太阳主表，为一身之外藩，总六经而统荣卫。凡外因百病之袭人，必先于表。表气壮
，则卫固荣守，邪由何入！经曰：虽有大风苛毒，勿之能害是也。若表气虚，则荣卫
之气不能御外，故邪得而乘之。经曰：虚邪不能独伤人，必因身形之虚而后客之也。
卫，阳也。荣，阴也。风，阳邪也。寒，阴邪也。邪之害人，各从其类，故中风则卫
受之，伤寒则荣受之。卫分受邪，则有汗为虚邪，桂枝证也。荣分受邪，则无汗为实
邪，麻黄证也。荣卫俱受邪，均无汗，皆为实邪，大青龙证也。大纲三法，用之得当
，其邪立解，用违其法，变病百出。缘风为百病之长，故以风中卫列为上篇，寒伤荣
与风寒两伤，列为中、下二篇。其条目俱详于本篇之下，俾读者开卷了然，有所遵循
也。
太阳之为病，脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒。
【注】
太阳膀胱经也。太阳之为病，谓太阳膀胱经之所为病也。太阳主表，表统荣卫，风邪
中卫，寒邪伤荣，均表病也。脉浮，表病脉也。头项强痛恶寒，表病证也。太阳经脉
，上额交巅，入络脑，还出别下项，连风府，故邪客其经，必令头项强痛也。恶寒者
，因风寒所伤，故恶之也。首揭此条，为太阳病之提纲。凡上、中、下三篇内称太阳
病者，皆指此脉证而言也。
【按】
荣卫二者，皆胃中后天之谷气所生。其气之清者为荣，浊者为卫。卫即气之剽悍者也
，荣即血中之精粹者也。以其定位之体而言，则曰气血，以其流行之用而言，则曰荣
卫。荣行脉中，故属于阴也；卫行脉外，故属于阳也。然荣卫之所以流行者，皆本乎
肾中先天之一气，故又皆以气言，曰荣气 、卫气也。
【集注】
滑寿曰：脉在肉上行，主表也。
方有执曰：表即皮肤，荣卫丽焉。故脉见尺寸俱浮，知病在太阳表也。项，颈后也。
恶寒者，该风而言也。风寒初袭而郁于表，不能再胜风寒之外忤，故畏恶之。
程应旄曰：太阳经之见证，莫确于头痛、恶寒，故首揭之。
吴人驹曰：头为三阳之通位，项为太阳之专位，有所障碍，不得如常之柔和，是为强
痛。
太阳病，发热，汗出，恶风，脉缓者，名为中风。
【注】
太阳病，即首条脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒之谓也。卫为表阳，风属阳邪，风邪中人，则
卫受之，从其类也。风中于卫即发热者，以风、卫，皆阳，其性本热，故变热甚捷，
不似伤寒待其闭郁而始热也。卫病不能固表，又为阳邪所蒸，故腠理□而汗出也。汗
出表虚，为风所忤，故恶风也。风性柔软，故脉缓也。此承上条言太阳病又兼见此脉
证者，名曰中风，以为中风病之提纲。后凡称中风者，皆指此脉证而言也。
【集注】
方有执曰：脉缓即下文阳浮而阴弱之谓，言既有如首条所揭之太阳病，加之发热，汗
出，恶风而脉缓者，则其病乃是触犯于风所致，故名中风。
汪琥曰：中风，非东垣所云中府、中藏、中血脉之谓。盖中字与伤字同义。仲景论中
，不直言伤风者，恐后学不察，以咳嗽、鼻塞、声重之伤风，混同立论，故以中字别
之也。脉缓当作浮缓看，浮是太阳病脉，缓是中风脉。中篇紧脉，亦当仿此。
太阳中风，阳浮而阴弱，阳浮者热自发，阴弱者汗自出，啬啬恶寒，淅淅恶风，翕翕
发热，鼻鸣，干呕者，桂枝汤主之。
【注】
太阳中风，即上二条合而言之，又详举其证以出其治也。后凡称太阳中风者，皆指此
脉此证也。阴阳指荣卫而言，非指尺寸浮沈也。阳浮，即越人曰：三菽之浮，肺之浮
也。肺主皮毛，取之而得者，即卫分之浮也。六菽之浮，心之浮也。心主血脉，取之
而得者，即荣分之浮也。荣分之浮较之卫分之浮，则无力而弱，故曰：阳浮而阴弱也
。卫为风客，则卫邪强而发热矣。故曰：阳浮者热自发。荣受邪蒸，则荣不固而汗出
矣。故曰：阴弱者汗自出。荣卫不和，则肌表□缓，故有啬啬之恶寒，淅淅之恶风，
