根，病之所穷止也。伏梁，言如潜伏之桥梁，为患深着之名。此与《难经》论伏梁不同，彼为心之积，是
脏之阴气也；此为聚脓血，是阳毒也。（吴鹤皋）
风成寒中
风气与阳明入胃，循脉而上，至目内 。其人瘦，则外泄而寒，则寒中而泣出。（《素问》）
风邪客于胃中，阳明之脉，起于鼻，交 中，下循鼻外，风气循脉至于目内皆。人瘦则腠理开疏，风邪投
虚而入，故津液化而为目泪泣出也。（《圣济总录》）
风成热中
风气与阳明入胃，循脉而上，至目内 。其人肥，则风气不得外泄，则为热中而目黄。（《素问》）
风者，阳气也，善行而数变。风气客于胃中，内不得通，外不得泄，蒸郁于中，故谓之热中。然阳明之脉
起于鼻，交 中，下循鼻外，热气循入，故令人目黄也。（《圣济总录》）
脑风
风气循风府而上，则为脑风。（《素问》）
伤于风者，上先受之，故始自阳经。督脉乃阳维之会，自风府而上至脑户。脑户者，督脉、足太阳之会也。
又太阳之脉起于目内 ，上 交巅，上入络脑，今风邪客搏其经，稽而不行，则脑髓内弱，故项背怯寒而脑户
多冷也。（《圣济总录》）
首风
新沐中风，则为首风。（《素问》）
诸阳之脉皆会于头，新沐皮腠既疏，风邪乘之，客于首而病也。（《圣济总录》）
漏风
饮酒中风，则为漏风。漏风之状，或多汗，常不可单衣，食则汗出，甚则身汗喘息，恶风，衣常濡，口干
善渴，不能劳事。（《素问》）
酒所以养阳，酒入于胃，与谷气相搏，热甚于中。其气 悍，与阳气俱泄，使人腠理虚而中风，故多汗恶
风，不可单衣。其喘息而少气者，热熏于肺，风客于皮毛也。口干善渴者，汗出多而亡津液也。懈惰而不能劳
事者，精气耗竭，不能荣其四肢也。谓之漏风者，汗出不止，若气之漏也。（《圣济总录》）
胃风
胃风之状，颈多汗，恶风，食饮不下，膈塞不通，腹善满，失衣则 胀，食寒则泄，诊形瘦而腹大。（《素问》）
胃脉从大迎前下人迎，循喉咙入缺盆。故胃风者，令颈多汗。胃主受纳水谷，胃受风，则气上涌，故食饮
不下，膈塞不通。胃脉循腹里，故善满。失衣则风寒助邪，脉益凝涩，故令 胀。食寒则胃气虚衰，不能运化，
故令泄。胃主肌肉，故形瘦。风热蓄聚于胃，故腹大。（吴鹤皋）
目风眼寒
风入系头，则为目风眼寒。（《素问》）
五脏六腑之精气，皆上注于目。血气与脉，并上属于脑。今风入系头，则血脉凝泣，不能上注于目。又
肝主目而恶风，目受血而能视，今风寒客之，故令目风眼寒。（《圣济总录》）
疹筋
人有尺脉数甚，筋急而见，病名曰疹筋。是人腹必急，白色、黑色见，则病甚。（《素问》）
尺脉数甚，肾水虚也。水不足以养木，故身之大筋劲急而见。
疹筋，病筋也。腹为宗筋所径，故腹必急。筋病而见白色，金克木也。肾病而见黑色，脏气脱也。（吴鹤皋）
肺疝
肺脉沉搏，为肺疝。（《素问》）
沉与搏，皆阴也。见于肺部，则肺气病，故为肺疝。（吴鹤皋）
风根
人有身体、髀、股、 皆肿，环脐而痛，病名伏梁，此风根也。其气溢于大肠，而着于肓。肓之原在脐下，
故环脐而痛也。不可动之，动之为水溺涩之病。（《素问》）
风毒根于中，故环脐而痛。脐为人身之枢，枢病则不能旋斡阴阳之气，故身体、髀、股、 皆肿。（吴鹤皋）
附案
