山根之上有青筋直现者，乃肝热也。柴胡、半夏各三分，白芍、茯苓各一钱，当归、白
术各五分，山楂肉二粒，甘草一分，水煎服。
山根之上有青筋横现者，亦肝热也。但直者风上行，横者风下行，亦用前方多加柴胡二
分，加麦芽一钱，干姜一分。
有红筋直现者，乃心热也。亦用前方加黄连一分，麦冬五分，桑白皮三分，天花粉二分
，去半夏不用。
有红筋斜现者，亦心热也。亦用前方加黄连二分，去半夏不用。盖热极于胞中也。或加
桑白皮、天花粉。
黄筋现于山根或皮色黄者，不论横直，总皆脾胃之症。或水泻，或上吐，或下泻，或腹
痛，或不思饮食。今定一方皆可服之，无不神效。白术、茯苓各五分，陈皮、党参、麦芽各
二分，神曲、甘草各一分，水一钟煎半酒盏，分二次服。有痰加半夏一分，或白芥子三分，
或花粉三分；有热若口渴者加麦冬三分，黄芩一分；有寒者加干姜一分。吐者加白豆蔻一粒
，泻者加猪苓五分。腹痛如小儿自家捧腹是，须用手按之，大叫呼痛者，乃食积也，加大黄
三分，枳实一分，如按之不痛，不呼号者，乃寒也，再加干姜三分。如身发热者，此方不可
用。
内有五脏，心肝脾肺肾也。五脏不可望，惟望五脏之苗与窍。
舌乃心之苗。红紫心热也，肿黑心火极也，淡白虚也。
鼻准与牙床乃脾之窍。鼻红燥脾热也，惨黄脾败也。牙床红肿热也，破烂胃火也。
唇乃脾之窍，红紫热也，淡白虚也，黑者脾将绝也，口右扯肝风也，左扯脾之痰也。
鼻孔肺之窍，干燥热也，流清涕寒也。
耳与齿乃肾之窍。耳鸣气不和也，耳流脓肾热也，齿如黄豆，肾气绝也。
目乃肝之窍。勇视而睛转者风了，直视而睛不转者肝气将绝也。
以目分言之，又属五脏之窍。黑珠属肝，纯见黄色凶证也。白珠属肺，色青肝风伤肺也
，淡黄色脾有积滞也，老黄色乃肺受湿也。瞳仁属肾，无光彩又兼发黄，肾气虚也。目外角
属大肠，破烂肺有风也。目内角属小肠，破烂心有热也。上胞属脾，肿则脾伤也。下胞属胃
，青色胃有风也。睡而露睛者，脾胃虚极也。
小便短黄涩痛心热也，清长而利心虚也。
唇红而吐胃热也，唇惨白而吐胃虚也，唇色平常而吐作伤胃论。
大肠闭结，肺有火也，肺无热而便秘血枯也，不可攻下。脱肛肺虚也。
口苦胆火也，闻声作惊肝虚也。
又面有五色。面红病在心有热，面青病在肝多腹痛，面黄病在脾伤，面白病在肺中寒，
面黑病在肾，黑而无润色，肾气败也。望其色若异于平日，而苗窍之色与面色相符，则脏腑
虚实，无有不验者矣。
山根（鼻根部）上方有青色筋脉直现的，是肝热证。用柴胡、半夏各三分，白芍、茯苓各一钱，当归、白术各五分，山楂肉二粒，甘草一分，加水煎服。
山根上方有青色筋脉横现的，也是肝热证。但直行的表示风邪上行，横行的表示风邪下行，也使用前方，多加柴胡二分，加麦芽一钱，干姜一分。
有红色筋脉直现的，是心热证。也使用前方，加黄连一分，麦冬五分，桑白皮三分，天花粉二分，去掉半夏不用。
有红色筋脉斜现的，也是心热证。也使用前方，加黄连二分，去掉半夏不用。这是因为热邪极盛于胞中（此处指心包或心脏区域）。或者加桑白皮、天花粉。
黄色筋脉现于山根，或皮肤颜色发黄，不论筋脉是横现还是直现，总归是脾胃病症。可能表现为水样腹泻，或上吐，或下泻，或腹痛，或不想饮食。现在定一方剂皆可服用，无不神效。白术、茯苓各五分，陈皮、党参、麦芽各二分，神曲、甘草各一分，用水一钟煎至半酒盏量，分两次服用。有痰湿加半夏一分，或白芥子三分，或天花粉三分；有热且口渴者加麦冬三分，黄芩一分；有寒者加干姜一分。呕吐者加白豆蔻一粒，腹泻者加猪苓五分。腹痛如果像小儿自己捧着肚子那样，必须用手按压，大叫喊痛的，是食积证，加大黄三分，枳实一分；如果按压不痛，也不呼叫的，是寒证，再加干姜三分。如果身体发热，此方不可用。
体内有五脏，即心、肝、脾、肺、肾。五脏不能直接望诊，只能观察五脏的外候（苗）和孔窍（窍）。
舌是心的外候。舌色红紫是心热，肿胀发黑是心火极盛，淡白色是虚证。
鼻准头与牙床是脾的孔窍。鼻子红燥是脾热，面色惨黄是脾败。牙床红肿是热证，破烂是胃火证。
嘴唇是脾的孔窍，红紫色是热证，淡白色是虚证，黑色是脾将绝之象，口角向右歪斜是肝风，向左歪斜是脾痰。
耳朵与牙齿是肾的孔窍。耳鸣是气机不和，耳流脓是肾热，牙齿松动如黄豆大是肾气绝。
眼睛是肝的孔窍。目光勇猛且眼球转动的是风证已解，直视且眼球不转的是肝气将绝。
从眼睛细分来看，又属于五脏的孔窍。黑珠属肝，纯见黄色是凶证。白珠属肺，色青是肝风伤肺，淡黄色是脾有积滞，老黄色是肺受湿邪。瞳仁属肾，无光彩又兼发黄，是肾气虚。目外角属大肠，破烂是肺有风邪。目内角属小肠，破烂是心有热邪。上眼睑属脾，肿胀则是脾伤。下眼睑属胃，青色是胃有风邪。睡觉时眼睛露出的是脾胃极度虚弱。
唇红且呕吐是胃热，唇惨白且呕吐是胃虚，唇色平常而呕吐按伤胃论治。
