，为午
正也，日行之道，而至高也。高则循天，收而穿行，故日昼行北道，而早出迟入也。
昼夜一日百刻，二十四节气定时刻也。立春正月节辰KT ，手太阴经也，昼四十三刻，夜五
十七刻。雨水正月中寅KT ，手太阴络，肺也，昼四十五刻，夜四十五刻。惊蛰二月节甲KT ，
手阳明经也，昼四十七刻，夜五十三刻。春分二月中卯KT ，手阳明络，大肠，昼五十刻，夜五
十刻。清明三月节巳KT ，足阳明经，昼五十三刻，夜四十七刻。谷雨三月中辰KT ，足阳明络，
胃，昼五十五刻，夜四十五刻。立夏四月节巽KT ，足太阴经，昼五十七刻，夜四十三刻。小满
四月中巳KT ，足太阴络，脾，昼五十九刻，夜四十一刻。芒种五月节丙KT ，手少阴经，昼六
十刻，夜四十刻。夏至五月中午KT ，手少阴络，心，昼六十刻，夜四十刻。小暑六月节丁KT ，
手太阳经，昼六十刻，夜四十刻。大暑六月中未KT ，手太阳络，小肠，昼五十九刻，夜四十一
刻。立秋七月节坤 ，足太阳经，昼五十七刻，夜四十三刻。处暑七月中申KT ，足太阳络，膀
胱，昼五十五刻，夜四十五刻。白露八月节庚KT ，足少阴经，昼五十三刻，夜四十七
刻。秋分八月中酉KT ，足少阴络，肾，昼五十刻，夜五十刻。寒露九月节辛 ，手厥阴经，昼
四十七刻，夜五十三刻。霜降九月中戌KT ，手厥阴络，手心主，昼四十五刻，夜五十五刻。立
冬十月节干KT ，手少阳经，昼四十三刻，夜五十七刻。小雪十月中亥 ，手少阳络，三焦，昼
四十一刻，夜五十九刻。大雪十一月节壬KT ，足少阳经，昼四十刻，夜六十刻。冬至十一月中
子，足少阳络，胆，昼四十刻，夜六十刻。小寒十二月节癸KT ，足厥阴经，昼四十刻，夜六
十刻。大寒十二月中丑KT ，足厥阴络，肝，昼四十九刻，夜五十一刻。乃昼凡六十刻，而夜四
十刻也。然夏之后，阴乃始生，日反下行，故日昼渐南，迟出早入。凡九日，昼减一刻，而为约
也。至秋分，日行中道，乃昼夜停，而各得五十刻也。至于冬至，周而复始。然日一所行之道路，
虽有高下、周圆、大小之异，皆合六度而行，故日高则远，视之小而行迟也，日下则近，视之大
而行之疾也。又，日高则阳居阳分，故喧而热也，日下则阳居阴分，故凉而寒也。然一日阴阳升
降之小，故寒热温凉异之小也，一岁阴阳升降之大，乃寒热温凉异之大也。又，夏日循天高行，
故昼长夜短，是为阴少而阳多，故热也，冬日循天下行，故昼短夜长，是为阳少而阴多，故寒也。
又，冬至之后阳生，则昼渐长，夏至之后阴生，则夜渐永也。此乃天理自然升降营运之道路也。
故春秋二分，阴阳两停。春居阳分，故为温也，秋居阴分，故为凉也。分则日月同道而行，余皆
日月异道而行，高下而相反也。
其五星者，岁星十二年行一周天，荧惑星七百四十日行一周天，镇星二十八年行一周天，太
白星、辰星常以太阳同宫，而三百六十五日四分度之一乃行一周天矣。各星气运盛衰，而有高下，
所行道路之异也。然盛则其星荧然明大，高而上行循天，北越其道也。气运各无盛衰，则不失其
常矣，其同天星象，皆顺阴阳升降之理而行也。子正之后，上而行之，午正之后，下而行之，故
皆于将隔之际，而为出入之期也。又，星昼伏，明而不见者，盖日光曦辉而然也，故曰大明见则
小明不彰矣。凡此之道，照而无惑也。故经曰∶天变代惑之用，天垂象，地成形，七曜纬虚，五
行丽地。地者，所以载生成之形类也，灵者，所以列应天之精气也。形精之动，犹根之与枝叶也，
仰观其象，虽远可悟其道矣。
