龙骨 〔甘涩平，入心、肝、肾三经。忌铁器。火 水飞，酒煮晒干。一法用黑豆拌蒸，否则着
人肠胃，晚年作热也。〕涩精止遗滑，固肠止泄泻。崩淋带下皆宜，肠风遗尿并简。脱肛与汗不止，扑之
均效；鼻衄及耳中血，吹入尽良。〔皆取其涩以固脱也。〕
非久病虚脱者，切勿轻用。
虎骨 〔辛温，槌碎去髓，酥涂炙黄，或酒或醋随宜。〕壮筋骨而治脚膝痿弱，步履不能；
〔强悍皆在于胫，虽死而胫尤屹立不仆，取以类相从，借其气有余以补不足也。〕搜毒风而疗手足挛
急，历节走痛。〔虎金也，风木也，木受金制，故风从虎，而其骨能入骨，追风定痛。其骨通可用，
视病在某处，即用某处之骨。〕能止惊悸。
凡血不足以养筋骨痛者，宜少用。
虎肚 〔连滓秽 存性。〕主反胃吐食。
虎睛 〔羊血浸一宿，焙干捣粉用，须自获者真。〕能镇心安神。癫狂惊悸，皆用。又明目去翳障。〕
鹿角胶 〔甘咸温，入肾、肝二经。寸截水浸七日，令软，火煮七日，渐渐添水，取汁熬膏用，
捣霜用，一法浸软，刮去粗皮，锉屑置薄瓶内，牛乳浸一日，乳耗再加，油纸封口，用大麦水浸一日，
铺锅底，安瓶，四围以麦填满，入水煮一沸后，水耗渐加，待屑软如面，取出焙研成霜用。〕益气满
血，生精填髓，强筋骨，壮阳道。〔气属阳，其性补阳，故能益气。鹿与糜性俱极淫，一牡常御百牝，
肾气有余，足于精者也，故皆能补肾益精壮阳。鹿则专补命门真阳，故治阳虚阴痿精寒之神药。〕除腰脊软痛，去肢体酸疼。补血
生精填髓之功。〕经水后期须简，〔后期多属血虚。〕崩中不止宜投。〔崩中属气血两虚，有热须兼
甘寒清热酸敛药同
用。〕
鹿茸 〔形如茄子，色如玛瑙红玉者良。烙去毛，酥炙，中有小虫，切不可鼻嗅。〕功力稍佳鹿
角，〔角初生嫩者为茸，禀壮健之性，故能峻补肾家真阳之气。〕兼治齿牙动摇。〔属肾虚有热，宜
地、冬、黄柏、五味为君，沙蒺藜、鹿茸为臣，龙齿牡蛎为佐，糜茸更宜。糜鹿二角，自生
至坚，未及两月，大者至二十余斤，生长最速，此骨之至强者，故能健骨生齿，而摇动可固也。〕
鹿生角逐恶血，消肿毒。〔醋磨涂之。〕
鹿肾补肾气，强阳事。
鹿肉益脾胃，通血脉。
鹿精乃填精圣药。
鹿血为益血神丹。
鹿髓补阴强阳，润燥泽肌。
鹿山兽，属阳。夏至解角，阴生阳退之象也。糜泽兽，属阴，冬至解角，阳生阴退之象也。故鹿
之茸角补阳，右肾精气不足者宜之；麋之茸角补阴，左肾真阴不足者宜之。时珍言∶麋角益肾滋阴养血
，治阴虚劳损，筋骨腰膝酸疼，一切血液衰少为病。主用相悬，不可不辨明而用之。
鹿之茸角，上焦有痰热，胃家有火，阳盛阴虚，吐血衄血者俱忌。
犀角 〔辛甘寒，入心、胃、肝三经。凡入药，须用生犀角，黑者为胜，尖更佳。锉屑置怀中即
燥，捣粉用，入汤磨服尤佳。〕解百毒，〔胃为水谷之海，饮食药物，必先受之。犀食百草之毒，
为阳明正药，故解百毒，以之煮毒药则无毒势矣。〕定心神而镇惊悸，〔心虚有火，则神气浮越，
凉心清热，故能镇心止惊。〕除大热而止烦躁谵语，〔散邪解热，凉心清胃之功。〕破蓄血而疗身黄发
狂，吐血下血蓄血并用，鼻衄耳衄均投。〔皆取其有凉血消瘀之能。〕治中风不语，〔心热有痰，而乱其
神明，且舌为心苗，故不能言，凉心清热，消痰则愈。〕祛目昏障翳，〔目昏及生翳，皆属肝血虚而有
热，兼肾水不足，此则能入肝清热。〕散风毒而去热闷，〔辛能散风，寒能清热解毒。〕疗癫痫而理喉
痹，〔癫痫属心虚有热，喉痹属少阴君火，少阳相火炽盛，皆取其凉心清热，有效。〕发背痈疽共简，
斑疹痘疮皆收。〔皆取其散邪清热凉血解毒。〕主用虽多，不过取其入心入胃入肝，散邪清热，凉
血解毒之功耳。
非大热者勿用，妊娠多服，能消胎气。
羚羊角 〔咸寒，入肝经。外有二十四节挂痕，内有天生木胎，力抵千牛。须不拆元对，锉屑研极
细用，免刮人肠。〕治筋脉挛急，历节掣痛，〔羊为火畜，而羚则属木，故角治肝经诸病。肝主风，在人
为筋，此能平肝定风舒筋，又筋脉
挛急，燥热所致，此则又咸能入血，寒能除热。〕散产后恶血冲心烦闷。〔有祛恶血下逆气之功。
〕癫痫狂乱均收，惊邪梦魇皆宜。〔癫痫狂乱，有因惊而得者。魂者肝之神也，发病则为惊骇，
为梦魇，此能平肝安魂，故悉主之。〕定疝痛而消瘰 ，〔皆赖其入肝除热舒筋之功。〕辟邪恶而解诸
毒。〔性灵而筋骨之精在角故也。〕治目昏而退翳，〔清肝热也。〕壮筋骨而起阴，〔热则骨消筋缓
，咸寒入下焦除热，则筋骨强而阴自起。〕能除时疾瘴气寒热，〔辟邪解毒清热之功。〕可医热闷血
痢噎塞。〔治热闷者，清热安魂也，治血痢者，凉血解毒也，治噎塞者，下气除热也。〕独入厥阴，清
热平肝，定风舒筋，安魂散血下气辟邪解毒之要药。
肝经无热者勿用。
