凡脉数脉迟者。数为热。迟为寒。诸阳为热。诸阴为寒。浮之损小。沉之实大。名曰阳虚阴盛。阳虚者。轻手按之
浮而损小。阴盛者。重手按之。沉而实大。名曰阳虚阴盛也。沉之损小。浮之实大。名曰阳盛阴虚也。阳盛者。轻手按
之实大。阴虚者。重手按之而反损小。故曰阳盛阴虚也。
闻而知之者。谓之圣。盖五脏各有正声。声者。脏之音。中之守也。中盛则气腾。中虚则气弱。故脾应宫。其声慢
而缓大。肺应商。其声促而清冷。肝应角。其声悲而和杂。心应征。其声雄而清明。肾应羽。其声长而细。此五脏之正
声。得守者生也。其声促。是肺病。声雄。是心病。声慢。是脾病。声悲。是肝病。声沉。是肾病。声长。是大肠病。
声短。是小肠病。声迟。是胃病。声清。是胆病。声微。是膀胱病。声悲。是肝脾二脏相克声速微细。是胃膀胱相克声
轻。是虚声细。是痢。声粗。是风。声短。是气战声实。是秘泻。涩声灼。是内病。声短迟是泄脱。声如从实。中言者。
气之涩也。宫乃复言者。气之夺。谵妄不避善恶。神之乱也。欲声言意相续者。阴阳失守也。故失守者死。
望而知之谓之神。盖五脏之色。视之则知其病之有无。五色者。气之先也。其色赤。如绵裹朱砂者生。如 者死。
其色白。如白璧之泽者生。如垩者死。其色青。如苍泽者生。如蓝者死。其色黄。如绵裹雄黄者生。色如土者死。其色
黑。如鸦羽者生。色如炭者死。五色昏欲先光彩荣润者寿。皆不欲枯燥也其面色青者。冷气作痛。青黑皆痛也。面色黄。
是劳。赤是热。白是脱血。黑是风。青白皆为寒。目若赤为热。眼眯红湿者。下虚上热。睛黄是劳。目白是冷。病患心
绝者。则面 赤者。死在一日。肝绝则面如蓝青色。眼眶陷入。死在三日。脾绝者。面黄如土。四肢肿起。九日死肺绝
者。则面如白垩土。鼻入输。三日死。肾绝者。则面色黧黑。痿黄兼卒。呻吟四日死。筋绝者。爪甲黑。八日死。脉绝
四体张。唇青毛发干。五日死。骨绝者。齿如热豆。一日死。凡脚跗肿。身体沉重。卒失尿溺。妄言错乱。怒问屎臭。
阴囊肿。口反张。爪甲黑。目直视。如此者皆死也。形之盛衰。得强者生失强者死。头乃精明之府。头倾视深。精神夺
矣。背者。脑之府。背肿肩垂。形将坏矣。腰乃肾之府。转摇不能。肾将惫矣。仓廪不藏者。胃气不固也。水泉不禁者。
膀胱不闭也。无非失强之不可疗者。以表其形之衰惫矣。审形盛衰。诊妇人杂病。与男子同。
凡是脉象数（脉搏跳动快）或迟（脉搏跳动慢）的，脉数主热证，脉迟主寒证。所有的阳证表现为热，所有的阴证表现为寒。轻取（浮取）时脉象微弱细小，重取（沉取）时脉象充实粗大，这叫做阳气虚弱、阴气盛实。阳气虚弱的人，轻手按压脉搏，感觉浮而微弱细小；阴气盛实的人，重手按压脉搏，感觉沉而充实粗大，这也叫做阳气虚弱、阴气盛实。反之，重取时脉象微弱细小，轻取时脉象充实粗大，这叫做阳气盛实、阴气虚弱。阳气盛实的人，轻手按压脉搏感觉充实粗大；阴气虚弱的人，重手按压脉搏反而感觉微弱细小，所以叫做阳气盛实、阴气虚弱。
通过听声音来诊断疾病的方法，称为“圣”（最高明的诊断境界）。因为五脏各自有正常的声音，声音是脏腑精气的外在表现，也是内在精气的守持。中气盛实则气息腾涌，中气虚则气息微弱。所以脾对应宫音，其声音缓慢、和缓且宏大；肺对应商音，其声音急促、清脆寒冷；肝对应角音，其声音悲凉且和谐混杂；心对应徵音，其声音雄壮且清明；肾对应羽音，其声音悠长且细微。这是五脏的正常声音，得到这种正常声音守持的就能生存。如果声音急促，是肺病；声音雄壮，是心病；声音缓慢，是脾病；声音悲凉，是肝病；声音低沉，是肾病；声音悠长，是大肠病；声音短促，是小肠病；声音迟缓，是胃病；声音清脆，是胆病；声音微弱，是膀胱病。
声音悲凉，是肝脾两脏相克的声音；声音速而微细，是胃与膀胱相克的声音；声音轻，是虚证；声音细，是痢疾；声音粗，是风邪致病；声音短促，是气机战栗；声音实，是便秘或泄泻；涩声伴灼热感，是内伤病；声音短促且迟缓，是泄脱之症；声音好像从实处传来，中间说话断续，是气机涩滞的表现；宫音重复出现，是正气被夺的表现；胡言乱语、不分善恶，是神志混乱的表现；想要发声说话但意念不连续，是阴阳失守的表现。所以，阴阳失守的人会死亡。
