夫伤寒之候，头项痛，腰脊强，身体拘急，表热恶寒，不烦躁，无自汗，或头而痛，
肌热鼻干，或胸满而喘，手
足指末微厥，脉浮数而紧者，邪热在表，皆麻黄汤发汗之证也，或天水散之类，甚佳。
伤寒身热，为热在表，引饮或小便黄赤，为热在里，身热，渴，或小便黄赤，为
表里俱有热，身凉不渴，小便清白，为表里俱无热。身疼拘急，表热恶寒，而脉浮者，皆为热
在表也。引饮谵妄，腹满实痛，发热，而脉沉者，皆为热在里也。胸胁痞痛，或呕而寒热往
来，脉在肌肉者，邪半在表半在里也。
始得病，脉便沉，而里病表和者，内伤也。脉浮而表病，里和者，外伤也。病在身体头面四
肢，为表病，在胸腹之内，为里病也。
夫风寒者，百病之始也，是四时八节不正、疫疠之气。故云春气温和，夏气暑热，
秋气清凉，冬气冰冷，乃四时之正气。冬时严寒，万类深藏，君子固密，则不伤于寒，触冒
之者，乃伤耳。
春应暖而反寒，夏应热而反冷，秋应凉而反热，冬应寒而反温，非时而邪气，是以辛
苦之人，一岁之中，病无少长。始自一日巨阳，膀胱受之。巨阳者，三阳之首，故先受之。
二日阳明，胃受之。三日少阳，胆受之。未入其脏，可汗之。四日太阴，脾受之。五日少
阴，肾受之。六日厥阴，肝受之。其入藏，可泄之。经云∶其未满三日，汗之而已，其满
三日，泄之而已。故圣人论汗下，大概言之。以脉分别，三四日脉沉伏，亦当下，六七日
脉浮滑，亦可汗。
故伤寒传足经不传手经，未详耳。且自人身十二经络，分布上下手足，各有三阴三
阳，禀天地之气。天枢之上，同天之阳，天枢之下，同地之阴。至真要大论云∶身半以上，
其气三矣，天之分也，天气主之，身半以下，其气三矣，地之分也，地气主之。注云∶当阴
之分，冷病归之，当阳之分，热病归之。有八节邪气，所中于人，阳邪为病传手经，
阴邪为病传足经。其邪自何入？自风池而入，为脊骨两傍一寸五分，足膀胱经之俞穴。
春夏应阳，秋冬应阴。至真要大论云∶寒暑温凉，盛衰之用。其在四维，故阳之动，始于
温，盛于暑，阴之动，始于凉，盛于寒。春夏秋冬，各差其分。《易》云∶水流湿，火就
燥。热论云∶热病者，皆伤寒之类也。人之伤于寒，则为病热，热虽盛不死。太阴
阳明论云∶阳受风气，阴受湿气。注云∶同气相求耳。又曰∶伤于风者，上先受之，
伤于湿者，下先受之。注云∶阳气炎上，故受风，阴气润下，故受湿，盖同气相合耳。故风
热火为阳，寒湿燥为阴。刺热论云∶五脏俱有热病，肝热病，左颊先赤，心热病，颜先赤，
脾热病，鼻先赤，肺热病，右颊先赤，肾热病，颐先赤。《甲乙经·热论》云∶
有手足太阴热病，有手足少阴热病，有手足厥阴热病。热论∶其三阴三阳、五脏六腑皆
受病，营卫不行，五脏不通，则死矣。未尝则传足经，不传手经。
麻黄汤 治伤寒，头痛发热，体痛恶风，无汗而喘。又治太阳病，脉浮紧，无汗发热
身疼，八九日不解，表证，仍当发其汗。其人发烦目瞑，必衄，衄者，阳气重也。
麻黄（一两半，去节） 桂枝（一两，去皮） 甘草（半两，炙，锉） 杏仁（二十枚，
浸，去皮尖）
上为末，每服三钱，水一盏半，煎至八分，去滓，温服，不计时候，衣覆以取汗。
或湿病，身烦痛，小便自利者，加白术四分，微汗之。
桂枝汤 治伤寒，发热恶寒，干呕头痛。太阳中风，阳浮阴弱，解肌。脉浮紧，鼻鸣者。
桂枝（三分，去皮） 芍药（三分） 甘草（三分）
上锉如麻豆大，每服五钱，水一盏半，生姜三片、枣三个，煎至七分，不计时候。
小青龙汤 治伤寒表未罢，心下有水气，干呕，发热而咳，或渴利，或小便不利，
小腹满，喘。
麻黄（去节，汤泡去黄汁，焙干，三钱） 半夏（汤洗） 芍药 细辛 干姜 甘草（炙）
桂枝（去皮，各三分） 五味子（二钱）
上锉如麻豆大，每服五钱，水一大盏，煎至半盏，生姜、枣同煎，不计时候，温服。
渴者，去半夏，加栝蒌根三钱。微利者，去麻黄，加芫花弹子大。噫者，去麻黄，加附
子三钱（炮），以开怫热结滞。小便不利，小腹满者，去麻黄，加茯苓四钱。喘者，去麻黄，
加杏仁。
大柴胡汤
小柴胡汤
瓜蒂散 治伤寒，表证罢，邪热入里，结于胸中，项不强，腹满而不能食，四肢微厥，
而脉乍紧者，宜以吐之。经云在上者吐之，在下者泄之。
瓜蒂 赤小豆（各等分）
上为末，香豉半合，（豆豉是也。）水一盏半，煮取汁半盏，调下钱匕。不吐，加服。
五苓汤（五苓散是也。） 治伤寒中暑，大汗后，胃中干，烦躁不得眠，脉浮，小便
不利，微热烦渴，及表里俱热，饮水反吐。
（名曰水逆。）或攻表不解，当汗而反下之，利不止，脉浮，表不解，自利。或一切留饮
不散，水停心下。并两感中湿而昏躁，霍乱吐泻惊风。
猪苓（去皮） 茯苓（去皮） 白术（各半两） 桂（一分，去皮） 泽泻（一两）
上为末，每服二钱，热汤调下愈妙。加滑石二两甚佳。喘嗽烦心，不得眠者，加阿
胶半两（枯）。夏月大暑，新水调服，立愈。