真阿胶 〔甘寒平，入肺、肝、肾三经。用乌驴皮阿井水煎成，真者色带油绿，光明脆彻，历夏
不柔，亦无臭气，但最难得。贷者皆伪，杂皮造成，质浊气秽，不堪入药。〕止诸窍出血，除四肢酸痛
，最疗偏风瘫痪，善定虚劳咳喘。〔阿胶之功专在水，以济水为天地之肝，阿井乃济水之眼，故入
肝补血。治血症风症如神。乌驴皮合北方水色，以制热生风也。味咸又能入肾益阴，且其水清而重，性速
下趋，故能定咳止喘，治瘀浊及逆上之痰，〕胎产并用，〔皆取其益阴补
血之功。〕血痢甚宜。〔久痢伤阴故也。〕
胃弱作呕吐，脾虚食不消者勿服，伪者反能滞痰不可用。
牛黄 〔甘苦凉，入心、肝二经。〕治癫痫狂乱，〔入心、肝而除热化痰，则神魂自安，〕疗惊
悸健忘，〔清心化痰之效。〕幼科堪珍。〔小儿百病，皆胎毒痰热所生，心、肝二经所发，此能清心
凉肝，除热化痰解毒故也。外科亦用，取其解毒之功。〕
性善通窍，能堕胎，孕妇勿服。
牛乳 〔甘微寒，煮一、二沸温服。〕补血益阴，〔血液所化，补之以类，功效甚捷。病后虚弱
尤宜。〕润燥除热，〔故有润大肠、泽肌肤，止消渴，解热毒之功。又云∶患热风人宜食之，甘寒滋
润故也。〕虚羸宜宝，噎膈堪珍。酥主五脏血枯火盛，大肠燥结。〔酥乃牛乳之精华，故能补五脏
之血。甘寒滋润，故宜于血热枯燥之人。〕疗一切肺病，咳嗽脓血不止。〔益阴润燥除热之功。〕
髓 〔甘温〕润肺补肾，填髓泽肌。
牛乳患冷气人忌之。与酸物相反，令人腹中 结，勿同食。泄泻者勿服，酥能利窍，骤食之使人
遗精。
黄牛肉 〔甘平，病死者有大毒，能杀人。凡六畜自死者，俱不可食。〕补脾胃有益。〔色黄通脾，
牛为土畜也。〕
霞天膏 〔煮黄牛肉汁熬膏。〕诸痰症多灵，〔人之诸病，悉由于痰。然痰之生，因脾胃虚弱，
不能运化所致，属脾胃虚者固宜，阴虚内热胶固之痰，亦须以此同贝母、花粉、竹沥之类消之。〕牛为
稼穑之资，杀之有禁，不食此者，当有实福。
羊肾 〔甘温，入肾经。〕补肾气虚，益精髓，壮阳事，止腰疼。〔取以类相从者，借其气以补
其不足，肾得补则精髓自益，而阳事强腰痛止。〕
羊肉 〔甘温，入脾、肾二经。〕壮胃健脾益肾。〔形不足者温之以气，精不足者补之以味，气温
味浓，故能益气补血，而有裨脾胃，故形气痿弱虚羸不足者宜之。〕
羊肝胆 〔俱苦寒。〕清肝明目退翳。〔以肝开窍于目，肝血少胆汁减则目昏，肝热则生翳也，目赤肿
痛皆用之。〕
羊血 〔咸平，生用。〕丹石毒发，饮之即解〔如丹砂、水银、轻粉、砒霜、硫黄诸石药毒。〕误吞蜈
蚣，灌即吐出，〔猪血亦可，不入桐油。〕
羊肉性热，天行热病，疟痢后大忌。疮家亦忌。
猪脊髓 〔甘寒〕补虚劳之脊痛，益精髓以除蒸。〔丹溪治虚损，补阴药多用和丸取其通肾命，
以髓补髓也。〕
猪心血共朱砂而镇心止惊。
猪肺同苡仁而保肺蠲咳。
猪肚主补脾。
猪肾取引导。〔不能补益。〕
猪胰能润肠祛垢。〔故治久痢，退目翳用之，多食能损阳薄肠。〕
猪脬治遗溺疝痛。
猪胆疗目赤。
猪脂通二便。
猪肠入槐花以治脏毒。
猪蹄下乳汁而洗溃疡。〔以其能消毒瓦斯。祛恶肉也。〕
猪为水畜，其肉虽寒，入胃便作湿热，热则生痰动风，无益于人。头肉、有病者食之生风
发疾，脑损，阳道临房不能行事。舌能损心、肝伤人，以临宰惊气入心，绝气归肝故也。血能破血
损阳，并不宜多食。
狗阴茎 〔咸温，打扁，酥涂炙。〕治阴痿不起，令坚强热，大补精髓，能生子。〔其气味
功用，与白马阴茎、驴阴茎相似。性专补命门真火，故能令阳道丰隆，精暖盈溢，使人生子也。〕
牡狗肉〔咸温，入脾、肾二经。反商陆。病犬及自死者不可食，黄色黑色而肥者良。〕填精壮
阳，暖腰膝而实下焦，补胃温脾，浓肠胃而益气力。〔皆温暖脾、肾之功。〕
性专助阳，阳胜则发热，动火生痰，阴虚者忌之，阳道易举者勿用。孕妇食之，令子无声。热病
后食之，杀人。道家以犬为地厌，忌食。
海狗肾 〔一名温肭脐，咸大热，酒浸炙。此物多伪，湿润如新，置睡犬旁，即惊跳起
者方真。〕固精气，壮阳道。
阴虚火动者大忌。
麝香 〔辛温，勿近鼻臭，恐白虫入脑患癞。〕通关利窍，穿筋透骨。〔芳香走窜飞扬，
内透骨节脏腑，外彻筋肉皮毛。〕杀虫，〔辛苦故杀虫。〕催生堕胎，〔开窍之功。〕消瓜果
酒积，〔果得麝则坏，酒得麝则败故也。〕敷蛇鼠蚕伤。〔性善，啖蛇故也。〕
东垣云∶搜骨髓之风，若风在肌肉者，误用之，反引风入骨。丹溪云∶五脏之风，忌用麝香，
以泄胃气，故症属虚者，概勿施用，必不得已，亦宜少用。劳祛人，及孕妇不宜佩戴。
龙骨：味甘、涩，性平，归心、肝、肾三经。忌用铁器。需火煅后水飞，或用酒煮后晒干。另一种方法是用黑豆拌蒸，否则药力会进入肠胃，导致晚年发热。能涩精止遗滑，固肠止泄泻。崩漏、淋证、带下均适宜，肠风便血及遗尿也简便有效。脱肛与汗出不止，捣碎外敷均有效；鼻出血及耳中出血，吹入药粉皆良效。（都是取其收敛固脱的作用。）如果不是久病虚脱者，切勿轻易使用。