翕翕之发热也。然在皮肤之表，非若伤寒之壮热无汗，恶寒虽近烈火而不减，恶风虽
处密室而仍畏也。皮毛内合于肺，皮毛不固，风邪侵肺，则气壅而鼻鸣矣。胸中者，
阳气之本。卫阳为风邪所干，不能敷布，则气上逆而为干呕矣。故宜桂枝汤，解肌固
表，调和荣卫也。
【集注】
程应旄曰：啬啬恶寒者，肌被寒侵，怯而敛也。淅淅恶风者，肌因风洒，□难御也。
翕翕发热者，肌得热蒸，合欲扬也。啬啬、淅淅、翕翕字俱从皮毛上形容，较之伤寒
之见证，自有浮、沉、浅、深之别。
太阳经主管体表，是身体外部的屏障，统领六经并统摄营卫之气。凡是外感各种病邪侵袭人体，必定先侵犯体表。如果体表之气强壮，那么卫气固密、营气内守，病邪从哪里进入呢！医经说：即使有大风剧毒，也不能伤害人体，说的就是这个道理。如果体表之气虚弱，那么营卫之气就不能抵御外邪，所以病邪就能乘虚而入。医经说：虚邪不能单独伤人，必须依附于人体体质的虚弱才能客居体内。
卫气属阳，营气属阴。风邪属阳邪，寒邪属阴邪。病邪侵害人体，各依其同类属性，所以中风时卫气受邪，伤寒时营气受邪。卫分受邪，有汗出症状的属于虚邪，是桂枝汤证（桂枝汤证）。营分受邪，无汗出的属于实邪，是麻黄汤证（麻黄汤证）。营卫二气同时受邪，都无汗出，都属于实邪，是大青龙汤证（大青龙汤证）。这三大治疗纲领，使用得当，病邪立刻解除；使用违背法则，就会变生百种病症。因为风是百病之长，所以将风中伤卫气的情况列为上篇，将寒伤营气和风寒两伤的情况列为中、下两篇。具体的条目都详细列在本篇之下，使读者翻开书卷就能一目了然，有所遵循。
【注】
太阳经即足太阳膀胱经。所谓太阳经受邪所致的病证，是指足太阳膀胱经发生的病变。太阳经主管体表，体表统摄营卫之气，风邪中伤卫气，寒邪损伤营气，都属于表证。脉象浮，是表证的脉象。头项强痛和恶寒，是表证的症状。太阳经脉，上行至额部交会于巅顶，入络于脑，复出分别下行至项部，连接风府穴，所以邪气客居在经脉中，必然导致头项僵硬疼痛。恶寒的原因，是因为受到风寒邪气的伤害，所以厌恶寒冷。首先提出这一条，作为太阳病的提纲。凡是在上、中、下三篇中提到的太阳病，都是指这种脉象和症状而言的。
【按语】
营气和卫气，都是由胃中后天水谷精微之气所化生。其中清轻的部分成为营气，重浊的部分成为卫气。卫气就是气中剽悍滑利的部分，营气就是血中的精粹部分。从它们定位的形体来说，称为气血；从它们流行运行的功能来说，称为营卫。营气行于脉管之中，所以归属于阴；卫气行于脉管之外，所以归属于阳。然而营卫之所以能够流行运行，都根源于肾中先天的元气，所以又都用“气”来称呼，称为营气、卫气。
【集注】
滑寿说：脉象在肌肉之上显现，主表证。
方有执说：体表即皮肤，营卫依附于此。所以脉象在寸关尺三部都见浮象，可知病在太阳经的体表。项，指颈后部位。恶寒，包括了对风的畏惧。风寒初袭而郁结在体表，不能再承受风寒的外在侵袭，所以产生畏恶之感。
程应旄说：太阳经的表现，没有比头痛、恶寒更确切的，所以首先提出。
吴人驹说：头部是三阳经的共同部位，项部是太阳经的专属部位，如果有阻碍感，不能像平常那样柔和，这就叫做强痛。
太阳经受邪所致的病证，出现发热、汗出、怕风、脉象缓弱的症状，命名为中风。
【注】
太阳病，就是指第一条所说的脉浮、头项强痛而恶寒的症状。卫气属于表阳，风属于阳邪，风邪侵入人体，则卫气受邪，这是同气相求。风邪中于卫气随即发热的，因为风和卫气都属阳，其本性本热，所以变化为热非常迅速，不像伤寒要等到邪气闭郁之后才发热。卫气生病不能固护体表，又被阳邪蒸腾，所以腠理开泄而汗出。汗出导致表虚，被风邪所扰，所以怕风。风的性质柔软，所以脉象缓弱。这是承接上一条说明太阳病又兼见这些脉象和症状的，叫做中风，作为中风病的提纲。此后凡是提到中风的，都是指这种脉象和症状而言的。
【集注】