经文说：大地位于人的下方，处于太虚（宇宙空间）之中。然而，大地在太虚之中，并不是指它处于最底下的位置。观察平原之外，目光视线的尽头，是天圆边缘之处，这并非指天真的有边界，而是与地面相接的地方。凡是远处山峦的休息处，都是被黄气阻隔而显得如此。物体阻隔之际，正是日月运行道路的上下中间位置。因此，太阳未出之前天色先亮，太阳刚落下时天色依然明朗。然而日月星辰的形象，并非指它们高低相等，沿着天体运行。
[新添太阳出入早晚之图]
南方属阳火，其气炎上；北方属阴水，其性下流，所以上方为南，下方为北。北方在下而为阴，子时（夜半）阴极，反而生阳而上升，太阳于是上行，循行于丑、寅位，至卯时（日出）天亮，以上方物体阻隔之际，太阳才出来。接着继续上行循行于辰、巳位，至午时（日中）阳极，反而生阴而下降，太阳于是下行。循行于未、申位，至酉时（日落）天黑，以下方物体阻隔之际，太阳才进入。接着下行循行于戌、亥位，至子时，周而复始。这是一日之中阴阳升降运行的道理。一年中的升降，也是如此。所以冬至对应子时正中，太阳运行的道路向下，循天运行，道路宽阔遥远，所以太阳白天走南道，迟出早入。此时白天共四十刻，夜晚共六十刻。然而冬至之后，阳气开始生长，太阳反而上行，逐渐升高。则循天运行，道路变得狭窄，所以太阳白天逐渐向北行，早出迟入。每过九天，白天增加一刻，作为约数。到了春分，太阳运行在中道，所以昼夜平分，各得五十刻。至于夏至，对应午时正中，太阳运行的道路达到最高。高则循天收缩穿行，所以太阳白天走北道，早出迟入。
昼夜一天共一百刻，二十四节气确定时刻。立春正月节辰位，手太阴肺经，白天四十三刻，夜晚五十七刻。雨水正月中寅位，手太阴络脉，肺，白天四十五刻，夜晚四十五刻。惊蛰二月节甲位，手阳明大肠经，白天四十七刻，夜晚五十三刻。春分二月中卯位，手阳明络脉，大肠，白天五十刻，夜晚五十刻。清明三月节巳位，足阳明胃经，白天五十三刻，夜晚四十七刻。谷雨三月中辰位，足阳明络脉，胃，白天五十五刻，夜晚四十五刻。立夏四月节巽位，足太阴脾经，白天五十七刻，夜晚四十三刻。小满四月中巳位，足太阴络脉，脾，白天五十九刻，夜晚四十一刻。芒种五月节丙位，手少阴心经，白天六十刻，夜晚四十刻。夏至五月中午位，手少阴络脉，心，白天六十刻，夜晚四十刻。小暑六月节丁位，手太阳小肠经，白天六十刻，夜晚四十刻。大暑六月中未位，手太阳络脉，小肠，白天五十九刻，夜晚四十一刻。立秋七月节坤位，足太阳膀胱经，白天五十七刻，夜晚四十三刻。处暑七月中申位，足太阳络脉，膀胱，白天五十五刻，夜晚四十五刻。白露八月节庚位，足少阴肾经，白天五十三刻，夜晚四十七刻。秋分八月中酉位，足少阴络脉，肾，白天五十刻，夜晚五十刻。寒露九月节辛位，手厥阴心包经，白天四十七刻，夜晚五十三刻。霜降九月中戌位，手厥阴络脉，手心主（心包），白天四十五刻，夜晚五十五刻。立冬十月节干位，手少阳三焦经，白天四十三刻，夜晚五十七刻。小雪十月中亥位，手少阳络脉，三焦，白天四十一刻，夜晚五十九刻。大雪十一月节壬位，足少阳胆经，白天四十刻，夜晚六十刻。冬至十一月中子位，足少阳络脉，胆，白天四十刻，夜晚六十刻。小寒十二月节癸位，足厥阴肝经，白天四十刻，夜晚六十刻。大寒十二月中丑位，足厥阴络脉，肝，白天四十九刻，夜晚五十一刻。此时白天共六十刻，夜晚四十刻。然而夏至之后，阴气开始生长，太阳反而下行，所以太阳白天逐渐向南，迟出早入。每过九天，白天减少一刻，作为约数。到了秋分，太阳运行在中道，昼夜平分，各得五十刻。至于冬至，周而复始。