一子腹痛三年，发则喊叫不可耐，遇风则寒热呕吐，面青脉弦。余诊之曰∶此风根也。方用桂枝、防风、
柴胡、黄 、白术、陈皮、半夏、白芍、甘草、生姜，二剂平，四剂愈。（许宣治）
脾瘅
有病口甘者，名曰脾瘅。（《素问》）
口甘一证，《内经》谓之脾瘅。此甘非甘美之甘，瘅即热之谓也。人之饮食入胃，全赖脾真以运之，命阳
以腐之，譬犹造酒蒸酿者然。一有不和，则肥甘之疾顿发，五味精华，失其本来之真味，则淫淫之甜味上泛不
已也。胸脘必痞，口舌必腻，不饥不食之由，从此至矣。《内经》设一兰草汤，味辛足以散结，气清足以化浊，
除陈解郁，利水和营，为奇方之祖也。暑湿之候，每兼是患，以此为君，参以苦辛之胜，配合泻心等法。胃虚
谷少之人，亦有是证，当宗大半夏汤及六君法，远甘益辛可也。○兰草即佩兰叶，俗名省头草。妇人插髻中以
辟油腻之气，形似马兰而高硕，气香味辛性凉，用以醒脾气、涤肥甘也。（《临证指南》）
胆瘅
有病口苦者，名曰胆瘅。（《素问》）
胆为中正之官，清净之腑，十一脏之所取决，咽为之使，主藏而不泻。今数谋虑而不决，则清净者浊而扰
矣，故气上溢而为口苦也。（《圣济总录》）
控睾
少腹控睾，引腰脊，上冲心，唾出清水，及为哕噫，甚则入心，善忘善悲。（《素问》）
小肠受寒，则少腹疼痛，控引睾丸，牵引腰脊，上冲于心，唾出清水，及为哕噫，甚则入心，善忘善悲，
有如此者。（《内经拾遗》）
脱营
尝贵后贱，虽不中邪，病从内生，名曰脱营。（《素问》）
失营一证，《经》谓先富后贫，先贵后贱，心志屈辱，神气不伸，而忧煎日切，奉养日廉，如有此患也。
夫营属阴血，卫属阳气，脉中脉外，乃往来之道路，故百骸得以荣养，经络得以流通，又何至脱营失精，而病
从内生哉？无如禀赋素虚，平日以酒为浆，以妄为常，以欲竭其精，以耗散其真，而郁火相凝，隧痰停结，乃
成是证。其患多生肩之上下，初起微肿，皮色不变，日久渐大，坚硬如石，半载一年，方生阴痛。或破烂紫斑，
渗流血水；或泛如莲，秽气熏蒸，气血衰败，形容瘦削，未有不毙者矣。盖肝主谋虑，心主血脉，肾主五液。
思虑多则伤肝；精神耗则伤心；精液少则伤肾。肝伤则筋不荣而肿；心伤则血不生而枯；肾伤则液不润而涩。
漫肿无头，发在关节，病虽在经，根实在脏。譬之树木，根摇而枝叶已先萎矣。奈何医家误认流痰痈毒，药
进清凉表散，愈耗阴血，是速其危也。不知流痰之发，坚而痛，痛而红，红而肿，肿而溃。在阴则平塌不红、
不肿、不痛，数日立毙。失营则坚久隐痛，皮色如故，数载乃亡。见证不同，治法各
异。初起宜六味归芍汤，救其根也；病久隐痛阴亏者，宜左归生脉汤，补其元也；阳亏者，宜十全大补汤，培
血气也。（《会心录》）
失精
尝富后贫，名曰失精。（《素问》）
富则膏粱，贫则藜藿。先丰后歉，脏液不生，名曰失精。（吴鹤皋）
洞
肾脉微缓为洞。洞者，食不化，下嗌还出。（《灵枢》）
还与旋同，洞当作 。《仓公传》曰∶ 风之状，饮食下嗌辄后之。注谓后如厕也。（《内经拾遗》）
膈洞
太阴为开，开折则仓廪无所输，膈洞。（《灵枢》）
开属太阴，主于脾也。输，营运也；膈，塞也；洞者，食不化，下嗌还出也。（《类经》）
三焦约
小腹痛肿，不得小便，邪在三焦约。（《灵枢》）