方有执说：脉缓就是下文所说的“阳浮而阴弱”，意思是既然有了第一条所提出的太阳病，再加上发热、汗出、怕风而脉缓的症状，那么这种病就是触犯风邪所致，所以名叫中风。
汪琥说：中风，不是李东垣所说的中腑、中脏、中血脉的意思。大概“中”字与“伤”字意义相同。张仲景在论述中，不直接说“伤风”，是恐怕后世学者不加考察，把咳嗽、鼻塞、声音沉重的普通伤风混同在一起立论，所以用“中”字来区别它。脉缓应当看作浮缓，浮是太阳病的脉象，缓是中风的脉象。中篇提到的紧脉，也应当仿照此例理解。
太阳中风，脉象阳浮而阴弱，阳浮者热自发，阴弱者汗自出，伴有啬啬恶寒、淅淅恶风、翕翕发热、鼻鸣、干呕等症状，用桂枝汤主治。
【注】
太阳中风，是将上面两条合并而言，又详细列举其症状以给出治疗方法。此后凡是提到太阳中风的，都是指这种脉象和症状。这里的阴阳指营卫而言，不是指寸关尺的浮沉。阳浮，即《难经》所说：如三片豆叶之轻的浮取，是肺的浮象。肺主皮毛，取之而得的，就是卫分的浮象。如六片豆叶之重的浮取，是心的浮象。心主血脉，取之而得的，就是营分的浮象。营分的浮象比起卫分的浮象，则无力而弱，所以说：阳浮而阴弱。卫气被风邪客居，则卫分邪气盛而发热。所以说：阳浮者热自发。营气受邪气蒸迫，则营气不固而汗出。所以说：阴弱者汗自出。营卫不和，则肌表松弛，所以有啬啬然的恶寒，淅淅然的恶风，翕翕然的发热。然而病在皮肤之表，不像伤寒那样壮热无汗，恶寒即使靠近烈火也不减轻，怕风即使处在密室中仍然畏惧。皮毛内合于肺，皮毛不固，风邪侵肺，则气机壅滞而鼻鸣。胸中是阳气之本。卫阳被风邪干扰，不能敷布全身，则气机上逆而为干呕。所以适宜用桂枝汤，解肌发表，固护体表，调和营卫。
【集注】
程应旄说：啬啬恶寒，是肌肤被寒邪侵袭，胆怯而收敛的样子。淅淅恶风，是肌肤因风洒落，难以抵御的样子。翕翕发热，是肌肤得到热邪蒸腾，想要发散的样子。“啬啬”、“淅淅”、“翕翕”这几个字都是从皮毛的感觉上来形容的，与伤寒的表现相比，自有浮、沉、浅、深的区别。
Taiyang (Greater Yang) governs the exterior, serving as the outer barrier of the entire body, encompassing the Six Channels and coordinating Ying (Nutrient) and Wei (Defensive) Qi. Whenever external pathogens invade the human body, they must first attack the exterior. If the exterior Qi is strong, then Wei Qi is solid and Ying Qi remains guarded; from where would the pathogen enter! The Classics state: "Even with great wind and severe toxicity, it cannot harm," which refers to this principle. If the exterior Qi is deficient, then Ying and Wei Qi cannot resist the exterior, so the pathogen can take advantage of this deficiency. The Classics state: "Deficient pathogens cannot injure people alone; they must rely on the body's deficiency to take residence."