虎骨：味辛，性温。需捶碎去髓，涂酥油炙至黄色，或用酒或醋处理均可。能强壮筋骨，治疗脚膝痿弱，行走困难；（强悍之气在于胫骨，即使老虎死了，胫骨依然屹立不倒，取同类相从之理，借其有余之气来补人体不足。）搜剔毒风，治疗手足拘挛急痛，历节游走疼痛。（虎属金，风属木，木受金制约，所以“云从龙，风从虎”，且虎骨能入骨，追风定痛。其骨全身可用，视病变在何处，就选用相应部位的骨头。）能止惊悸。凡是血液不足以滋养筋骨导致的疼痛，宜少量使用。
虎睛：用羊血浸泡一夜，焙干捣粉使用，必须是自己捕获的才正宗。能镇心安神。癫狂、惊悸均适用。又能明目去翳障。
鹿角胶：味甘、咸，性温，归肾、肝二经。切成寸段，用水浸泡七天，使其变软，用火煮七天，逐渐加水，取汁熬膏使用，或捣成霜使用。另一种方法是浸软后刮去粗皮，锉成屑放入薄瓶中，用牛乳浸泡一天，乳耗损了再加，用油纸封口，放在大麦水中浸泡一天，铺在锅底，安放瓶子，四周填满麦子，入水煮一沸后，水耗损了逐渐添加，待屑软化如面状，取出焙干研成霜使用。能益气满血，生精填髓，强筋骨，壮阳道。（气属阳，其性补阳，所以能益气。鹿与麋性情都极淫乱，一头公鹿常驾驭百头母鹿，肾气有余，精气充足，所以都能补肾益精壮阳。鹿则专门补命门真阳，所以是治疗阳虚阴痿精寒的神药。）消除腰脊软痛，去除肢体酸疼。（具有补血、生精、填髓的功效。）月经后期须慎用，（后期多属于血虚。）崩中不止适宜投用。（崩中属于气血两虚，有热须兼用甘寒清热、酸敛药物同用。）
鹿茸：形状像茄子，颜色像玛瑙红玉的为优良。烙去毛，用酥油炙，中间有小虫，切不可闻嗅。功力比鹿角稍好，（角初生嫩者为茸，禀赋壮健之性，所以能峻补肾家真阳之气。）兼治牙齿动摇。（属于肾虚有热，宜用地黄、麦冬、黄柏、五味子为君药，沙蒺藜、鹿茸为臣药，龙齿、牡蛎为佐药，麋茸更适宜。麋鹿两只角，从生长到坚硬，不到两个月，大的重达二十多斤，生长最快，这是骨中最强的，所以能健骨生齿，使动摇稳固。）鹿出生时角碰撞排出恶血，消肿毒。（用醋磨涂患处。）
鹿是山兽，属阳。夏至解角，是阴生阳退的象征。麋是泽兽，属阴，冬至解角，是阳生阴退的象征。所以鹿的茸角补阳，右肾精气不足者适宜；麋的茸角补阴，左肾真阴不足者适宜。李时珍说：麋角益肾滋阴养血，治疗阴虚劳损，筋骨腰膝酸疼，一切血液衰少引起的疾病。主用相差悬殊，不可不辨明而使用。
鹿的茸角，上焦有痰热，胃家有火，阳盛阴虚，吐血衄血者均忌用。
犀角：味辛、甘，性寒，入心、胃、肝三经。凡入药，须用生犀角，黑色的为好，尖部更佳。锉屑置于怀中即干燥，捣粉使用，入汤磨服尤其好。（能解百毒，）（胃是水谷之海，饮食药物必先受之。犀吃百草之毒，是阳明经的正药，所以解百毒，用它煮毒药则无毒势了。）定心神而镇惊悸，（心虚有火，则神气浮越，凉心清热，所以能镇心止惊。）除大热而止烦躁谵语，（散邪解热，凉心清胃之功。）破蓄血而疗身黄发狂，吐血下血蓄血并用，鼻衄耳衄均投用。（都是取其有凉血消瘀的能力。）治中风不语，（心热有痰，扰乱神明，且舌为心之苗窍，所以不能言语，凉心清热，消痰则愈。）祛目昏障翳，（目昏及生翳，都属于肝血虚而有热，兼肾水不足，此药能入肝清热。）散风毒而去热闷，（辛能散风，寒能清热解毒。）疗癫痫而理喉痹，（癫痫属于心虚有热，喉痹属于少阴君火、少阳相火炽盛，都取其凉心清热，有效。）发背痈疽共选，斑疹痘疮皆收。（都取其散邪清热凉血解毒之功。）主用虽多，不过是取其入心、入胃、入肝，散邪清热，凉血解毒的功效罢了。
羚羊角：味咸，性寒，入肝经。外有二十四节挂痕，内有天生木胎，力量抵得上一千头牛。须不拆元对，锉屑研极细使用，以免刮伤人的肠道。治疗筋脉挛急，历节掣痛，（羊为火畜，而羚则属木，所以角治疗肝经诸病。肝主风，在人表现为筋，此药能平肝定风舒筋，又筋脉挛急由燥热所致，此药又咸能入血，寒能除热。）散产后恶血冲心烦闷。（有祛恶血下逆气之功。）癫痫狂乱均收，惊邪梦魇皆宜。（癫痫狂乱，有因惊而得的。魂是肝之神，发病则为惊骇，为梦魇，此药能平肝安魂，所以全主治。）定疝痛而消瘰疬，（都赖其入肝除热舒筋之功。）辟邪恶而解诸毒。（性灵而筋骨之精在角故也。）治目昏而退翳，（清肝热也。）壮筋骨而起阴，（热则骨消筋缓，咸寒入下焦除热，则筋骨强而阴自起。）能除时疾瘴气寒热，（辟邪解毒清热之功。）可医热闷血痢噎塞。（治热闷者，清热安魂也，治血痢者，凉血解毒也，治噎塞者，下气除热也。）独入厥阴，是清热平肝，定风舒筋，安魂散血下气辟邪解毒的要药。