三焦者，水谷之道路，气之所终始也。小腹痛肿，小便不利，此邪热在三焦，约束而不得行耳。治当疏导
三焦，分别清浊。（《内经拾遗》）
唏
人之唏者，何气使然？此阴气盛而阳气虚，阴气疾而阳气徐，阴气盛而阳气绝，故为唏。（《灵枢》）
唏， 欷也。《释义》云∶悲泣气咽而抽息也。一云∶泣余声。悲忧之气生于阴惨，故为阴盛阳虚之候。（《类经》）
人之 者，何气使然？胃不实，则诸脉虚。诸脉虚，则筋脉懈惰。筋脉懈惰，则行阴用力，气不能复，故
为。（《灵枢》）
即战之属。因寒而战者，谓之寒战。其有战不因寒者，由
气虚耳。胃为脏腑之海，胃不实，则诸脉虚，故为战 。（《类经》）
太息
人之太息者，何气使然？忧思则心系急，心系急则气道约，约则不利，故太息以伸出之。补手少阴心主，
足少阳留之也。（《灵枢》）
此言人之所以太息而有刺之之法也。人之心皆有系，惟忧思则必系紧急，而气道约，约则出气不利，故太
息以伸出之。当补手少阴心经、手厥阴心包经络及足少阳胆经，皆留其针以补之也。（马元台）
石瘕
石瘕何如？石瘕生于胞中，寒气客于子门，子门闭塞，气不得通，恶血当泻不泻， 以留止，日以益大，
状如怀子，月事不以时下，皆生于女子，可导而下。（《灵枢》）
膀胱为津液之腑，气化则能出焉。寒气客于子门，则气塞而不通，血壅而不流， 以留止，结硬如石，是
名石瘕。此先气病而后血病，故月事不来，可宣导而下出者也。（罗谦甫）
肠覃
肠覃何如？寒气客于肠外，与卫气相搏，气不得荣，因有所系，癖而内着，恶气乃起， 肉乃生。其始生
也，大如鸡卵，稍以益大，至其成，如怀子之状，久者离岁，按之则坚，推之则移，月事以时下，此其候也。（《灵枢》）
肠者，大肠也；覃者，延也。大肠以传导为事，肺之腑也。肺主卫，卫为气，得炅则泄，得冷则凝。今寒
气客于大肠，故卫气不荣，有所系止，而结瘕在内贴着，延久不已，是名肠覃。夫气散则清，气聚则浊，结为
瘕聚，所以恶气乃起， 肉乃生。小渐益大，而鼓其腹，状如怀子。此气病而血未病，故月事不断，应时而下，
非胎娠也。（罗谦甫）
根，是疾病最终归结和停止的地方。伏梁，意为像潜伏的桥梁一样，是指病情深重顽固的病名。这与《难经》中论述的伏梁不同，《难经》中的伏梁是心的积病，属于脏的阴气；而这里的伏梁是积聚脓血，属于阳毒。（吴鹤皋）
风邪导致寒中
风气与阳明经之气一同进入胃中，沿着经脉上行，到达目内眦。如果患者身体消瘦，腠理疏松，风邪容易外泄并导致体内寒冷，从而出现寒中和流泪的症状。（《素问》）
风邪客居在胃中，阳明经脉起于鼻旁，交会于鼻根处，向下沿鼻外侧行走，风气顺着经脉到达目内眦。人若消瘦，则腠理开疏，风邪乘虚而入，致使津液化为眼泪流出。（《圣济总录》）
风邪导致热中
风气与阳明经之气一同进入胃中，沿着经脉上行，到达目内眦。如果患者身体肥胖，腠理致密，风气不能向外宣泄，就会形成热中症并出现目黄。（《素问》）
风属于阳气，善于游走且变化多端。风气客居在胃中，在内不能通达，在外不能宣泄，郁蒸于体内，所以称为热中。然而阳明经脉起于鼻旁，交会于鼻根处，向下沿鼻外侧行走，热气循经上入，所以使人目黄。（《圣济总录》）