Wei Qi belongs to Yang, and Ying Qi belongs to Yin. Wind is a Yang pathogen, and Cold is a Yin pathogen. Pathogens injuring the human body follow their respective categories; thus, when struck by Wind, Wei Qi receives the pathogen, and when struck by Cold, Ying Qi receives the pathogen. When Wei division receives the pathogen, sweating indicates a deficient pathogen, corresponding to Guizhi Tang Syndrome (Cinnamon Twig Decoction Syndrome). When Ying division receives the pathogen, absence of sweating indicates an excess pathogen, corresponding to Mahuang Tang Syndrome (Ephedra Decoction Syndrome). When both Ying and Wei divisions receive the pathogen, both present with absence of sweating and are classified as excess pathogens, corresponding to Da Qing Long Tang Syndrome (Major Blue Green Dragon Decoction Syndrome). These three major treatment principles, if applied correctly, resolve the pathogen immediately; if applied incorrectly, myriad pathological changes arise. Since Wind is the chief of all diseases, the case of Wind striking Wei is listed in the Upper Chapter, while Cold injuring Ying and Wind-Cold injuring both are listed in the Middle and Lower Chapters. The specific items are detailed below in this chapter, enabling readers to understand clearly upon opening the book and have something to follow.
The Taiyang disease is characterized by a floating pulse, stiffness and pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold.
[Note]
Taiyang refers to the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang. The Taiyang disease refers to the pathology occurring in the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang. Taiyang governs the exterior, and the exterior coordinates Ying and Wei Qi. Wind pathogen injuring Wei and Cold pathogen injuring Ying are both exterior diseases. A floating pulse is the pulse of an exterior disease. Stiffness, pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold are symptoms of an exterior disease. The Taiyang meridian ascends to the forehead, intersects at the vertex, enters to connect with the brain, emerges again, descends separately to the nape, and connects to Fengfu (GV16). Therefore, when pathogen resides in the meridian, it inevitably causes stiffness and pain in the head and nape. Aversion to cold occurs because of injury by Wind-Cold, hence the aversion. This clause is presented first as the outline for Taiyang disease. Whenever Taiyang disease is mentioned in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Chapters, it refers to these pulse and symptom manifestations.
[Commentary]
Ying and Wei Qi are both generated from the postnatal grain Qi of the Stomach. The clear portion becomes Ying Qi, and the turbid portion becomes Wei Qi. Wei Qi is the vigorous and rapid aspect of Qi, while Ying Qi is the refined essence within Blood. From the perspective of their fixed structure, they are called Qi and Blood; from the perspective of their dynamic circulation, they are called Ying and Wei. Ying circulates within the vessels, thus belonging to Yin; Wei circulates outside the vessels, thus belonging to Yang. However, the reason Ying and Wei circulate lies in the primordial Qi of the Kidney; therefore, they are also referred to as Qi, namely Ying Qi and Wei Qi.
[Collected Notes]
Hua Shou said: The pulse appearing above the muscle governs the exterior.
Fang Youzhi said: The exterior is the skin, where Ying and Wei reside. Thus, seeing a floating pulse in both Cun and Chi positions indicates the disease is in the Taiyang exterior. Nape refers to the back of the neck. Aversion to cold includes aversion to wind. When Wind-Cold initially invades and stagnates in the exterior, unable to withstand the external confrontation of Wind-Cold, aversion arises.
Cheng Yingmao said: Among the manifestations of the Taiyang meridian, headache and aversion to cold are the most accurate, hence they are presented first.
Wu Renju said: The head is the common position of the Three Yang meridians, and the nape is the exclusive position of Taiyang. Obstruction preventing normal softness is termed stiffness and pain.
In Taiyang disease, fever, sweating, aversion to wind, and a moderate pulse occur; this is named Wind Strike.
