成氏曰∶烦为扰乱而烦，躁为愤激而躁，合而言之，烦躁为热也。析而言之，烦阳也，躁阴也，
烦为热之轻者，躁为热之甚者。陈氏曰∶内热曰烦，外热曰躁。东垣烦躁发热论，黄帝《针经》五乱
篇云∶气乱于心，则烦心密默，俯首静伏云云。气在于心者，取少阴心主之俞。又云∶咳喘烦冤者，
是肾气之逆也。又云∶烦冤者，取足少阴。又云∶烦冤者，取足太阴。仲景分之为二，烦也，躁也。
盖火入于肺则烦，入于肾则躁。俱在于肾者，以道路通于肺母也。大抵烦躁者，皆心火为病，心者君
火也，火旺则金烁水亏，唯火独存，故肺肾合而为烦躁。又脾经络于心中，心经起于脾中，二经相搏，
湿热生烦。夫烦者，扰扰心乱，兀兀欲吐，怔忡不安。躁者，无时而热，冷汗自出，少时则止，经云
阴躁者是也。仲景以栀子色赤而味苦，
入心而治烦，盐豉色黑而味咸，入肾而治躁，名栀子豉汤，乃神药也。若有宿食而烦者，栀子大黄汤主
之。运气烦躁有二∶一曰热助心火烦躁。经云∶少阴之复，燠热内作，烦躁鼽嚏。又云∶少阳之复，
心热烦躁，便数憎风是也。二曰寒攻心虚烦躁。经云∶岁水太过，寒气流行，邪害心火，病身热烦心
躁悸，阴厥是也。先贤治烦躁俱作，有属热者，有属寒者。治独烦不躁者，多属热。唯悸而烦者，为
虚寒。治独躁不烦者，多属寒。唯火邪者为热。盖烦者心中烦、胸中烦，为内热也。躁者身体手足躁
扰，或裸体不欲近衣，或欲在井中，为外热也。内热者，有本之热，故多属热。外热者，多是无根之
火，故属寒也。
【诊】内外俱虚，身体冷而汗出，微呕而烦扰，手足厥逆，体不得安静者死。热病七八日，其
脉微细，小便不利，加暴口燥，脉代，舌焦干黑者死。
成无己说：烦是指内心扰乱而感到烦躁，躁是指肢体愤激而动作不宁。合起来说，烦躁是由热邪引起的。分开来说，烦属于阳证，躁属于阴证；烦是热邪较轻的表现，躁是热邪严重的表现。
陈氏说：体内的热称为烦，体表的热称为躁。李东垣在《烦躁发热论》中引用黄帝《针经·五乱篇》的话说：“气机紊乱于心，就会心烦意乱、沉默寡言、低头静伏等。”气机在心部的，取手少阴心经和手厥阴心包经的背俞穴治疗。又说：“咳嗽气喘、心中烦闷冤屈的，这是肾气上逆所致。”又说：“心中烦闷冤屈的，取足少阴肾经穴位治疗。”又说：“心中烦闷冤屈的，取足太阴脾经穴位治疗。”张仲景将烦躁分为两种：烦和躁。大概火邪侵入肺脏则导致烦，侵入肾脏则导致躁。如果火热同时存在于肺肾两脏，是因为肺与肾之间的经络相通（金生水，肺为肾之母）。大抵而言，烦躁的病证，大多是由心火亢盛引起的。心属于君火，火旺则灼伤肺金、耗损肾水，导致只有火独存，所以肺肾共同作用而产生烦躁。另外，脾经络通于心，心经起始于脾中，这两条经脉相互搏结，湿热内生而导致烦。所谓烦，是指心中扰攘不安、头昏沉重欲吐、心悸怔忡、坐卧不宁。所谓躁，是指没有固定时间地发热、冷汗自出，片刻后停止，经文所说的“阴躁”就是这种情况。张仲景认为栀子颜色赤红且味苦，入心经而治疗烦；盐豉颜色黑且味咸，入肾经而治疗躁，命名为栀子豉汤，这是神效的药方。如果有宿食积滞导致的烦，用栀子大黄汤主治。运气学说中的烦躁有两种：一是热邪助长心火导致的烦躁。经文说：“少阴司天发生复气时，内部产生燠热，出现烦躁、鼻塞喷嚏等症状。”又说：“少阳司天发生复气时，出现心热烦躁、小便频数、憎恶风邪等症状。”二是寒邪攻伐心虚导致的烦躁。经文说：“岁水太过之年，寒气流行，邪气伤害心火，病症表现为身体发热、心烦、躁动、心悸、阴厥等。”先贤治疗烦躁并见的情况，有的属于热证，有的属于寒证。治疗只有烦而没有躁的情况，多属于热证。唯独心悸伴烦的，属于虚寒证。治疗只有躁而没有烦的情况，多属于寒证。唯独由火邪引起的，属于热证。大概烦是指心中烦、胸中烦，属于内热。躁是指身体手足躁动不安，或者脱去衣物不愿穿衣，或者想跳进井里，属于外热。内热者，是有根源的热，所以多属于热证。外热者，大多是无根之火，所以属于寒证。
【诊察】如果内外俱虚，身体寒冷且出汗，轻微呕吐且心烦意乱，手足冰冷厥逆，身体无法安静休息的，预后不良，属死证。热病经过七八天，脉象微细，小便不通利，加上突然口燥，脉象出现代脉，舌苔焦干发黑的，预后不良，属死证。
Cheng Wuji stated: "Fan" (restlessness) refers to mental disturbance and agitation, while "Zao" (fidgeting) refers to physical irritability and restless movement. Taken together, Fan-Zao is caused by heat pathogen. Analyzed separately, Fan belongs to Yang syndrome, and Zao belongs to Yin syndrome; Fan represents a milder degree of heat, whereas Zao represents a more severe degree of heat.