脑风
风气沿着风府穴向上行，就会形成脑风。（《素问》）
被风邪所伤的人，上部先受邪，所以起始于阳经。督脉是阳维脉的交会处，从风府穴向上至脑户穴。脑户穴，是督脉与足太阳膀胱经的交会处。另外，足太阳膀胱经起于目内眦，向上交会于头顶，深入联络脑部。现在风邪客居搏结于这条经脉，停滞不行，导致脑髓内部虚弱，所以项背部怕冷且脑户穴部位多寒冷。（《圣济总录》）
首风
刚洗完头就吹风，就会形成首风。（《素问》）
诸阳经的脉气都汇聚于头部，刚洗完头时皮肤腠理疏松，风邪趁机侵袭，客居于头部而发病。（《圣济总录》）
漏风
饮酒后受风，就会形成漏风。漏风的症状，是多汗，常常不能穿单衣，吃饭时就出汗，严重时全身出汗、喘息，怕风，衣服经常湿透，口干喜欢喝水，不能从事体力劳动。（《素问》）
酒是用来养阳气的，酒进入胃中，与谷气相互搏结，热势盛于体内。其气剽悍，随着阳气一起外泄，使人腠理空虚而中风，所以多汗怕风，不能穿单衣。其喘息且气短，是因为热熏蒸于肺，风邪客居于皮毛。口干喜欢喝水，是因为出汗多而耗亡津液。懈怠懒惰不能从事劳动，是因为精气耗竭，不能滋养四肢。称之为漏风，是因为汗出不止，就像气在泄漏一样。（《圣济总录》）
胃风
胃风的症状，颈部多汗，怕风，饮食难以下咽，胸膈堵塞不通，腹部容易胀满，受凉则腹胀，吃冷的食物则腹泻，诊察形体消瘦而腹部膨大。（《素问》）
胃脉从大迎穴前下方进入人迎穴，沿着喉咙进入缺盆。所以胃风会导致颈部多汗。胃主受纳水谷，胃受到风邪侵袭，则气机上涌，所以饮食不下，胸膈堵塞不通。胃脉循行于腹部内侧，所以容易胀满。失去衣物保暖则风寒助长邪气，脉道更加凝涩，所以导致腹胀。吃冷的食物则胃气虚衰，不能运化，所以导致腹泻。胃主肌肉，所以形体消瘦。风热蓄积在胃中，所以腹部膨大。（吴鹤皋）
目风眼寒
风邪侵入连系头目的经络，就会形成目风眼寒。（《素问》）
五脏六腑的精气，都上注于眼睛。血气与经脉，一并上属于脑。现在风邪侵入连系头目的经络，则血脉凝滞，不能上注于眼睛。另外肝主目且厌恶风邪，目得血才能视物，现在风寒客居于此，所以导致目风眼寒。（《圣济总录》）
疹筋
有人尺脉数动非常厉害，筋脉拘急且显露出来，病名叫疹筋。这样的人腹部必然拘急，如果出现白色或黑色，则病情严重。（《素问》）
尺脉数动厉害，是肾水虚损。水不足以滋养肝木，所以身体的大筋劲急且显露。
疹筋，是筋的病。腹部是宗筋经过的地方，所以腹部必然拘急。筋病而出现白色，是金克木的表现。肾病而出现黑色，是脏气脱失的表现。（吴鹤皋）
肺疝
肺脉沉而搏击有力，是肺疝。（《素问》）
沉脉与搏击有力的脉象，都属于阴。出现在肺部，则是肺气有病，所以称为肺疝。（吴鹤皋）
风根
有人身体、大腿、小腿都肿胀，环绕肚脐疼痛，病名叫伏梁，这是风根。其气溢于大肠，并附着于肓膜。肓的原气在脐下，所以环绕肚脐疼痛。不能用攻下法治疗，攻下就会导致小便涩滞的病症。（《素问》）
风毒根植于体内，所以环绕肚脐疼痛。脐是人身的枢纽，枢纽生病则不能旋转阴阳之气，所以身体、大腿、小腿都肿胀。（吴鹤皋）
附案