然而太阳所行的道路，虽然有高下、周圆、大小之别，都符合六度运行，所以太阳高则远，看起来小而运行慢；太阳低则近，看起来大而运行快。另外，太阳高则阳气居于阳分，所以喧闹炎热；太阳低则阳气居于阴分，所以凉爽寒冷。然而一日之中阴阳升降的小变化，导致寒热温凉差异小；一年之中阴阳升降的大变化，导致寒热温凉差异大。另外，夏天太阳循天高行，所以昼长夜短，这是阴少阳多，所以热；冬天太阳循天下行，所以昼短夜长，这是阳少阴多，所以寒。另外，冬至之后阳气生长，则白天逐渐变长；夏至之后阴气生长，则夜晚逐渐变长。这是天地自然升降运行的道路。所以春秋二分，阴阳两停。春季居于阳分，所以温暖；秋季居于阴分，所以清凉。分点时日月经同路而行，其余时间日月异路而行，高下相反。
那五星，岁星十二年运行一周天，荧惑星七百四十日运行一周天，镇星二十八年运行一周天，太白星、辰星常与太阳同宫，三百六十五日四分之一才运行一周天。各星气运盛衰，而有高下，所行道路的不同。然而旺盛时星星明亮巨大，高而上行循天，越过北方的道路。气运没有盛衰，就不失常态，那些同星的星象，都顺应阴阳升降的道理运行。子时正中之后，向上运行；午时正中之后，向下运行，所以都在将隔之际，成为出入的时期。另外，星星白天潜伏，明亮却看不见，是因为日光辉煌所致，所以说大明出现则小明不显。所有这些道理，照耀而无疑惑。所以经文说：天变代惑之用，天垂象，地成形，七曜纬虚，五行丽地。地，是用来承载生成形类的；灵，是用来陈列应合天的精气的。形与精的运动，如同根与枝叶的关系，仰观其象，虽然遥远也可领悟其道了。
The classic states: The earth is below humans, situated within the Great Void (Tai Xu, cosmic space). However, the earth being within the Great Void does not mean it is at the lowest point. Observing beyond the flat plains, to the limit of visual perception, is the edge of the round heaven; this does not imply that heaven has a boundary, but rather where it appears to meet the earth. All distant mountain rests are caused by being separated by yellow qi (earthly mist/energy). At the point of object separation lies the middle upper and lower path of the sun and moon's operation. Therefore, before the sun rises, the sky brightens first; after the sun sets, brightness remains clear. However, the images of the sun, moon, and stars do not imply they are equal in height, operating along the heaven.