伤寒的证候，表现为头项疼痛，腰脊僵硬，身体拘挛紧急，体表发热且恶寒，没有烦躁感，无自汗，或者头痛，肌肤发热、鼻干，或者胸中满闷而气喘，手足指端微微发凉，脉象浮数而紧的，都是邪热在表的表现，都属于麻黄汤发汗治疗的适应证，或者使用天水散之类的方剂，效果也很好。
伤寒导致身体发热，说明热邪在表；如果引水饮用或小便黄赤，说明热邪在里；如果身体发热、口渴，或者小便黄赤，说明表里都有热；如果身体凉爽且不渴，小便清白，说明表里都没有热。身体疼痛拘挛紧急，体表发热恶寒，且脉象浮的，都是热邪在表。引水饮用、胡言乱语、腹部胀满结实疼痛、发热，且脉象沉的，都是热邪在里。胸胁部痞塞疼痛，或者呕吐且寒热往来，脉象在肌肉层（即不浮不沉），说明邪气半在表半在里。
刚得病时，脉象就沉，且里病而表和的，属于内伤。脉象浮且表病而里和的，属于外伤。病位在身体、头面、四肢，属于表病；病位在胸腹之内，属于里病。
风寒是百病的起始，也是四时八节不正之气、疫疠之气。所以说春气温和，夏气暑热，秋气清凉，冬气冰冷，这是四时的正气。冬季严寒，万物深藏，君子固密防守，就不会受寒邪伤害，触犯冒犯的，才会受伤。春季应当温暖却反而寒冷，夏季应当炎热却反而寒冷，秋季应当凉爽却反而炎热，冬季应当寒冷却反而温暖，这是非时之邪气，因此无论身份高低，一年之中老少都会生病。疾病开始于第一日，由巨阳经（太阳经）受邪。巨阳是三阳之首，所以先受邪。第二日阳明经受邪，由胃受之。第三日少阳经受邪，由胆受之。此时邪气未入脏腑，可用发汗法治疗。第四日太阴经受邪，由脾受之。第五日少阴经受邪，由肾受之。第六日厥阴经受邪，由肝受之。此时邪气已入脏腑，可用泄下法治疗。经文说：未满三日，用发汗法即可；已满三日，用泄下法即可。所以圣人论述汗法和下法，是大致而言。通过脉象来区分，三四日脉象沉伏，也应当用下法；六七日脉象浮滑，也可以用汗法。
所以伤寒传变只传足经而不传手经，尚不明确。况且人身十二经络，分布上下手足，各有三阴三阳，禀受天地之气。天枢穴以上，同天之阳；天枢穴以下，同地之阴。《至真要大论》说：身半以上，其气分为三，属天之分，天气主之；身半以下，其气分为三，属地之分，地气主之。注解说：当阴之分，冷病归于此；当阳之分，热病归于此。有八节邪气，所中人，阳邪致病传手经，阴邪致病传足经。邪气从何而入？从风池穴进入，位于脊柱两旁一寸五分处，是足膀胱经的俞穴。春夏应阳，秋冬应阴。《至真要大论》说：寒暑温凉，盛衰之用。其在四维，所以阳之动，始于温，盛于暑；阴之动，始于凉，盛于寒。春夏秋冬，各差其分。《易经》说：水流湿，火就燥。《热论》说：热病者，皆伤寒之类也。人受寒邪侵袭，则病变为热病，热势虽盛但不死。《太阴阳明论》说：阳受风气，阴受湿气。注解说：同气相求罢了。又说：伤于风者，上先受之；伤于湿者，下先受之。注解说：阳气炎上，故受风；阴气润下，故受湿，盖因同气相合罢了。所以风、热、火为阳，寒、湿、燥为阴。《刺热论》说：五脏俱有热病，肝热病，左颊先红；心热病，颜面先红；脾热病，鼻子先红；肺热病，右颊先红；肾热病，下巴先红。《甲乙经·热论》说：有手足太阴热病，有手足少阴热病，有手足厥阴热病。《热论》说：其三阴三阳、五脏六腑皆受病，营卫不通，五脏不通，则死矣。未曾听说只传足经，不传手经。
麻黄汤：治疗伤寒，头痛发热，身体疼痛，恶风，无汗而气喘。又治疗太阳病，脉浮紧，无汗发热身疼，八九日不解，表证仍在，仍应当发其汗。其人发烦目瞑，必定衄血，衄血是因为阳气重。
麻黄（一两半，去节） 桂枝（一两，去皮） 甘草（半两，炙，锉碎） 杏仁（二十枚，浸泡，去皮尖）
以上药物研为末，每次服用三钱，用水一盏半，煎至八分，去渣，温服，不限时候，服药后覆盖衣被以取汗。
如果是湿病，身体烦痛，小便自利的，加白术四分，微汗之。
桂枝汤：治疗伤寒，发热恶寒，干呕头痛。太阳中风，阳浮阴弱，解肌发表。脉浮紧，鼻鸣的。
桂枝（三分，去皮） 芍药（三分） 甘草（三分）
以上药物锉如麻豆大，每次服用五钱，用水一盏半，生姜三片、大枣三个，煎至七分，不限时候。
小青龙汤：治疗伤寒表证未罢，心下有停饮，干呕，发热而咳，或者口渴、腹泻，或者小便不利，小腹满，气喘。
麻黄（去节，汤泡去黄汁，焙干，三钱） 半夏（汤洗） 芍药 细辛 干姜 甘草（炙） 桂枝（去皮，各三分） 五味子（二钱）
以上药物锉如麻豆大，每次服用五钱，用水一大盏，生姜、大枣同煎，煎至半盏，不限时候，温服。
口渴的，去掉半夏，加栝蒌根三钱。轻微腹泻的，去掉麻黄，加芫花弹子大小。嗳气的，去掉麻黄，加附子三钱（炮制），以开通郁热结滞。小便不利，小腹满的，去掉麻黄，加茯苓四钱。气喘的，去掉麻黄，加杏仁。
瓜蒂散：治疗伤寒，表证已罢，邪热入里，结于胸中，项不强，腹部胀满而不能进食，四肢微厥，且脉象乍紧的，适宜用吐法。经文说：在上者吐之，在下者泄之。
瓜蒂 赤小豆（各等分）
以上药物研为末，香豉半合（即豆豉），用水一盏半，煮取汁半盏，调下药末。若不吐，增加剂量服用。