肝经无热者勿用。
真阿胶：味甘，性寒平，入肺、肝、肾三经。用乌驴皮和阿井水煎成，真的颜色带油绿，光明脆彻，经历夏天不柔，也没有臭气，但最难得。借贷来的都是假的，杂皮造成，质地浑浊气味秽恶，不堪入药。（能止诸窍出血，除四肢酸痛，最疗偏风瘫痪，善定虚劳咳喘。）（阿胶的功效专在水，以济水为天地之肝，阿井乃济水之眼，所以入肝补血。治疗血症风症如神。乌驴皮合北方水色，以制热生风也。味咸又能入肾益阴，且其水清而重，性速下趋，所以能定咳止喘，治疗瘀浊及逆上之痰，）胎产并用，（都是取其益阴补血之功。）血痢甚宜。（久痢伤阴故也。）
牛黄：味甘、苦，性凉，入心、肝二经。治疗癫痫狂乱，（入心、肝而除热化痰，则神魂自安，）治疗惊悸健忘，（清心化痰之效。）儿科珍贵。（小儿百病，皆胎毒痰热所生，心、肝二经所发，此药能清心凉肝，除热化痰解毒故也。外科亦用，取其解毒之功。）
牛乳：味甘，微寒，煮一至二沸温服。补血益阴，（血液所化，补之以类，功效甚捷。病后虚弱尤宜。）润燥除热，（所以有润大肠、泽肌肤，止消渴，解热毒之功。又说：患热风人宜食之，甘寒滋润故也。）虚羸宜宝，噎膈堪珍。酥主治五脏血枯火盛，大肠燥结。（酥乃牛乳之精华，所以能补五脏之血。甘寒滋润，所以宜于血热枯燥之人。）治疗一切肺病，咳嗽脓血不止。（益阴润燥除热之功。）
牛乳患冷气人忌之。与酸物相反，令人腹中结块，勿同食。泄泻者勿服，酥能利窍，骤食之使人遗精。
黄牛肉：味甘，性平，病死者有大毒，能杀人。凡六畜自死者，俱不可食。补脾胃有益。（色黄通脾，牛为土畜也。）
霞天膏：煮黄牛肉汁熬膏。各种痰症多灵验，（人之诸病，悉由于痰。然而痰的产生，因脾胃虚弱，不能运化所致，属于脾胃虚者固然适宜，阴虚内热胶固之痰，也必须以此同贝母、花粉、竹沥之类消之。）牛是稼穑之资，杀之有禁，不吃此者，当有实福。
羊肾：味甘，性温，入肾经。补肾气虚，益精髓，壮阳事，止腰疼。（取以类相从者，借其气以补其不足，肾得补则精髓自益，而阳事强腰痛止。）
羊肉：味甘，性温，入脾、肾二经。壮胃健脾益肾。（形不足者温之以气，精不足者补之以味，气温味浓，所以能益气补血，而有裨脾胃，所以形气痿弱虚羸不足者适宜。）
羊肝胆：都味苦，性寒。清肝明目退翳。（以肝开窍于目，肝血少胆汁减则目昏，肝热则生翳也，目赤肿痛皆用之。）
羊血：味咸，性平，生用。丹石毒发，饮之即解（如丹砂、水银、轻粉、砒霜、硫黄诸石药毒。）误吞蜈蚣，灌即吐出，（猪血亦可，不入桐油。）
猪脊髓：味甘，性寒。补虚劳之脊痛，益精髓以除蒸。（丹溪治虚损，补阴药多用和丸取其通肾命，以髓补髓也。）
猪胰能润肠祛垢。（所以治久痢，退目翳用之，多食能损阳薄肠。）
猪为水畜，其肉虽寒，入胃便作湿热，热则生痰动风，无益于人。头肉、有病者食之生风发疾，脑损，阳道临房不能行事。舌能损心、肝伤人，以临宰惊气入心，绝气归肝故也。血能破血损阳，并不宜多食。
狗阴茎：味咸，性温，打扁，涂酥油炙。治疗阴痿不起，令坚强热，大补精髓，能生子。（其气味功用，与白马阴茎、驴阴茎相似。性专补命门真火，所以能令阳道丰隆，精暖盈溢，使人生子也。）
牡狗肉：味咸，性温，入脾、肾二经。反商陆。病犬及自死者不可食，黄色黑色而肥者良。填精壮阳，暖腰膝而实下焦，补胃温脾，浓肠胃而益气力。（都是温暖脾、肾之功。）
性专助阳，阳胜则发热，动火生痰，阴虚者忌之，阳道易举者勿用。孕妇食之，令子无声。热病后食之，杀人。道家以犬为地厌，忌食。
海狗肾：一名温肭脐，味咸，性大热，酒浸炙。此物多伪，湿润如新，置睡犬旁，即惊跳起者方真。固精气，壮阳道。
阴虚火动者大忌。
麝香：味辛，性温，勿近鼻臭，恐白虫入脑患癞。通关利窍，穿筋透骨。（芳香走窜飞扬，内透骨节脏腑，外彻筋肉皮毛。）杀虫，（辛苦故杀虫。）催生堕胎，（开窍之功。）消瓜果酒积，（果得麝则坏，酒得麝则败故也。）敷蛇鼠蚕伤。（性善，啖蛇故也。）
李东垣说：搜骨髓之风，若风在肌肉者，误用之，反引风入骨。朱丹溪说：五脏之风，忌用麝香，以泄胃气，所以症状属虚者，概勿施用，必不得已，也宜少用。劳祛人，及孕妇不宜佩戴。