大肠闭结不通，是肺有火，若肺无热而便秘则是血枯，不可攻下。脱肛是肺虚。
另外面部有五色。面红病在心且有热，面青病在肝多腹痛，面黄病在脾受伤，面白病在肺中有寒，面黑病在肾，黑而无润泽之色，是肾气败坏。观察面色若异于平日，且外候孔窍的颜色与面色相符，那么脏腑的虚实，没有不准确的了。
Where green veins appear straight above the Shan Gen (root of the nose), it indicates Liver Heat. Use Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) each 3 fen, Bai Shao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) and Fu Ling (Poria) each 1 qian, Dang Gui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) and Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) each 5 fen, Shan Zha Rou (Crataegi Fructus flesh) 2 grains, Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 1 fen. Decoct in water and take orally.
Where green veins appear horizontally above the Shan Gen, it is also Liver Heat. However, straight appearance indicates Wind pathogen moving upward, while horizontal appearance indicates Wind pathogen moving downward. Use the same prescription as above, adding Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) 2 fen, Mai Ya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus) 1 qian, and Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) 1 fen.
Where red veins appear straight, it indicates Heart Heat. Use the same prescription as above, adding Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 1 fen, Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) 5 fen, Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex) 3 fen, and Tian Hua Fen (Trichosanthis Radix) 2 fen. Remove Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) and do not use it.
Where red veins appear obliquely, it is also Heart Heat. Use the same prescription as above, adding Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 2 fen. Remove Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) and do not use it. This is because heat is extreme in the Bao Zhong (pericardium/heart region). Alternatively, add Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex) and Tian Hua Fen (Trichosanthis Radix).