五苓汤（即五苓散）：治疗伤寒中暑，大汗后，胃中干燥，烦躁不得眠，脉浮，小便不利，微热烦渴，以及表里俱热，饮水反吐。（名为水逆。）或者攻表不解，当汗而反用下法，利不止，脉浮，表不解，自利。或者一切留饮不散，水停心下。并两感中湿而昏躁，霍乱吐泻惊风。
猪苓（去皮） 茯苓（去皮） 白术（各半两） 桂（一分，去皮） 泽泻（一两）
以上药物研为末，每次服用二钱，用热开水调下更好。加滑石二两甚佳。喘嗽烦心，不得眠的，加阿胶半两（枯炒）。夏月大暑，新水调服，立即痊愈。
The manifestations of Shanghan (Cold Damage) include headache and pain in the head and nape, stiffness of the lower back and spine, muscle spasms and tightness of the body, fever on the surface with aversion to cold, absence of irritability, no spontaneous sweating, or possibly headache, heat in the muscles, dry nose, chest fullness with wheezing, slight coldness at the tips of the hands and feet, and a floating, rapid, and tight pulse. These are all indications of pathogenic heat remaining on the exterior, constituting syndromes suitable for diaphoresis using Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction), or alternatively, using Fangji Tian Shui San (Fangji and Natrii Sulfas Powder), which is also excellent.
Shanghan causing body heat indicates heat in the exterior; thirst for drinking or yellow-red urine indicates heat in the interior; body heat with thirst, or yellow-red urine, indicates heat in both the exterior and interior; cool body without thirst and clear-white urine indicate no heat in either the exterior or interior. Body pain, spasms, surface heat with aversion to cold, and a floating pulse all indicate heat in the exterior. Thirst, delirium, abdominal fullness with solid pain, fever, and a deep pulse all indicate heat in the interior. Chest and hypochondriac stuffiness and pain, or vomiting with alternating chills and fever, and a pulse felt at the muscle level (neither floating nor deep), indicate pathogenic factors half in the exterior and half in the interior.
If the pulse is deep immediately upon onset of illness, with interior pathology and harmonious exterior, it is an internal injury. If the pulse is floating with exterior pathology and harmonious interior, it is an external injury. Disease located in the body, head, face, and four limbs is exterior disease; disease located within the chest and abdomen is interior disease.
