徐之才曰。泄可去闭。葶苈、大黄之属是也。李杲曰。葶苈苦寒。气味俱浓。不减大黄。
能
一
大黄、牵牛、甘遂、巴豆之属。皆泻剂也。其催生下乳。磨积逐水。破经泄气。凡下行者。
皆下法也。
味辛苦。性大寒。无毒。禀阴金之气以生。降也。阳中阴也。榆皮为使。得酒良。宜
大枣。恶僵蚕。
【主治】主症瘕积聚。结气饮食寒热。破坚逐邪。通利水道。（本经）下膀胱水。伏留
热
气。
咳嗽。
【归经】入肺大肠膀胱三经。为下气行水之品。（兼通剂 肺家正药 善逐水病）
【前论】东垣曰。大降气。只可与辛酸同用以导肿气。宗 曰。有甜苦二种。其形则一。
皆
以
【禁忌】经疏曰。肿满由脾虚不能制水。小便不通。由膀胱虚无气以化者。均忌。盖不
利于
【炮制】雷公曰。凡使。同糯米微焙。待米熟。去米。捣用。
味大苦。性大寒。无毒。禀地之阴气独浓。得天之寒气独深而生。降也。阴也。黄芩
为使。无所畏。恶冷水。忌干漆。
【主治】主下瘀血。血闭寒热。破症瘕积聚留饮宿食。荡涤肠胃。推陈致新。通利水谷。
调
小腹
权）利
痢赤白。
【归经】入肝脾胃三经。兼入心包大肠二经。为大泻血分实热。尽下有形积滞之品。（五
经
【前论】东垣曰。大黄下走。用之于下必用生。若邪在上。必酒浸。引上至高之分。驱
热而
也。
【禁忌】经疏曰。凡气分病。及胃寒血虚。妊娠。产后。均忌。
【炮制】藏器曰。凡使。有蒸。有生。有熟。不得一概用之。洁古曰。酒浸入脾经。酒
洗入
徐之才说：“泄法可以去除闭塞。葶苈、大黄这类药物就是代表。”李杲说：“葶苈味苦性寒，气味都非常浓厚，其作用不亚于大黄。”
大黄、牵牛子、甘遂、巴豆这类药物，都属于泻剂。它们具有催产下乳、磨积消滞、逐水消肿、破血通经、泄气导滞的作用。凡是药力向下的，都属于下法（泻下法）。
【葶苈】
味甘、辛，性大寒，无毒。禀受阴金之气而生，药势主降，属于阳中之阴。以榆皮为引经药，用酒制效果良好，宜与大枣同用。忌与僵蚕同用。
【主治】主要治疗症瘕积聚、结气、饮食停滞及寒热邪气、破除坚积、驱逐邪气、通利水道。（出自《神农本草经》）能下泄膀胱积水，清除伏留的热气，治疗咳嗽。
【归经】入肺、大肠、膀胱三经，是降气行水的药物。（兼属通剂，为肺家正药，善于驱逐水病）
【前论】东垣（李杲）说：葶苈降气作用很强，只能与辛味、酸味的药物配合使用，以引导肿胀之气消散。宗奭（寇宗奭）说：葶苈有甜、苦两种，外形相同，都以……（原文此处似有缺漏或断句问题，依文意理解为两者功效类似，皆用于泻肺平喘等，但根据上下文“皆以”后无内容，暂译为“皆以……”或忽略残缺部分，结合常识补全逻辑：皆以泻肺平喘为主，但严格遵循不增添原则，仅翻译可见部分）。注：原文“皆以”后接换行“【禁忌】”，推测原文可能有脱字，此处按现有文字翻译：皆以……（下文接禁忌）。
【禁忌】繆希雍（缪氏）说：如果肿满是由于脾虚不能制约水湿所致，小便不通是由于膀胱虚无气化功能所致，均忌用。因为葶苈不利于……（原文“盖不利于”后接“【炮制】”，推测意为不利于正气虚弱者，但严格按原文翻译：盖不利于……）。
【炮制】雷公说：凡使用葶苈，需与糯米一起微火烘焙，待米熟后，去掉糯米，捣碎使用。
【大黄】
味大苦，性大寒，无毒。禀受大地深厚的阴气，得天之寒气深重而生。药势主降，属阴。以黄芩为引经药，无所畏惧（指无配伍禁忌），忌冷水，忌干漆。
【主治】主要治疗下焦瘀血、血闭引起的寒热、破除症瘕积聚、留饮宿食、荡涤肠胃、推陈致新、通利水谷、调理小腹……（原文“调 小腹 权）利 痢赤白”处排版混乱，整理为：调理小腹，治疗赤白痢疾。）
【归经】入肝、脾、胃三经，兼入心包、大肠二经，是大泻血分实热、尽除有形积滞的药物。（五经……原文此处亦有断句，依文意：为五脏……之品，但严格按原文：为大泻血分实热，尽下有形积滞之品。）
【前论】东垣说：大黄药性下行，用于下部病变必须用生大黄；如果邪气在上部，必须用酒浸泡，以引药上行至高之分，驱散热邪……（原文“驱热而”后接“也。”，语意未完，译为：驱热而已/驱热等作用）。
【禁忌】繆希雍说：凡是气分病，以及胃寒、血虚、妊娠、产后等情况，均忌用。
【炮制】藏器（苏敬）说：凡使用大黄，有蒸制的，有生用的，有熟制的，不能一概而论地使用。洁古（张元素）说：酒浸则入脾经，酒洗则入……（原文截断）。
Xu Zhicai stated: "The purgative method can remove obstruction. Drugs such as Lepidium Seed (Tingli) and Rhubarb (Dahuang) belong to this category." Li Gao stated: "Lepidium Seed is bitter and cold, with strong flavor and potency, no less effective than Rhubarb."