通过观察面色来诊断疾病的方法，称为“神”（极高的诊断境界）。因为五脏各有对应的颜色，观察颜色就能知道疾病的有无。五色是气色的先兆。面色红赤，像丝绵包裹着朱砂那样润泽的是生证，像未经加工的丹砂那样干枯刺眼的是死证。面色白，像白玉那样有光泽的是生证，像白垩土那样干枯无泽的是死证。面色青，像苍色那样润泽的是生证，像靛蓝染料那样枯暗的是死证。面色黄，像丝绵包裹着雄黄那样明润的是生证，像泥土那样枯槁的是死证。面色黑，像乌鸦羽毛那样光亮的是生证，像木炭那样枯黑的是死证。五色若昏沉欲绝，先失去光彩荣润，则寿命短；都不喜欢枯燥无泽。面色发青，是冷气作痛；青黑相间都是疼痛。面色发黄，是劳损；面色发红，是热证；面色发白，是失血；面色发黑，是风邪；青色和白色都主寒证。眼睛发红是热证；眼睑眯起、红肿湿润，是下虚上热；眼球发黄是劳损；眼白发冷是寒证。
病人如果心气绝，则面颊颧骨处发红如妆，一天内死亡。肝气绝，则面色如蓝青色，眼眶陷入，三天内死亡。脾气绝，则面色黄如泥土，四肢肿胀，九天内死亡。肺气绝，则面色如白垩土，鼻孔塌陷内缩，三天内死亡。肾气绝，则面色黧黑，身体痿黄兼突然衰竭，呻吟不止，四天内死亡。筋气绝，则爪甲发黑，八天内死亡。脉气绝，则四肢张开，嘴唇青紫，毛发干枯，五天内死亡。骨气绝，则牙齿像烧热的豆子一样干燥焦枯，一天内死亡。
凡是脚背浮肿，身体沉重，突然大小便失禁，胡言乱语错乱，愤怒地询问屎臭，阴囊肿胀，口角反张（角弓反张），爪甲发黑，两眼直视，像这样的情况都属于死证。形体的盛衰，得正气强盛的能生存，失去正气强盛的会死亡。头部是精明之气汇聚的府库，头低垂、视物深陷，说明精神已被剥夺。背部是脑髓的府库，背部肿胀、肩膀下垂，说明形体将要败坏。腰部是肾脏的府库，转动摇动不能自如，说明肾脏即将疲惫。仓廪（指脾胃）不能藏纳，是胃气不固；水泉（指尿液）不禁，是膀胱不闭。这些无非都是失去正气强盛、不可治疗的情况，以此表明形体的衰惫。审察形体的盛衰，诊断妇女杂病，与男子相同。
In cases where the pulse is rapid (Shu, fast) or slow (Chi, slow), a rapid pulse indicates Heat, while a slow pulse indicates Cold. All Yang conditions manifest as Heat, and all Yin conditions manifest as Cold. If the pulse feels weak and small upon superficial palpation (Fu, floating) but solid and large upon deep palpation (Chen, sinking), it is named "Yang Deficiency and Yin Excess." In Yang Deficiency, light pressure reveals a floating, weak, and small pulse; in Yin Excess, heavy pressure reveals a deep, solid, and large pulse; this is also termed "Yang Deficiency and Yin Excess." Conversely, if the pulse feels weak and small upon deep palpation but solid and large upon superficial palpation, it is named "Yang Excess and Yin Deficiency." In Yang Excess, light pressure reveals a solid and large pulse; in Yin Deficiency, heavy pressure reveals a pulse that is surprisingly weak and small; thus, it is called "Yang Excess and Yin Deficiency."
