味甘。性微寒。无毒。禀地二之火气以生。兼得天七之气以成。降也。阳中阴也。恶
磁石。畏咸水。忌一切血。
【主治】主身体五脏百病。养精神。安魂魄。益气。明目。杀精魅邪恶鬼。久服通神明。
（
肉。并
【归经】入心经。为安神定魄之品。（兼泻剂心经血分主药）
【前论】东垣曰。丹砂纯阴。纳浮溜之火而安神明。凡心热者。非此不能除。 海藏曰。
同
脾。同南星、川乌等祛风。可以明目。可以安胎。可以解毒。可以发汗。随佐使而见功。
【禁忌】寇氏曰。朱砂但宜生使。火炼则有毒。若饵服。常杀人。
味辛苦。性温。微毒。禀火金之性。得正阳之气以成。升也。阳也。
【主治】主寒热鼠 。恶疮疽痔死肌。杀精物恶鬼邪气。百虫毒。（本经） 疗疥虫 。
疮。
毒。（别录）
疟疾寒热。
主恶疮。杀虫
嗽。血气虫积。
【归经】入肝胃二经。为解毒杀虫之品。（肝经气分药能化血为水）
【前论】保升曰。治病则二黄之功亦仿佛。大要皆取其温中搜肝。杀虫解毒祛邪焉耳。 雌
黄法土故色黄而主脾。
【禁忌】经疏曰。雄黄性热有毒。外用易见长。内服难免害。凡服之中病即止。无过剂
也。
味甘辛。性寒。无毒。禀金水之正。得天地至清至寒之气以生。可升可降。阴中阳也
。鸡子为使。恶巴豆。畏铁。
【主治】主中风寒热。心下逆气惊喘。口干舌焦不能息。腹中坚痛。除邪鬼。产乳。金
疮。
腹胀。
行热狂。头风旋眩。下乳。揩齿益齿。（大明） 除胃
止阳明经头痛。发热恶寒。日晡潮热。大渴引饮。中
【归经】入胃经兼入肺三焦二经。为泻热解肌之品。（三经气分药）
【前论】河间曰。石膏能发汗。又能止汗。 洁古曰。此乃阳明经大寒之药。善治本经
头疼牙痛。中暑潮热。消渴。然能寒胃。令人不热。非腹有极热者。不宜轻用。又有血虚发
热象
东垣曰。此足阳明药。仲景治伤寒阳明症身热目痛鼻干不得眠。身以前胃之经也。胸前肺之
室也。邪在阳明。肺受火制。故用辛寒以清肺气。所以有白虎之名。又治三焦皮肤大热。入
手少阳也。凡病脉数不退者宜用。胃弱者不可用。 宗 曰。胃主肌肉。肺主皮毛。石膏入
二经为发斑发疹之要品。色赤如锦纹者为斑。隐隐见红点者为疹。斑重疹轻。要皆由于胃热
。然分阴阳二症。阳症宜用石膏。若内伤阴症见斑疹者。微红而稀少。此胃气极虚。逼其无
根之火游行于外。当补益气血。使中有主。则气不外游。血不外散。若作热治而用石膏。生
死反掌。无己曰。风阳邪。喜伤阳。寒阴邪。喜伤阴。营卫阴阳。为风寒所伤。则非轻剂能
散。必用重剂独散之。乃得阴阳之邪俱去。营卫之气俱和。是以大青龙汤以石膏为使。石膏
乃重剂。而又专达肌表也。又热淫所胜。佐以苦甘。知母、石膏之苦甘。可以散热。 庵
曰。伤寒有阴盛格阳。阳盛格阴二症。至为难辨。盖阴盛极而格阳于外。外热而内寒。阳盛
极而格阴于外。外冷而内热。经所谓重阴必阳。重阳必阴。重寒则热。重热则寒是也。当于
小便分之。便清者外虽燥热而中实寒。便赤者外虽厥冷而内实热也。再看口中之燥润。及舌
苔之浅深。苔黄黑者为热。宜白虎汤。然亦有苔黑属寒者。舌无芒刺。口有津液也。急宜温
之。误投寒剂。则立死矣。
【禁忌】经疏曰。伤寒中风。太阳症未传阳明者。及七八日。邪里结。有燥屎。往来寒
热。
或恶
【朱砂】
味甘。性微寒。无毒。禀受地二之火气而生，兼得天七之气而成。性质沉降，属阳中之阴。忌与磁石同用，畏咸水，禁忌一切血类食物或药物。
【主治】主要治疗身体五脏及各类疾病。滋养精神，安定魂魄，补益元气，明亮双目，驱杀精魅、邪恶鬼祟。长期服用可通灵达神。
【归经】入心经。是安神定魄的药物。（兼作清泻心经血分的主药）