Rhubarb (Dahuang), Morning Glory Seed (Qianniu), Kansui Root (Gansui), and Croton Seed (Badou) are all purgatives. They induce labor and lactation, grind down accumulations, expel water retention, break menstrual stasis, and drain qi. Any action that directs downward belongs to the purgative method (Xia Fa).
[Lepidium Seed / Tingli]
Flavor: Sweet, Pungent; Nature: Very Cold; Toxicity: Non-toxic. It is generated by inheriting the Qi of Yin Metal. Its action is descending, belonging to Yin within Yang. Elm Bark (Yupi) serves as a guiding herb; processing with wine is beneficial. It should be used with Jujube (Dazao). It opposes Silkworm Larva (Jiangcan).
[Indications] Primarily treats masses and accumulations (Zhengjia Jiju), constrained Qi, dietary stagnation, alternating cold and heat, breaks hardness, expels pathogens, and promotes free flow of water passages. (From *Shennong Bencao Jing*) It drains bladder water, clears latent retained heat, and treats cough.
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Lung, Large Intestine, and Bladder meridians. It is a substance that descends Qi and moves water. (Also classified as a unblocking agent; it is the principal herb for the Lung, excellent at expelling water diseases.)
[Prior Discussions] Dongyuan (Li Gao) said: "It strongly descends Qi and should only be used in combination with pungent and sour herbs to guide the dissipation of swelling." Zongshi (Kou Zongshi) said: "There are two types, sweet and bitter, which look identical, both serving to..." [Text incomplete/cut off].
[Contraindications] Miusaid (Miao Xiyong) said: "If edema and fullness are due to Spleen deficiency failing to control water, or if urinary obstruction is due to Bladder deficiency lacking Qi for transformation, they are strictly contraindicated. This is because it is detrimental to..." [Text incomplete/cut off].
[Processing] Leigong said: "When using it, bake it slightly together with glutinous rice until the rice is cooked, remove the rice, and pound the seed for use."
[Rhubarb / Dahuang]
Flavor: Very Bitter; Nature: Very Cold; Toxicity: Non-toxic. It is generated by inheriting the deep Yin Qi of the Earth and the profound Cold Qi of Heaven. Its action is descending, belonging to Yin. Scutellaria Root (Huangqin) serves as a guiding herb; it has no specific taboos. It opposes cold water and Dry Lacquer (Ganqi).
[Indications] Primarily treats lower jiao blood stasis, blood obstruction causing cold and heat, breaks masses and accumulations, resolves retained fluid and old food, cleanses the intestines and stomach, pushes out the old to bring forth the new, promotes free flow of water and grain, regulates the lower abdomen, and treats dysentery with red and white discharge.
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Liver, Spleen, and Stomach meridians, and also enters the Pericardium and Large Intestine meridians. It is a substance that severely drains excess heat from the Blood level and completely eliminates tangible accumulations.
[Prior Discussions] Dongyuan said: "Rhubarb travels downward. When treating conditions in the lower part, raw Rhubarb must be used. If the pathogen is in the upper part, it must be soaked in wine to guide the medicine upward to the highest regions, driving out heat..." [Text incomplete/cut off].
[Contraindications] Miusaid (Miao Xiyong) said: "Conditions involving Qi level, Spleen/Stomach cold, Blood deficiency, pregnancy, and postpartum states are all contraindicated."
[Processing] Cangqi (Su Jing) said: "When using Rhubarb, there are steamed, raw, and cooked forms; one cannot use them indiscriminately." Jiegu (Zhang Yuansu) said: "Wine-soaked enters the Spleen meridian; wine-washed enters..." [Text cut off].