[Newly Added Diagram of Sun's Early and Late Rising and Setting]
The South belongs to Yang Fire, its qi flares upward; the North belongs to Yin Water, its nature flows downward. Thus, up is South, down is North. The North is below and constitutes Yin. At Zi hour (midnight), Yin reaches its extreme and generates Yang, rising upward. The sun then moves upward, following the Chou and Yin positions, until Mao hour (sunrise) when dawn breaks, emerging above the barrier of objects. It continues upward following Chen and Si positions. At Wu hour (noon), Yang reaches its extreme and generates Yin, descending downward. The sun then moves downward, following Wei and Shen positions, until You hour (sunset) when dusk falls, entering below the barrier of objects. It continues downward following Xu and Hai positions, returning to Zi hour, completing the cycle. This is the way of Yin and Yang ascending and descending within one day. The ascent and descent within a year are also like this. Thus, Winter Solstice corresponds to the center of Zi hour. The sun's path goes downward, operating along the heaven; the road is broad and distant. Therefore, during the day, the sun travels the Southern Path, rising late and setting early. Daytime is forty ke (water clock units), and nighttime is sixty ke. After Winter Solstice, Yang begins to grow, and the sun reverses to move upward, gradually becoming higher. Following the heaven's operation, the road becomes narrow. Therefore, during the day, the sun gradually moves North, rising early and setting late. Every nine days, daytime increases by one ke as an approximation. Upon reaching Spring Equinox, the sun travels the Middle Path, so day and night are equal, each getting fifty ke. Regarding Summer Solstice, corresponding to the center of Wu hour, the sun's path reaches the highest point. Being high, it follows the heaven's contraction and passage. Therefore, during the day, the sun travels the Northern Path, rising early and setting late.
Day and night total one hundred ke for one day; the twenty-four solar terms determine the time points. Lichun (Start of Spring), January term, Chen position, Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian, daytime 43 ke, nighttime 57 ke. Yushui (Rain Water), mid-January, Yin position, Hand Taiyin Collateral, Lung, daytime 45 ke, nighttime 45 ke. Jingzhe (Awakening of Insects), February term, Jia position, Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian, daytime 47 ke, nighttime 53 ke. Chunfen (Spring Equinox), mid-February, Mao position, Hand Yangming Collateral, Large Intestine, daytime 50 ke, nighttime 50 ke. Qingming (Clear and Bright), March term, Si position, Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian, daytime 53 ke, nighttime 47 ke. Guyu (Grain Rain), mid-March, Chen position, Foot Yangming Collateral, Stomach, daytime 55 ke, nighttime 45 ke. Lixia (Start of Summer), April term, Xun position, Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian, daytime 57 ke, nighttime 43 ke. Xiaoman (Grain Buds), mid-April, Si position, Foot Taiyin Collateral, Spleen, daytime 59 ke, nighttime 41 ke. Mangzhong (Grain in Ear), May term, Bing position, Hand Shaoyin Heart Meridian, daytime 60 ke, nighttime 40 ke. Xiazhi (Summer Solstice), mid-May, Wu position, Hand Shaoyin Collateral, Heart, daytime 60 ke, nighttime 40 ke. Xiaoshu (Minor Heat), June term, Ding position, Hand Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian, daytime 60 ke, nighttime 40 ke. Dashu (Major Heat), mid-June, Wei position, Hand Taiyang Collateral, Small Intestine, daytime 59 ke, nighttime 41 ke. Liqiu (Start of Autumn), July term, Kun position, Foot Taiyang Bladder Meridian, daytime 57 ke, nighttime 43 ke. Chushu (End of Heat), mid-July, Shen position, Foot Taiyang Collateral, Bladder, daytime 55 ke, nighttime 45 ke. Bailu (White Dew), August term, Geng position, Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, daytime 53 ke, nighttime 47 ke. Qiufen (Autumn Equinox), mid-August, You position, Foot Shaoyin Collateral, Kidney, daytime 50 ke, nighttime 50 ke. Hanlu (Cold Dew), September term, Xin position, Hand Jueyin Pericardium Meridian, daytime 47 ke, nighttime 53 ke. Shuangjiang (Frost Descent), mid-September, Xu position, Hand Jueyin Collateral, Hand Jueyin