有一个儿子腹痛三年，发作时喊叫难以忍受，遇风则出现寒热呕吐，面色青，脉弦。我诊断说：这是风根。方药用桂枝、防风、柴胡、黄芪、白术、陈皮、半夏、白芍、甘草、生姜，服两剂平复，四剂痊愈。（许宣治）
脾瘅
有口中有甜味的人，名叫脾瘅。（《素问》）
口甜这一证候，《内经》称为脾瘅。这个甘不是甘美的甘，瘅即热的意思。人的饮食进入胃中，全赖脾的真气来运化，命门之火来腐熟，就像酿酒蒸酿一样。一旦不和，肥甘厚味的疾病就会立刻发作，五味精华失去了本来的真味，于是淫淫的甜味上泛不止。胸部脘部必然痞塞，口舌必然腻浊，不饥饿不想吃东西的原因，从此就产生了。《内经》设立了一个兰草汤，味道辛足以散结，气味清足以化浊，去除陈腐解开发郁，利水和营，是奇方的祖方。暑湿的时候，常兼有这个病患，以此方为主药，参以苦辛的药物，配合泻心等法。胃虚谷少的人，也有这种证候，应当遵循大半夏汤及六君子法，远离甘味增益辛味即可。○兰草即佩兰叶，俗名省头草。妇人插在发髻中以辟除油腻之气，形状像马兰但更高大，气味香味道辛性质凉，用来醒脾气、涤除肥甘。（《临证指南》）
胆瘅
有口苦的人，名叫胆瘅。（《素问》）
胆是中正之官，清净之腑，十一脏取决于胆，咽是其使道，主藏而不泻。现在多次谋虑而不能决断，则清净者变得浑浊而受扰动了，所以气上溢而导致口苦。（《圣济总录》）
控睾
小腹牵引睾丸，牵连腰脊，向上冲至心胸，唾出清水，以及发生呃逆嗳气，严重时邪气入心，善忘善悲。（《素问》）
小肠受寒，则小腹疼痛，牵引睾丸，牵拉腰脊，向上冲于心，唾出清水，以及发生呃逆嗳气，严重时邪气入心，善忘善悲，有这种情况。（《内经拾遗》）
脱营
曾经尊贵后来卑贱，虽然不中邪气，病从内生，名叫脱营。（《素问》）
失营一证，《经》谓先富后贫，先贵后贱，心志屈辱，神气不伸，而忧煎日益迫切，供养日益微薄，如果有这样的病患。
营属于阴血，卫属于阳气，脉中与脉外，是往来的道路，所以百骸得以荣养，经络得以流通，又何至于脱营失精，而病从内生呢？无奈禀赋素来虚弱，平日以酒为浆，以妄为常，以欲望竭其精，以耗散其真元，而郁火相凝，痰浊停结，才形成这个证候。这个病患多生于肩上下，初起微肿，皮色不变，日久逐渐变大，坚硬如石，半年一年，才产生阴痛。或者破烂紫斑，渗流血水；或者泛滥如莲花，秽气熏蒸，气血衰败，形容瘦削，没有不死亡的。大概肝主谋虑，心主血脉，肾主五液。思虑多则伤肝；精神耗则伤心；精液少则伤肾。肝伤则筋不荣而肿；心伤则血不生而枯；肾伤则液不润而涩。漫肿无头，发在关节，病虽在经络，根实在脏腑。譬如树木，根摇而枝叶已先萎了。奈何医家误认流痰痈毒，用药进清凉表散，愈耗阴血，这是加速其危亡。不知道流痰的发生，坚而痛，痛而红，红而肿，肿而溃。在阴证则平塌不红、不肿、不痛，数日立毙。失营则坚久隐痛，皮色如故，数年乃亡。见证不同，治法各异。初起宜用六味归芍汤，救其根本；病久隐痛阴亏者，宜用左归生脉汤，补其元气；阳亏者，宜用十全大补汤，培补气血。（《会心录》）
失精
曾经富有后来贫穷，名叫失精。（《素问》）
富则膏粱美味，贫则藜藿粗食。先丰盛后歉收，脏液不生，名叫失精。（吴鹤皋）
洞
肾脉微缓为洞。洞，指食物不消化，咽下后又吐出来。（《灵枢》）