[Note]
Taiyang disease refers to the pulse floating, stiffness and pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold mentioned in the first clause. Wei is Exterior Yang, and Wind is a Yang pathogen. When Wind pathogen invades humans, Wei receives it due to similarity. Wind striking Wei leads to immediate fever because both Wind and Wei are Yang and inherently hot, changing to heat rapidly, unlike Cold-Stagnation which requires closure before generating heat. Wei disease fails to secure the exterior, and being steamed by Yang pathogen, the pores open leading to sweating. Sweating makes the exterior deficient, allowing Wind to disturb, causing aversion to wind. Wind has a soft nature, hence the pulse is moderate. This follows the previous clause to describe Taiyang disease presenting with these additional pulse and symptoms, named Wind Strike, serving as the outline for Wind Strike disease. Henceforth, whenever Wind Strike is mentioned, it refers to these pulse and symptoms.
[Collected Notes]
Fang Youzhi said: Moderate pulse refers to "Yang floating and Yin weak" mentioned later. It means that having the Taiyang disease outlined in the first clause, plus fever, sweating, aversion to wind, and moderate pulse, indicates the disease is caused by touching Wind, hence named Wind Strike.
Wang Hu said: Wind Strike does not refer to the Zhong Fu, Zhong Zang, or Zhong Xue Mai described by Li Dongyuan. Generally, "Zhong" (strike/penetrate) has the same meaning as "Shang" (injure). In Zhang Zhongjing's discussions, he does not directly say "Shang Feng" (Injure Wind) lest later students fail to observe and confuse cough, nasal congestion, and heavy voice typical of common Wind-Injury. Thus, he uses "Zhong" to distinguish it. The moderate pulse should be read as Floating-Moderate; Floating is the pulse of Taiyang disease, and Moderate is the pulse of Wind Strike. The Tight pulse in the Middle Chapter should also be understood similarly.
In Taiyang Wind Strike, the pulse is Yang floating and Yin weak. Yang floating indicates spontaneous heat, Yin weakness indicates spontaneous sweating. Accompanied by chilly aversion to cold, shivery aversion to wind, mild fever, nasal congestion sound, and dry retching, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) is the primary treatment.
[Note]
Taiyang Wind Strike combines the previous two clauses and details the symptoms to provide treatment. Henceforth, Taiyang Wind Strike refers to these pulse and symptoms. Here, Yin and Yang refer to Ying and Wei, not the Cun-Chi depth. Yang floating refers to the *Nan Jing* description: light pressure like three bean husks represents Lung floating. Lung governs skin and hair; obtaining this indicates Wei division floating. Pressure like six bean husks represents Heart floating. Heart governs blood vessels; obtaining this indicates Ying division floating. Compared to Wei division floating, Ying division floating is weaker and less forceful, hence "Yang floating and Yin weak." Wei occupied by Wind pathogen becomes strong with heat. Hence, "Yang floating indicates spontaneous heat." Ying receiving pathogen steaming becomes insecure with sweating. Hence, "Yin weakness indicates spontaneous sweating." Disharmony between Ying and Wei causes muscle surface relaxation, resulting in chilly aversion to cold, shivery aversion to wind, and mild fever. However, the disease is in the skin exterior, unlike Cold-Stagnation which presents with high fever, no sweat, severe aversion to cold even near fire, and aversion to wind even in closed rooms. Skin and hair internally connect to the Lung; insecurity of skin allows Wind pathogen to invade Lung, causing Qi stagnation and nasal congestion sound. The chest is the root of Yang Qi. Wei Yang disturbed by Wind pathogen cannot distribute properly, causing Qi to rebel upward leading to dry retching. Therefore, Guizhi Tang is suitable to release the muscle layer, secure the exterior, and harmonize Ying and Wei.
[Collected Notes]
Cheng Yingmao said: Chilly aversion to cold describes muscles invaded by Cold, shrinking in fear. Shivery aversion to wind describes muscles shaken by Wind, difficult to resist. Mild fever describes muscles steamed by Heat, wanting to expand. The terms "Qi Qi," "Xi Xi," and "Xi Xi" describe sensations from the skin and hair, differing from Cold-Stagnation manifestations by having distinct floating/sinking and shallow/deep characteristics.