【前论】李东垣说：丹砂纯阴，能收纳浮游之火而安养神明。凡是心热者，非此药不能清除。张元素（海藏）说：朱砂同用南星、川乌等祛风药，可以明目，可以安胎，可以解毒，可以发汗，随佐使药的不同而发挥不同功效。
【禁忌】寇宗奭说：朱砂只宜生用，火炼则有毒。如果内服，常致人死亡。
【雄黄】
味辛苦。性温。微毒。禀受火金之性，得正阳之气而成。性质升散，属阳。
【主治】主要治疗寒热鼠瘰、恶疮、疽痔、死肌，杀精物、恶鬼邪气、百虫毒。（出自《本经》）治疗疥虫引起的疮毒。（出自《别录》）疟疾寒热。主要治疗恶疮，杀虫，咳嗽，血气虫积。
【归经】入肝、胃二经。是解毒杀虫的药物。（肝经气分药，能将血化为水）
【前论】缪希雍（保升）说：治病时，雌黄和雄黄的功用也大致相似。大要都是取其温中搜肝、杀虫解毒祛邪的作用。雌黄法土，所以色黄而主脾。
【禁忌】缪希雍（经疏）说：雄黄性热有毒，外用容易见效，内服难免有害。凡是服用，中病即止，不可过量。
【石膏】
味甘辛。性寒。无毒。禀受金水之正，得天地至清至寒之气而生。可升可降，属阴中之阳。以鸡蛋清为使药。忌巴豆，畏铁。
【主治】主要治疗中风寒热，心下逆气惊喘，口干舌焦不能呼吸，腹中坚痛，除邪鬼，产后乳难，金疮，腹胀，热狂，头风眩晕，下乳，揩齿益齿。（出自《大明本草》）清除胃中余热，止阳明经头痛，发热恶寒，日晡潮热，大渴引饮。
【归经】入胃经，兼入肺、三焦二经。是泻热解肌的药物。（三经气分药）
【前论】刘完素（河间）说：石膏能发汗，又能止汗。张元素（洁古）说：这是阳明经大寒之药，善于治疗本经头疼牙痛，中暑潮热，消渴。然而它能寒伤胃气，令人不热，不是腹中有极热者，不宜轻用。又有血虚发热的症状。李东垣说：这是足阳明经药。张仲景治疗伤寒阳明症，身热目痛鼻干不得眠，身以前为胃之经，胸前为肺之室。邪在阳明，肺受火制，所以用辛寒以清肺气，因此有白虎汤之名。又治三焦皮肤大热，入手少阳经。凡是病脉数不退者宜用。胃弱者不可用。成无己说：胃主肌肉，肺主皮毛。石膏入二经，为发斑发疹的要品。色赤如锦纹者为斑，隐隐见红点者为疹。斑重疹轻，都由于胃热。然而分为阴阳二症，阳症宜用石膏。若内伤阴症见斑疹者，微红而稀少，这是胃气极虚，逼其无根之火游行于外，当补益气血，使中有主，则气不外游，血不外散。若作热治而用石膏，生死反掌之间。王好古（无己）说：风为阳邪，喜伤阳；寒为阴邪，喜伤阴。营卫阴阳，被风寒所伤，则非轻剂能散，必用重剂独散之，乃得阴阳之邪俱去，营卫之气俱和。是以大青龙汤以石膏为使。石膏乃重剂，而又专达肌表也。又热淫所胜，佐以苦甘。知母、石膏之苦甘，可以散热。罗天益（庵）说：伤寒有阴盛格阳、阳盛格阴二症，至为难辨。盖阴盛极而格阳于外，外热而内寒；阳盛极而格阴于外，外冷而内热。经所谓重阴必阳，重阳必阴，重寒则热，重热则寒是也。当于小便分之。便清者外虽燥热而中实寒，便赤者外虽厥冷而内实热也。再看口中之燥润，及舌苔之浅深。苔黄黑者为热，宜白虎汤。然亦有苔黑属寒者，舌无芒刺，口有津液也。急宜温之。误投寒剂，则立死矣。
[Cinnabar]
Sweet in taste. Slightly cold in nature. Non-toxic. Generated by the fire qi of Earth number two, and completed by the qi of Heaven number seven. Descending in action. Yin within Yang. Averse to Magnetitum (Cishi). Feared by saline water. Taboo against all blood-related substances.