Longgu (Fossil Bone): Sweet, astringent, neutral in nature; enters the Heart, Liver, and Kidney meridians. Avoid iron vessels. Calcine with fire, wet-grind with water, or decoct with wine and sun-dry. Another method is to steam with black soybeans; otherwise, it may enter the intestines and stomach, causing heat in late life. It astringes essence, stops seminal emission and sliding discharge, consolidates the intestines, and stops diarrhea. Suitable for metrorrhagia, strangury, and leukorrhea; simple and effective for intestinal wind bleeding and enuresis. Crushed and applied externally, it is effective for rectal prolapse and incessant sweating. Blown into the nose or ears, it is excellent for epistaxis and otorrhagia. (All utilize its astringent property to consolidate collapse.) Do not use lightly unless for chronic deficiency collapse.
Hugu (Tiger Bone): Pungent, warm. Pound to crush, remove marrow, coat with butter, roast until yellow, or process with wine or vinegar as appropriate. Strengthens sinews and bones, treating flaccidity and weakness of the legs and knees, inability to walk; (The strength lies in the tibia; even after death, the tibia stands firm without falling. Taking the principle of similarity, borrow its surplus energy to supplement insufficiency.) Expels toxic wind, treats spasms and cramps of hands and feet, and wandering pain in joints. (Tiger belongs to Metal, Wind belongs to Wood; Wood is controlled by Metal, hence "wind follows the tiger." Its bone can penetrate bones, chasing wind and relieving pain. The whole bone can be used; select the bone corresponding to the diseased area.) Stops palpitations and fright. For pain due to blood insufficient to nourish sinews and bones, use sparingly.
Hudu (Tiger Stomach): Retain impurities, preserve nature. Mainly treats regurgitation and vomiting.
Hu Jing (Tiger Eye): Soak in sheep blood overnight, dry by roasting, pound into powder; must be from self-caught tigers to be authentic. Calms the heart and soothes the spirit. Used for mania, epilepsy, palpitations, and fright. Also brightens eyes and removes nebulae.