Diagnosis through hearing is referred to as "Sage" (the highest level of diagnostic skill). Each of the Five Zang Organs has its proper sound; the sound is the tone of the organ and the manifestation of its internal essence. When the interior Qi is abundant, the Qi surges; when the interior Qi is deficient, the Qi is weak. Therefore, the Spleen corresponds to the Gong note, with a sound that is slow, gentle, and expansive; the Lung corresponds to the Shang note, with a sound that is urgent, clear, and cold; the Liver corresponds to the Jue note, with a sound that is sorrowful yet harmonious; the Heart corresponds to the Zhi note, with a sound that is majestic and clear; the Kidney corresponds to the Yu note, with a sound that is long and fine. These are the proper sounds of the Five Zang Organs. Retaining these sounds indicates life. A hurried sound indicates Lung disease; a majestic sound indicates Heart disease; a slow sound indicates Spleen disease; a sorrowful sound indicates Liver disease; a deep sound indicates Kidney disease; a long sound indicates Large Intestine disease; a short sound indicates Small Intestine disease; a delayed sound indicates Stomach disease; a clear sound indicates Gallbladder disease; a faint sound indicates Bladder disease.
A sorrowful sound indicates the mutual overcoming between the Liver and Spleen; a rapid and fine sound indicates the mutual overcoming between the Stomach and Bladder; a light sound indicates Deficiency; a thin sound indicates Dysentery; a coarse sound indicates Wind pathogen; a short sound indicates Qi tremor; a solid sound indicates constipation or diarrhea; a rough sound accompanied by a burning sensation indicates an internal disease; a short and delayed sound indicates collapse from leakage; a sound seeming to come from solidity with interrupted speech indicates Qi stagnation; repeated Gong notes indicate the loss of Zheng Qi (Upright Qi); delirium regardless of good or evil indicates confusion of Shen (Spirit); the desire to speak but with discontinuous intent indicates the loss of Yin-Yang balance. Thus, those who lose this balance will die.
Diagnosis through observation is referred to as "Divine" (an extremely high level of diagnostic skill). Each of the Five Zang Organs has a corresponding color; observing the color reveals the presence or absence of disease. The five colors are the precursors of Qi luster. A red complexion like silk wrapping cinnabar indicates life; like raw cinnabar without processing indicates death. A white complexion like the luster of white jade indicates life; like white chalk indicates death. A green complexion like fresh verdigris indicates life; like indigo dye indicates death. A yellow complexion like silk wrapping realgar indicates life; like earth indicates death. A black complexion like crow feathers indicates life; like charcoal indicates death. If the five colors appear dull and lose their luster and moisture first, longevity is shortened; dryness and lack of luster are undesirable in all cases. A green face indicates pain caused by Cold Qi; green and black together indicate pain. A yellow face indicates exhaustion (Lao); red indicates Heat; white indicates blood loss; black indicates Wind; green and white both indicate Cold. Red eyes indicate Heat; swollen, red, and moist eyelids indicate lower deficiency and upper Heat; yellow sclera indicates exhaustion; cold white eyes indicate Cold.
If a patient's Heart Qi is exhausted, the malar region appears red like makeup, and death occurs within one day. If Liver Qi is exhausted, the face turns blue-green with sunken eye sockets, and death occurs within three days. If Spleen Qi is exhausted, the face is yellow like earth with swollen limbs, and death occurs within nine days. If Lung Qi is exhausted, the face is like white chalk with retracted nostrils, and death occurs within three days. If Kidney Qi is exhausted, the face is dark black, the body is emaciated and suddenly fails, accompanied by groaning, and death occurs within four days. If Sinew Qi is exhausted, the nails turn black, and death occurs within eight days. If Pulse Qi is exhausted, the four limbs spread open, lips turn cyan, and hair dries up, leading to death within five days. If Bone Qi is exhausted, teeth become dry and hot like beans, and death occurs within one day.
Cases involving edema of the dorsum pedis, heaviness of the body, sudden incontinence of urine and feces, delirious and confused speech, angry questioning about fecal odor, scrotal swelling, opisthotonos (retractions of the mouth/jaw), black nails, and fixed staring eyes are all fatal signs. Regarding the flourishing or declining state of the form, those retaining strength live, and those losing strength die. The head is the residence of Jing Ming (clear and bright spirit); a drooping head and deep-set eyes indicate the depletion of Spirit. The back is the residence of the Brain; swelling of the back and drooping shoulders indicate the impending ruin of the form. The waist is the residence of the Kidney; inability to twist or rotate indicates the impending exhaustion of the Kidneys. Failure of the Granary (Stomach/Spleen) to store indicates insecure Stomach Qi; incontinence of water springs (urine) indicates unsecured Bladder closure. These are all cases of lost strength that cannot be treated, demonstrating the decline and exhaustion of the form. Examining the flourishing or declining state of the form for diagnosing miscellaneous diseases in women is the same as for men.