[Indications] Primarily treats diseases of the five Zang organs and various ailments throughout the body. Nourishes the spirit, calms the soul and魄 (Po), benefits Qi, brightens the eyes, and kills spirits, demons, and evil ghosts. Long-term use promotes spiritual clarity.
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Heart Meridian. It is a substance for calming the mind and stabilizing the soul. (Also serves as the principal drug for clearing heat from the Blood aspect of the Heart Meridian.)
[Preliminary Discussions] Li Dongyuan stated: Cinnabar is purely Yin; it anchors floating fire and calms the mind and spirit. For cases of Heart Heat, nothing else can eliminate it but this herb. Zhang Yuansu (Haizang) stated: When used with herbs like Pinelliae Rhizoma Preparatum (Nanxing) and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Chuanwu) to dispel wind, it can brighten the eyes, calm the fetus, detoxify, and induce sweating. Its efficacy varies according to its role as an assistant or guide herb.
[Contraindications] Kou Zongshi stated: Cinnabar should only be used raw. Calcination makes it toxic. If ingested, it often causes death.
[Realgar]
Bitter and pungent in taste. Warm in nature. Slightly toxic. Possesses the nature of Fire and Metal, formed by the pure Yang Qi. Ascending in action. Yang in nature.
[Indications] Primarily treats chills and fever, scrofula, malignant sores, carbuncles, hemorrhoids, necrotic tissue, killing spirits, demons, evil qi, and venom of hundred insects. (From *Shennong Bencao Jing*) Treats sores caused by scabies mites. (From *Bencao Jingji Zhu*) Malaria with chills and fever. Primarily treats malignant sores, kills parasites, treats cough, blood stasis, and parasitic accumulation.
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Liver and Stomach meridians. It is a substance for detoxification and killing parasites. (A Qi-aspect drug of the Liver Meridian that can transform blood into fluid.)
[Preliminary Discussions] Miao Xiyong (Baosheng) stated: In treating diseases, the merits of Realgar and Orpiment are somewhat similar. The main point is to utilize their ability to warm the middle, search out the Liver, kill parasites, detoxify, and dispel evil. Orpiment follows Earth, hence its yellow color and association with the Spleen.
[Contraindications] Miao Xiyong (Jingshu) stated: Realgar is hot in nature and toxic. External use yields quick results, but internal use inevitably causes harm. Whenever taken, stop once the disease is cured; do not overdose.
[Gypsum Fibrosum]
Sweet and pungent in taste. Cold in nature. Non-toxic. Possesses the correct nature of Metal and Water, generated by the clearest and coldest Qi of Heaven and Earth. Can ascend and descend. Yang within Yin. Egg white is used as a guiding vehicle. Averse to Croton Seed (Badou). Feared by Iron.
[Indications] Primarily treats wind-stroke with chills and fever, rebellious Qi under the heart causing palpitations and panting, dry mouth and scorched tongue preventing breathing, hardness and pain in the abdomen, expelling evil spirits, postpartum difficulties, traumatic injuries, abdominal distension, mania due to heat, headache and vertigo due to wind, promoting lactation, and strengthening teeth by rubbing. (From *Tang Bencao*) Clears residual heat in the Stomach, stops headaches in the Yangming Meridian, treats fever with aversion to cold, afternoon tidal fever, and excessive thirst with desire to drink.