Lujiao Jiao (Deer Antler Glue): Sweet, salty, warm; enters the Kidney and Liver meridians. Cut into inch-length pieces, soak in water for seven days until soft, boil over fire for seven days, gradually adding water, extract juice, and simmer into glue, or pound into powder. Another method: soften, scrape off rough skin, cut into shavings, place in a thin bottle, soak in cow's milk for one day, replenish milk as consumed, seal with oil paper, soak in barley water for one day, place on the pot bottom surrounded by barley, boil for one cycle, gradually add water as consumed, until shavings soften like dough, take out, roast, and grind into powder. Benefits Qi, fills Blood, generates essence, fills marrow, strengthens sinews and bones, and boosts Yang. (Qi belongs to Yang, its nature tonifies Yang, thus benefiting Qi. Deer and elk have extremely lustful natures; one male often mates with many females, indicating surplus Kidney Qi and sufficient essence, thus both can tonify Kidney, benefit essence, and boost Yang. Deer specifically tonifies the True Yang of the Gate of Vitality, making it a divine medicine for Yang deficiency, impotence, and cold essence.) Eliminates soreness and pain in the lower back and spine, removes acid-aching limbs. (Functions include nourishing Blood, generating essence, and filling marrow.) Use cautiously for delayed menstruation, (often due to Blood deficiency.) Suitable for metrorrhagia that does not stop. (Metrorrhagia belongs to Qi and Blood deficiency; if there is heat, combine with sweet-cold clearing and astringent herbs.)
Lurong (Deer Antler Velvet): Shape like an eggplant, color like agate red jade is superior. Roast to remove hair, process with butter; contains small insects, do not sniff. Slightly more potent than deer antler. (Antlers born tender are velvet, possessing vigorous nature, thus able to vigorously tonify the True Yang of the Kidney.) Also treats loose teeth. (Due to Kidney deficiency with heat, use Rehmanniae Radix, Ophiopogonis Tuber, Phellodendri Cortex, Schisandrae Fructus as sovereigns, Tribuli Fructus and Lurong as ministers, Dragon Tooth and Ostrea Concha as auxiliaries; Elk velvet is even better. Elk antlers grow from birth to hardness in less than two months, weighing up to twenty jin, growing fastest, being the strongest bone, thus strengthening bones, generating teeth, and stabilizing looseness.) When deer fawns rub horns to expel bad blood, it reduces swelling and toxicity. (Grind with vinegar and apply.)
Lushen (Deer Kidney): Tonifies Kidney Qi, strengthens sexual function.
Lourou (Deer Meat): Benefits Spleen and Stomach, unblocks blood vessels.
Lujing (Deer Essence): A sacred medicine for filling essence.
Luxue (Deer Blood): A divine elixir for benefiting blood.
Lusui (Deer Marrow): Nourishes Yin, strengthens Yang, moistens dryness, and benefits skin.
Deer are mountain animals, belonging to Yang. They shed antlers at Summer Solstice, symbolizing the generation of Yin and retreat of Yang. Elk are swamp animals, belonging to Yin; they shed antlers at Winter Solstice, symbolizing the generation of Yang and retreat of Yin. Thus, deer antler/velvet tonifies Yang, suitable for those with insufficient essence and Qi of the right Kidney; elk antler/velvet tonifies Yin, suitable for those with insufficient True Yin of the left Kidney. Li Shizhen stated: Elk antler benefits the Kidney, nourishes Yin, enriches blood, treats Yin-deficiency consumptive disease, soreness and pain of sinews, bones, waist, and knees, and all diseases caused by blood deficiency. Their main uses differ significantly; one must distinguish clearly before use.
Deer antler/velvet is contraindicated for those with phlegm-heat in the upper Jiao, fire in the Stomach, excess Yang with deficient Yin, hematemesis, and epistaxis.
Xijiao (Rhinoceros Horn): Pungent, sweet, cold; enters the Heart, Stomach, and Liver meridians. For medicinal use, raw rhino horn is required; black is superior, tip is best. Cut into shavings, keep in bosom to dry, pound into powder; grinding into soup for服用 is especially good. Resolves hundred toxins. (The Stomach is the sea of water and grain; food and drugs first enter here. Rhino eats poisonous plants, acting as a principal herb for the Yangming meridian, thus resolving hundred toxins; boiling poisonous drugs with it neutralizes their toxicity.) Calms the spirit and stops palpitations and fright. (Heart deficiency with fire causes floating spirit; cooling the Heart and clearing heat calms the heart and stops fright.) Removes high fever and stops irritability and delirium. (Disperses pathogens, resolves heat, cools Heart, clears Stomach.) Breaks stasis and treats body jaundice and madness; used for hematemesis, hematochezia, blood stasis, epistaxis, and otorrhagia. (Utilizes its ability to cool blood and resolve stasis.) Treats stroke with aphasia. (Heart heat with phlegm disturbs the spirit; tongue is the sprout of the Heart, hence inability to speak; cooling Heart, clearing heat, and resolving phlegm leads to recovery.) Dispels eye dimness and nebulae. (Eye dimness and nebulae belong to Liver blood deficiency with heat and insufficient Kidney water; this herb enters the Liver to clear heat.) Disperses wind toxin and relieves heat oppression. (Pungent disperses wind, cold clears heat and detoxifies.) Treats epilepsy and relieves throat obstruction. (Epilepsy belongs to Heart deficiency with heat; throat obstruction belongs to flourishing Shaoyin Ministerial Fire and Shaoyang Ministerial Fire; utilizing its cooling and clearing properties is effective.) Selected for carbuncles on the back, rashes, and smallpox. (Utilizes dispersing pathogens, clearing heat, cooling blood, and detoxifying functions.) Although widely used, it mainly relies on entering the Heart, Stomach, and Liver to disperse pathogens, clear heat, cool blood, and detoxify.
Do not use unless for high fever. Excessive use during pregnancy can abort the fetus.