Master (Pericardium), daytime 45 ke, nighttime 55 ke. Lidong (Start of Winter), October term, Qian position, Hand Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian, daytime 43 ke, nighttime 57 ke. Xiaoxue (Minor Snow), mid-October, Hai position, Hand Shaoyang Collateral, Sanjiao, daytime 41 ke, nighttime 59 ke. Daxue (Major Snow), November term, Ren position, Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian, daytime 40 ke, nighttime 60 ke. Dongzhi (Winter Solstice), mid-November, Zi position, Foot Shaoyang Collateral, Gallbladder, daytime 40 ke, nighttime 60 ke. Xiaohan (Minor Cold), December term, Gui position, Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian, daytime 40 ke, nighttime 60 ke. Dahhan (Major Cold), mid-December, Chou position, Foot Jueyin Collateral, Liver, daytime 49 ke, nighttime 51 ke. At this time, daytime is sixty ke, and nighttime is forty ke. After Summer Solstice, Yin begins to grow, and the sun reverses to move downward. Therefore, during the day, the sun gradually moves South, rising late and setting early. Every nine days, daytime decreases by one ke as an approximation. Upon reaching Autumn Equinox, the sun travels the Middle Path, so day and night are equal, each getting fifty ke. Until Winter Solstice, the cycle repeats. Although the sun's path has differences in height, circumference, and size, all conform to the Six Degrees (Liu Du) of operation. Thus, when the sun is high, it is far, appearing small and moving slowly; when low, it is near, appearing large and moving quickly. Furthermore, when the sun is high, Yang resides in the Yang portion, causing heat and noise; when low, Yang resides in the Yin portion, causing coolness and cold. The small changes of Yin and Yang ascending and descending within a day result in small differences in cold, heat, warmth, and coolness. The large changes within a year result in large differences. Additionally, in summer, the sun operates high along the heaven, resulting in long days and short nights, meaning less Yin and more Yang, hence heat. In winter, the sun operates low along the heaven, resulting in short days and long nights, meaning less Yang and more Yin, hence cold. After Winter Solstice, Yang grows, so days gradually lengthen. After Summer Solstice, Yin grows, so nights gradually lengthen. This is the natural path of heavenly and earthly Yin and Yang ascending and descending. Thus, at the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes, Yin and Yang are balanced. Spring resides in the Yang portion, hence warmth; Autumn resides in the Yin portion, hence coolness. At the equinoxes, the sun and moon travel the same path; otherwise, they travel different paths, opposing each other in height.
As for the Five Planets: Jupiter (Suixing) completes one circuit of the heavens every twelve years; Mars (Yinghuo) completes one circuit in 740 days; Saturn (Zhuxing) completes one circuit in 28 years; Venus (Taibai) and Mercury (Chenxing) often share the same palace with the Sun, completing one circuit in 365 and one-quarter days. Each star's qi operation has prosperity and decline, leading to differences in height and path. When prosperous, the star shines brightly and appears large, moving high and upward along the heaven, crossing the northern path. When qi operations have no prosperity or decline, they remain constant. Those stars sharing the celestial sphere all follow the principle of Yin and Yang ascending and descending. After Zi hour (midnight), they move upward; after Wu hour (noon), they move downward. Thus, their rising and setting occur at the moments of transition/separation. Additionally, stars are hidden during the day and invisible due to brilliance because of sunlight. Hence it is said: "When the Great Brightness appears, the Small Brightness does not manifest." All these principles illuminate without confusion. Thus, the classic states: Heavenly changes replace the use of confusion; Heaven displays phenomena, Earth forms shapes; the Seven Luminaries weave the void, the Five Elements adorn the earth. Earth carries the forms of generated things; Spirit arranges the essence/qi responding to Heaven. The movement of form and spirit is like roots and branches. Looking up at their images, though distant, one can comprehend their Dao.