Wind and cold are the beginnings of hundred diseases, representing the irregular qi of the four seasons and eight solar terms, and epidemic pestilential qi. Thus it is said: Spring qi is mild and warm, Summer qi is hot and sultry, Autumn qi is cool and clear, Winter qi is cold and icy; these are the regular qi of the four seasons. In winter, severe cold causes all things to hide deeply; if gentlemen maintain their solidity and closeness, they will not be injured by cold; those who expose themselves to it will be injured. If spring should be warm but is instead cold, summer should be hot but is instead cold, autumn should be cool but is instead hot, and winter should be cold but is instead warm, this is non-seasonal pathogenic qi. Therefore, regardless of status, people of all ages fall ill during the year. The disease begins on the first day with Juyang (Taiyang / Greater Yang) channel involvement, where the Bladder receives it. Juyang is the head of the three Yang channels, so it receives it first. On the second day, Yangming (Yang Brightness) channel is involved, received by the Stomach. On the third day, Shaoyang (Lesser Yang) channel is involved, received by the Gallbladder. Before entering the Zang-Fu organs, diaphoresis can be used. On the fourth day, Taiyin (Greater Yin) channel is involved, received by the Spleen. On the fifth day, Shaoyin (Lesser Yin) channel is involved, received by the Kidney. On the sixth day, Jueyin (Terminal Yin) channel is involved, received by the Liver. Once entering the Zang organs, purgation can be used. The classic states: If less than three days have passed, use diaphoresis; if more than three days have passed, use purgation. Thus, the sages discussed sweating and purging methods generally. Differentiating by pulse, if the pulse is deep and hidden on days three or four, purgation is also indicated; if the pulse is floating and slippery on days six or seven, diaphoresis can also be used.