Lingyangjiao (Saiga Antelope Horn): Salty, cold; enters the Liver meridian. Has 24 segments with hanging marks externally, natural wood core internally, strength equivalent to a thousand oxen. Must not be split, cut into shavings, ground extremely fine to avoid scraping intestines. Treats sinew and vessel spasms, joint pulling pain. (Sheep is a Fire animal, but Saiga belongs to Wood, so the horn treats Liver meridian diseases. Liver governs wind and manifests as sinews in humans; this herb pacifies Liver, settles wind, relaxes sinews. Sinew spasms are caused by dryness and heat; salty enters blood, cold removes heat.) Disperses postpartum bad blood rushing causing heart vexation and stuffiness. (Has effect of removing bad blood and directing rebellious Qi downward.) Selected for epilepsy and mania, suitable for fright evil and night terrors. (Epilepsy and mania can result from fright. Soul is the spirit of the Liver; disease manifests as fright and night terrors; this herb pacifies Liver and calms soul, thus governing all.) Settles hernia pain and eliminates scrofula. (Relies on entering Liver, removing heat, relaxing sinews.) Ward off evil and resolve various toxins. (Spiritual nature, essence of sinews and bones resides in the horn.) Treats eye dimness and reduces nebulae. (Clears Liver heat.) Strengthens sinews and bones, restores sexual function. (Heat consumes bones and relaxes sinews; salty-cold enters Lower Jiao to remove heat, strengthening sinews and bones, thus restoring sexual function.) Can remove epidemic miasma and alternating chills and fever. (Warding off evil, detoxifying, clearing heat.) Can treat heat oppression, bloody dysentery, and dysphagia. (Treating heat oppression clears heat and calms soul; treating bloody dysentery cools blood and detoxifies; treating dysphagia directs Qi downward and removes heat.) Enters only the Jueyin meridian; it is a key herb for clearing heat, pacifying Liver, settling wind, relaxing sinews, calming soul, dispersing blood, directing Qi downward, warding off evil, detoxifying.
Do not use if Liver meridian has no heat.
Ejiao (Donkey-hide Gelatin): Sweet, cold-neutral; enters Lung, Liver, and Kidney meridians. Made from black donkey hide and Ajing well water; authentic ones are oily green, bright, crisp, transparent, not soft in summer, odorless, but hardest to obtain. Loaned ones are fake, made of mixed hides, turbid quality, foul smell, unfit for medicine. Stops bleeding from all orifices, removes limb soreness and pain, best for treating hemiplegia due to wind, excellently stabilizes deficiency consumption cough and asthma. (Ejiao's power lies in water; Ji River is Heaven and Earth's Liver, Ajing is the eye of Ji River, thus enters Liver to nourish Blood. Miraculous for blood and wind disorders. Black donkey hide combines with Northern Water color to control heat generating wind. Salty taste enters Kidney to benefit Yin; water is clear and heavy, nature fast-descending, thus stops cough and asthma, treats turbid stasis and rebellious phlegm.) Used for pregnancy and childbirth. (Utilizes nourishing Yin and benefiting Blood.) Very suitable for bloody dysentery. (Chronic dysentery injures Yin.)
Do not take if weak Stomach causes vomiting or weak Spleen causes indigestion; fake ones retain phlegm and are unusable.
Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis): Sweet, bitter, cool; enters Heart and Liver meridians. Treats epilepsy and mania. (Enters Heart and Liver to remove heat and transform phlegm, then spirit and soul settle.) Treats palpitations and forgetfulness. (Effect of clearing Heart and transforming phlegm.) Precious in pediatrics. (Children's hundred diseases arise from fetal toxin, phlegm, and heat, manifesting in Heart and Liver meridians; this herb clears Heart, cools Liver, removes heat, transforms phlegm, and detoxifies.) Also used in surgery for its detoxifying effect.
Nature is good at opening orifices, can abort fetus, pregnant women should not take.
Niu Nai (Cow Milk): Sweet, slightly cold, boil one or two boils, take warm. Benefits Blood and nourishes Yin. (Transformed from blood, supplemented by similarity, effect is very swift. Especially suitable for post-illness weakness.) Moistens dryness and removes heat. (Thus moistens large intestine, benefits skin, stops thirst, resolves heat toxin. Also said: suitable for those with wind-heat, due to sweet-cold nourishing nature.) Treasure for emaciation, precious for dysphagia. Su (Ghee) mainly treats dried blood and flourishing fire in five Zang organs, dry constipation of large intestine. (Su is the essence of cow milk, thus supplements blood of five Zang organs. Sweet-cold and nourishing, suitable for those with blood-heat and dryness.) Treats all lung diseases, continuous cough with pus and blood. (Benefiting Yin, moistening dryness, removing heat.)
Sui (Marrow): Sweet, warm. Moistens Lung, tonifies Kidney, fills marrow, benefits skin.
Cow milk is contraindicated for those with cold qi. Opposite to sour foods, causing abdominal knots, do not eat together. Do not take if diarrhea; Su opens orifices, sudden eating causes nocturnal emission.
Huang Niurou (Yellow Beef): Sweet, neutral. Dead from illness has great toxicity, can kill. All six domestic animals dying naturally are inedible. Beneficial for tonifying Spleen and Stomach. (Yellow color connects to Spleen, Ox is Earth animal.)
Xiatiangao (Cloud Sky Paste): Boil yellow beef juice into paste. Effective for most phlegm disorders. (Human diseases all stem from phlegm. However, phlegm arises from Spleen-Stomach weakness failing to transport and transform; suitable for Spleen-Stomach deficiency. Phlegm congealed due to Yin deficiency with internal heat also requires dissolving with this combined with Fritillariae Bulbus, Trichosanthis Radix, Bamboo Juice.) Ox is resource for agriculture, killing is prohibited; those who do not eat this will have true fortune.