Chen Shi stated: Internal heat is called Fan, while external heat is called Zao. Li Dongyuan, in his "Treatise on Fan-Zao and Fever," cited the *Yellow Emperor's Classic of Acupuncture* (Huangdi Zhenjing), Chapter "Five Disordered Qi": "When qi becomes disordered in the Heart, there is vexation of the Heart, silence, bowing the head, and quiet prostration." For qi disorder located in the Heart, one should select the Back-Shu points of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian and the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian. It further states: "Cough, wheezing, and internal vexation are due to the rebellion of Kidney qi." It also states: "For internal vexation, select points from the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian." And again: "For internal vexation, select points from the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian." Zhang Zhongjing divided Fan-Zao into two categories: Fan and Zao. Generally, fire entering the Lung causes Fan, while fire entering the Kidney causes Zao. If both are involved, it is because the pathways between the Lung (Metal) and Kidney (Water) are connected (Metal generates Water, with the Lung being the mother of the Kidney). Broadly speaking, Fan-Zao syndromes are mostly caused by hyperactivity of Heart Fire. The Heart governs Sovereign Fire; when fire is excessive, it scorches Lung Metal and depletes Kidney Water, leaving only fire alone. Thus, the combined dysfunction of the Lung and Kidney results in Fan-Zao. Furthermore, the Spleen meridian connects to the Heart, and the Heart meridian originates within the Spleen; when these two meridians interact violently, damp-heat arises internally, causing Fan. Fan is characterized by mental agitation, dizziness, nausea, palpitations, and restlessness. Zao is characterized by intermittent fever, spontaneous cold sweating that stops after a short time, which corresponds to the "Yin Zao" mentioned in the classics. Zhang Zhongjing noted that Gardenia (Zhizi), being red and bitter, enters the Heart meridian to treat Fan; Salted Fermented Soybeans (Yan Chi), being black and salty, enter the Kidney meridian to treat Zao. This formula is named Zhizi Chi Tang (Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction), a miraculous remedy. If Fan is caused by retained food stagnation, Zhizi Dahuang Tang (Gardenia and Rhubarb Decoction) should be used. In the context of Six Qi transformation theory, there are two types of Fan-Zao: First, heat assisting Heart Fire to cause Fan-Zao. The classics state: "When Shaoyin undergoes a counter-reaction, intense heat arises internally, causing Fan-Zao, nasal congestion, and sneezing." It also states: "When Shaoyang undergoes a counter-reaction, Heart heat and Fan-Zao occur, accompanied by frequent urination and aversion to wind." Second, cold attacking Heart deficiency to cause Fan-Zao. The classics state: "In years of excessive Water, cold qi prevails, and evil harms Heart Fire, resulting in symptoms such as body heat, mental vexation, restlessness, palpitations, and Yin Jue (Cold Reversal)." Ancient sages treated simultaneous Fan and Zao, identifying some cases as Heat syndromes and others as Cold syndromes. Cases with only Fan and no Zao are mostly Heat syndromes. Only cases with palpitations and Fan belong to Deficiency-Cold syndromes. Cases with only Zao and no Fan are mostly Cold syndromes. Cases caused specifically by Fire Evil are Heat syndromes. Generally, Fan refers to vexation in the chest and heart, indicating internal heat. Zao refers to physical restlessness of the limbs, or the desire to undress and avoid clothing, or even the desire to jump into a well, indicating external heat. Internal heat has a root cause and thus mostly belongs to Heat syndromes. External heat is mostly Rootless Fire and thus belongs to Cold syndromes.
[Diagnosis] If both interior and exterior are deficient, with a cold body and sweating, slight vomiting, mental vexation, cold reversal of the hands and feet, and an inability to remain still, the prognosis is fatal. In febrile diseases lasting seven to eight days, if the pulse is faint and fine, urination is difficult, sudden dryness of the mouth occurs, the pulse shows intermission (Dai pulse), and the tongue coating is scorched, dry, and black, the prognosis is fatal.