Therefore, whether Shanghan transmission affects only the Foot meridians and not the Hand meridians remains unclear. Furthermore, the twelve meridians of the human body distribute up and down to the hands and feet, each having three Yin and three Yang, inheriting the qi of Heaven and Earth. Above Tianshu (CV25), it corresponds to Heaven's Yang; below Tianshu, it corresponds to Earth's Yin. The *Zhizhen Yao Da Lun* (Supreme Importance to the Great Treatise) states: Above the midpoint of the body, its qi is divided into three, belonging to the division of Heaven, governed by Heavenly Qi; below the midpoint of the body, its qi is divided into three, belonging to the division of Earth, governed by Earthly Qi. The commentary notes: Where there is Yin division, cold diseases belong here; where there is Yang division, heat diseases belong here. There are pathogenic factors from the eight solar terms that attack humans; Yang pathogenic factors transmit to Hand meridians, while Yin pathogenic factors transmit to Foot meridians. From where does the pathogen enter? It enters via Fengchi (GB20), located one inch and five fen lateral to the spinal column, which is the Shu-Stream point of the Foot Bladder Meridian. Spring and Summer correspond to Yang, Autumn and Winter correspond to Yin. The *Zhizhen Yao Da Lun* states: Cold, heat, warmth, and coolness, their flourishing and declining uses. In the four pivotal points, thus the movement of Yang begins with warmth and flourishes with heat; the movement of Yin begins with coolness and flourishes with cold. Spring, summer, autumn, and winter differ by their respective divisions. The *I Ching* (Book of Changes) states: Water flows to wetness, fire moves toward dryness. The *Re Lun* (Treatise on Heat Diseases) states: Heat diseases are all of the category of Shanghan. When humans are injured by cold, they develop heat diseases; even if the heat is severe, death does not ensue. The *Taiyin Yangming Lun* states: Yang receives wind qi, Yin receives dampness qi. The commentary notes: This is due to like qi seeking like. It also says: Those injured by wind receive it first in the upper part; those injured by dampness receive it first in the lower part. The commentary notes: Yang qi flares upward, hence receiving wind; Yin qi moistens downward, hence receiving dampness, essentially due to like qi combining. Thus, wind, heat, and fire are Yang; cold, dampness, and dryness are Yin. The *Ci Re Lun* (Treatise on Acupuncture for Heat Diseases) states: All five Zang organs have heat diseases. Liver heat disease: the left cheek becomes red first. Heart heat disease: the forehead becomes red first. Spleen heat disease: the nose becomes red first. Lung heat disease: the right cheek becomes red first. Kidney heat disease: the chin becomes red first. The *Jia Yi Jing · Re Lun* states: There are Hand and Foot Taiyin heat diseases, Hand and Foot Shaoyin heat diseases, and Hand and Foot Jueyin heat diseases. The *Re Lun* states: If the three Yin and three Yang channels, and the five Zang and six Fu organs are all diseased, Ying and Wei do not circulate, and the five Zang are blocked, then death occurs. It has never been heard that transmission affects only Foot meridians and not Hand meridians.
Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction): Treats Shanghan with headache, fever, body pain, aversion to wind, no sweat, and wheezing. Also treats Taiyang disease with floating-tight pulse, no sweat, fever, body pain, unresolved after eight or nine days, with exterior syndrome persisting, still requiring diaphoresis. If the patient experiences irritability and closed eyes, epistaxis (nosebleed) will surely occur; epistaxis indicates heavy Yang qi.
Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, 1.5 liang, remove joints) Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, 1 liang, remove bark) Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, 0.5 liang, honey-fried, crushed) Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum, 20 seeds, soaked, remove skin and tips)
Grind the above into powder. Take 3 qian per dose, decoct in 1.5 zhan of water until 0.8 zhan remains, remove dregs, take warm, at any time, cover with clothing to induce sweating.