Yangshen (Sheep Kidney): Sweet, warm; enters Kidney meridian. Tonifies Kidney Qi deficiency, benefits essence and marrow, strengthens sexual function, stops lower back pain. (Taking similarity, borrowing Qi to supplement insufficiency; Kidney supplemented then essence and marrow benefit, sexual function strengthens, back pain stops.)
Yangrou (Sheep Meat): Sweet, warm; enters Spleen and Kidney meridians. Strengthens Stomach, benefits Spleen, tonifies Kidney. (For form insufficiency, warm with Qi; for essence insufficiency, supplement with flavor. Warm nature, rich flavor, thus benefits Qi and Blood, aids Spleen-Stomach, suitable for those with weak form and Qi, emaciation, and insufficiency.)
Yang Ganyu (Sheep Liver and Gallbladder): Both bitter, cold. Clears Liver, brightens eyes, reduces nebulae. (Liver opens to eyes; less Liver blood and bile cause dim vision; Liver heat causes nebulae; used for red, swollen, painful eyes.)
Yangxue (Sheep Blood): Salty, neutral, raw. Resolves Danstone toxicity upon drinking. (Such as Cinnabar, Mercury, Calomel, Arsenic Trioxide, Sulfur mineral drug toxins.) If centipede swallowed by mistake,灌 induces vomiting. (Pig blood also works, do not mix with tung oil.)
Sheep meat is hot-natured, strictly contraindicated after epidemic heat diseases, malaria, and dysentery. Also contraindicated for those with sores.
Zhujingsui (Pig Spinal Marrow): Sweet, cold. Supplements spinal pain from deficiency consumption, benefits essence and marrow to remove steaming bone disorder. (Danzhi treated deficiency consumption, using Yin-nourishing medicines mostly in pills to connect Kidney and Gate of Vitality, supplementing marrow with marrow.)
Zhuxinxue (Pig Heart Blood) combined with Zhusha (Cinnabar) calms Heart and stops fright.
Zhufei (Pig Lung) with Yiren (Coix Seed) protects Lung and dispels cough.
Zhudu (Pig Stomach) mainly tonifies Spleen.
Zhushen (Pig Kidney) serves as guide. (Cannot tonify.)
Zhangyi (Pig Pancreas) can moisten intestines and remove dirt. (Thus used for chronic dysentery, reducing eye nebulae; excessive eating damages Yang and thins intestines.)
Zhupao (Pig Bladder) treats enuresis and hernia pain.
Zhudan (Pig Gallbladder) treats red eyes.
Zhuzhi (Pig Fat) unblocks urination and defecation.
Zhuchang (Pig Intestine) with Huaihua (Sophora Flower) treats viscus toxin.
Zhutizi (Pig Trotters) promotes lactation and washes ulcers. (Because it can disinfect and remove bad flesh.)
Pig is a Water animal; though its meat is cold, it turns to damp-heat in Stomach; heat generates phlegm and moves wind, offering no benefit to humans. Head meat: eating when ill generates wind and triggers disease. Brain: damages, sexual dysfunction during intercourse. Tongue: damages Heart and Liver, harming people, because slaughter shock Qi enters Heart, dying Qi returns to Liver. Blood: breaks blood, damages Yang, not suitable for excessive eating.
Gou Yinxing (Dog Penis): Salty, warm, flattened, coated with butter, roasted. Treats impotence, makes strong and hot, greatly supplements essence and marrow, enables procreation. (Its aroma and function are similar to White Horse Penis and Donkey Penis. Nature specifically tonifies True Fire of Gate of Vitality, thus making sexual organ robust, sperm warm and overflowing, enabling procreation.)
Mougou Rou (Male Dog Meat): Salty, warm; enters Spleen and Kidney meridians. Contrary to Scrophulariae Radix. Sick dogs and naturally dead ones are inedible; yellow/black and fat ones are good. Fills essence, strengthens Yang, warms waist and knees, solidifies Lower Jiao, tonifies Stomach, warms Spleen, thickens intestines and stomach, benefits Qi and strength. (All effects of warming Spleen and Kidney.)
Nature specifically assists Yang; excess Yang causes fever, moving fire generates phlegm, contraindicated for Yin deficiency, do not use if prone to erections. Pregnant women eating it results in silent child. Eating after heat disease kills. Daoists consider dog earth-abhorrent, forbid eating.
Haigoushen (Sea Dog Kidney): Also known as Wenaqi, salty, extremely hot, soaked in wine, roasted. Many fakes; if moist like new, placed next to sleeping dog and jumps up in fright, then it is real. Consolidates essence and Qi, strengthens Yang.
Strictly contraindicated for Yin deficiency with fire hyperactivity.
Shexiang (Musk): Pungent, warm, do not let near nose to smell, fear white worms entering brain causing leprosy. Opens passages, benefits orifices, penetrates sinews and bones. (Aromatic, penetrating and flying, internally penetrating bone joints and viscera, externally penetrating muscles, skin, and hair.) Kills parasites. (Pungent and bitter thus kills parasites.) Induces labor, aborts fetus. (Opening orifice function.) Dissolves fruit, melon, and alcohol accumulation. (Fruit spoils with musk, wine fails with musk.) Apply to snake, rat, and silkworm bites. (Kind nature, eats snakes.)
Li Dongyuan said: Searches wind in bone marrow; if wind is in muscles, misuse draws wind into bones. Zhu Danxi said: Wind in five Zang organs, contraindicate Musk, as it drains Stomach Qi. Thus, for deficiency syndromes, generally do not use; if necessary, use sparingly. People with consumption and pregnant women should not wear it.