If yellow veins appear at the Shan Gen or the skin color is yellow, regardless of whether the veins are horizontal or straight, it is always a Spleen-Stomach disorder. Symptoms may include watery diarrhea, vomiting, loose stools, abdominal pain, or loss of appetite. A single formula is prescribed here that can be taken for all such cases with miraculous effect. Use Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) and Fu Ling (Poria) each 5 fen, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix), and Mai Ya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus) each 2 fen, Shen Qu (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) each 1 fen. Decoct in one zhong of water until half a jiu zhan remains. Divide into two doses. If there is phlegm, add Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) 1 fen, or Bai Jie Zi (Sinapis Semen) 3 fen, or Hua Fen (Trichosanthis Radix) 3 fen; if there is heat with thirst, add Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) 3 fen and Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) 1 fen; if there is cold, add Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) 1 fen. For vomiting, add Bai Dou Kou (Amomi Fructus Rotundus) 1 grain; for diarrhea, add Zhu Ling (Polyporus) 5 fen. If abdominal pain occurs where the child holds their abdomen, and cries out in pain upon pressure, it is Food Stagnation; add Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) 3 fen and Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) 1 fen. If pressing causes no pain and no crying, it is Cold; add Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) 3 fen more. If the body has fever, this formula must not be used.
The interior contains the Five Zang Organs: Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, and Kidney. The Zang organs themselves cannot be observed directly by inspection; only their external manifestations (Miao) and orifices (Qiao) can be inspected.
The tongue is the Miao (external manifestation) of the Heart. Red and purple indicate Heart Heat; swollen and black indicate extreme Heart Fire; pale and white indicate Deficiency.
The tip of the nose and the gums are the Qiao (orifices) of the Spleen. Red and dry nose indicates Spleen Heat; sallow yellow complexion indicates Spleen failure. Red and swollen gums indicate Heat; ulcerated gums indicate Stomach Fire.
The lips are the Qiao (orifices) of the Spleen. Red and purple indicate Heat; pale and white indicate Deficiency; black indicates impending Spleen collapse. Deviation of the mouth to the right indicates Liver Wind; deviation to the left indicates Spleen Phlegm.
The nostrils are the Qiao (orifices) of the Lung. Dryness indicates Heat; clear nasal discharge indicates Cold.
The ears and teeth are the Qiao (orifices) of the Kidney. Tinnitus indicates Qi disharmony; purulent ear discharge indicates Kidney Heat; teeth loosening like soybeans indicates exhaustion of Kidney Qi.
The eyes are the Qiao (orifices) of the Liver. Vigorous gaze with rotating eyeballs indicates Wind has resolved; fixed gaze with non-rotating eyeballs indicates impending exhaustion of Liver Qi.
Speaking specifically about the eyes, they also belong to the orifices of the Five Zang Organs. The black part (iris/pupil area) belongs to the Liver; pure yellow is an ominous sign. The white part (sclera) belongs to the Lung; blue-green color indicates Liver Wind injuring the Lung; pale yellow indicates Spleen stagnation; old yellow indicates Lung dampness. The pupil belongs to the Kidney; lackluster and yellowish indicates Kidney Qi Deficiency. The outer canthus belongs to the Large Intestine; ulceration indicates Lung Wind. The inner canthus belongs to the Small Intestine; ulceration indicates Heart Heat. The upper eyelid belongs to the Spleen; swelling indicates Spleen injury. The lower eyelid belongs to the Stomach; bluish color indicates Stomach Wind. Sleeping with eyes partially open indicates extreme Spleen-Stomach Deficiency.
Short, yellow, and painful urination indicates Heart Heat; clear, long, and free urination indicates Heart Deficiency.
Red lips with vomiting indicate Stomach Heat; sallow white lips with vomiting indicate Stomach Deficiency; normal lip color with vomiting is treated as Stomach Injury.
Large intestine constipation indicates Lung Fire; if the Lung has no heat but constipation exists due to blood dryness, purgatives must not be used. Rectal prolapse indicates Lung Deficiency.
Bitter taste in the mouth indicates Gallbladder Fire; startle response to sound indicates Liver Deficiency.
Furthermore, the face presents five colors. Red face indicates disease in the Heart with Heat; green face indicates disease in the Liver with frequent abdominal pain; yellow face indicates Spleen injury; white face indicates Cold in the Lung; black face indicates disease in the Kidney. Black without luster indicates Kidney Qi failure. If the facial color differs from usual, and the colors of the external manifestations and orifices match the facial color, then the deficiency or excess of the Zang-Fu organs will be accurately diagnosed.