For dampness disease with body discomfort and pain, and free urination, add Baizhu (Atractodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, 4 fen) to induce slight sweating.
Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction): Treats Shanghan with fever, aversion to cold, dry retching, and headache. Taiyang Zhongfeng (Wind Strike), with floating Yang and weak Yin, releases the muscle layer. Floating-tight pulse, nasal congestion/wheezing.
Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, 3 fen, remove bark) Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix, 3 fen) Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, 3 fen)
Crush the above to the size of hemp seeds. Take 5 qian per dose, decoct in 1.5 zhan of water with 3 slices of Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Fresh Ginger) and 3 Zao (Jujubae Fructus, Jujube) until 0.7 zhan remains, take at any time.
Xiao Qinglong Tang (Minor Blue Dragon Decoction): Treats Shanghan where exterior syndrome has not resolved, fluid retention in the epigastrium, dry retching, fever with cough, or thirst, diarrhea, or dysuria, lower abdominal fullness, and wheezing.
Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, remove joints, soak in boiling water to remove yellow juice, bake dry, 3 qian) Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma, wash in boiling water) Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix) Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma) Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma, Dried Ginger) Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, honey-fried) Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, remove bark, each 3 fen) Wuweizi (Schisandrae Fructus, 2 qian)
Crush the above to the size of hemp seeds. Take 5 qian per dose, decoct in 1 large zhan of water with Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Fresh Ginger) and Zao (Jujubae Fructus, Jujube) until 0.5 zhan remains, take warm at any time.
For thirst, remove Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), add Gualougen (Trichosanthis Radix, 3 qian). For mild diarrhea, remove Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba), add Yuanhua (Genkwa Flos, amount of a bean). For belching, remove Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba), add Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, 3 qian, processed) to open stagnant heat. For dysuria and lower abdominal fullness, remove Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba), add Fuling (Poria, 4 qian). For wheezing, remove Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba), add Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum).
Da Chaihu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction)
Xiao Chaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction)
Guiti San (Melon Seed Powder): Treats Shanghan where exterior syndrome has resolved, pathogenic heat enters the interior, knots in the chest, neck is not stiff, abdominal fullness prevents eating, limbs are slightly cold, and pulse is intermittently tight. Vomiting (emesis) is appropriate. The classic states: What is above, vomit it; what is below, purge it.
Guiti (Cucumeris Fructus, Melon Seed) Chixiaodou (Vigna Angularis, Red Bean) (equal parts)
Grind the above into powder. Use Xiangchi (Sojae Seminis Preparatum, Fermented Soybean, 0.5 he) boiled in 1.5 zhan of water to obtain 0.5 zhan of juice, mix with the powder. If vomiting does not occur, increase the dose.
Wuling Tang (Five-Ling Decoction, i.e., Wuling San): Treats Shanghan complicated by summerheat, after profuse sweating, stomach dryness, irritability and inability to sleep, floating pulse, dysuria, slight heat with irritability and thirst, as well as heat in both exterior and interior, drinking water leading to regurgitation (known as Shuini / Water Counterflow). Or when attacking the exterior fails to resolve, when sweating was indicated but purgation was wrongly used, resulting in unceasing diarrhea, floating pulse, unresolved exterior, and spontaneous diarrhea. Or for any retained fluid accumulation that does not disperse, water stagnating in the epigastrium. Also for simultaneous contraction of cold and dampness leading to confusion and irritability, Huoluan (Cholera-like disorder) with vomiting, diarrhea, and convulsions.
Zhuling (Polyporus, remove skin) Fuling (Poria, remove skin) Baizhu (Atractodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, each 0.5 liang) Gui (Cinnamomi Ramulus, 1 fen, remove bark) Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma, 1 liang)
Grind the above into powder. Take 2 qian per dose, mixed with hot water is best. Adding Hushi (Talcum, 2 liang) is very good. For wheezing, cough, irritability, and inability to sleep, add Ejiao (Colla Corii Asini, Donkey-Hide Gelatin, 0.5 liang, charred). In midsummer during great heat, mix with fresh water for immediate cure.