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Stomach Meridian, and concurrently enters the Lung and Sanjiao meridians. It is a substance for purging heat and resolving the muscle layer. (Qi-aspect drugs of these three meridians.)
[Preliminary Discussions] Liu Wansu (Hejian) stated: Gypsum Fibrosum can induce sweating and also stop sweating. Zhang Yuansu (Jiegu) stated: This is a great cold drug of the Yangming Meridian, excellent for treating headaches and toothaches of this meridian, summerheat stroke with tidal fever, and wasting-thirst. However, it can chill the Stomach and make one feel cold; it should not be used lightly unless there is extreme heat in the abdomen. There are also symptoms of fever due to Blood deficiency. Li Dongyuan stated: This is a drug for the Foot-Yangming Meridian. Zhang Zhongjing treated Yangming syndrome of cold damage with body heat, painful eyes, dry nose, and insomnia. The front of the body is the pathway of the Stomach meridian, and the chest is the chamber of the Lung. When pathogenic factors are in the Yangming, the Lung is constrained by fire, so acrid-cold herbs are used to clear Lung Qi, hence the name Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction). It also treats severe heat on the skin of the Sanjiao, entering the Hand-Shaoyang Meridian. It is suitable for cases where the pulse remains rapid. It should not be used by those with weak Stomachs. Cheng Wuji stated: The Stomach governs muscles, and the Lung governs skin and hair. Gypsum Fibrosum enters these two meridians and is a key substance for inducing macules and papules. Macules are red like brocade patterns; papules are faint red spots. Macules are severe, papules are mild, both resulting from Stomach heat. However, they are divided into Yin and Yang syndromes. Yang syndromes should use Gypsum Fibrosum. If Yin syndromes from internal injury present with macules and papules, which are faint red and sparse, this indicates extreme deficiency of Stomach Qi, forcing rootless fire to wander outward. One should tonify Qi and Blood to establish a center, so Qi does not wander outward and Blood does not scatter. If treated as heat and Gypsum Fibrosum is used, life and death hang in the balance. Wang Haogu (Wuji) stated: Wind is a Yang pathogen, preferring to injure Yang; Cold is a Yin pathogen, preferring to injure Ying and Wei. When Ying and Wei, Yin and Yang are injured by wind and cold, light agents cannot disperse them; heavy agents must be used exclusively to disperse them, so that both Yin and Yang pathogens are removed and Ying and Wei Qi are harmonized. Therefore, Da Qinglong Tang uses Gypsum Fibrosum as a guide. Gypsum Fibrosum is a heavy agent that specifically reaches the muscle surface. Furthermore, when heat dominates, it is assisted by bitter and sweet herbs. The bitterness and sweetness of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (Zhimu) and Gypsum Fibrosum can dissipate heat. Luo Tianyi stated: Cold damage has two difficult-to-distinguish syndromes: Yin excess repelling Yang, and Yang excess repelling Yin. When Yin excess is extreme, it repels Yang outward, causing external heat but internal cold. When Yang excess is extreme, it repels Yin outward, causing external cold but internal heat. As the Classics state: Extreme Yin becomes Yang, extreme Yang becomes Yin, extreme cold becomes heat, extreme heat becomes cold. Differentiate by urination. Clear urine indicates external dryness/heat but internal actual cold. Red urine indicates external cold limbs but internal actual heat. Also observe moisture in the mouth and depth of tongue coating. Yellow or black coating indicates heat, suitable for Baihu Tang. However, some black coatings belong to cold, with no prickles on the tongue and saliva in the mouth. Urgently warm the interior. Misusing cold agents will cause immediate death.
[Contraindications] Miao Xiyong (Jingshu) stated: In cold damage or wind-strike, if the Taiyang syndrome has not transmitted to the Yangming, or after seven to eight days where pathogenic factors are bound internally with dry feces, alternating chills and fever, or aversion...