还与旋同义，洞当作“噎”（此处原文可能有误，结合上下文指反胃或呕吐）。《仓公传》说：噎风的症状，饮食下咽后立即吐出。注解说后如厕也。（《内经拾遗》）
膈洞
太阴为开，开折则仓廪无所输，膈洞。（《灵枢》）
开属太阴，主于脾。输，营运也；膈，塞也；洞，指食物不消化，咽下后又吐出来。（《类经》）
三焦约
小腹痛肿，不得小便，邪在三焦约。（《灵枢》）
三焦，是水谷的道路，气之所终始。小腹痛肿，小便不利，这是邪热在三焦，约束而不得运行。治疗应当疏导三焦，分别清浊。（《内经拾遗》）
唏
人发出唏的声音，是什么气造成的？这是阴气盛而阳气虚，阴气运行疾速而阳气徐缓，阴气盛而阳气绝，所以为唏。（《灵枢》）
唏，即欷歔。《释义》说：悲泣气咽而抽息。一说：哭泣后的余声。悲忧之气生于阴惨，所以为阴盛阳虚的证候。（《类经》）
战栗
人发抖，是什么气造成的？胃不实，则诸脉虚。诸脉虚，则筋脉懈惰。筋脉懈惰，则行阴用力，气不能复，所以为战栗。（《灵枢》）
即战栗之类。因寒而战者，谓之寒战。有战栗不因寒的，由气虚耳。胃为脏腑之海，胃不实，则诸脉虚，所以为战栗。（《类经》）
太息
人发出太息（长叹气），是什么气造成的？忧思则心系急，心系急则气道约，约则不利，所以太息以伸出之。补手少阴心经、手厥阴心包经，足少阳胆经留针。（《灵枢》）
此言人之所以太息而有针刺的方法。人心皆有系，惟忧思则必系紧急，而气道约，约则出气不利，所以太息以伸出之。当补手少阴心经、手厥阴心包经络及足少阳胆经，皆留其针以补之。（马元台）
石瘕
石瘕怎么样？石瘕生于胞宫，寒气客居于子门，子门闭塞，气不得通，恶血应当排泄而不能排泄，瘀血留止，日渐增大，状如怀孕，月经不能按时来潮，都发生于女子，可以用导下法治疗。（《灵枢》）
膀胱为津液之腑，气化则能出焉。寒气客居于子门，则气塞而不通，血壅而不流，瘀血留止，结硬如石，是名石瘕。这是先气病而后血病，所以月经不来，可以宣导而下出。（罗谦甫）
肠覃
肠覃怎么样？寒气客居于肠外，与卫气相搏，气不得荣养，因而有所系结，癖而内着，恶气乃起，息肉乃生。其初生时，大如鸡卵，稍以益大，至其成，如怀孕之状，久者离岁，按之则坚，推之则移，月经按时来潮，这是它的征候。（《灵枢》）
肠，是大肠；覃，是延。大肠以传导为事，是肺之腑。肺主卫，卫为气，得热则泄，得冷则凝。现在寒气客居于大肠，故卫气不荣，有所系止，而结瘕在内贴着，延久不已，是名肠覃。夫气散则清，气聚则浊，结为瘕聚，所以恶气乃起，息肉乃生。小渐益大，而鼓其腹，状如怀孕。这是气病而血未病，所以月经不断，应时而下，非胎娠也。（罗谦甫）
Root: The place where disease ultimately terminates. Fuliang (Voluminous Beam), meaning like a submerged bridge, is the name for a condition characterized by deep-seated and stubborn pathology. This differs from the Fuliang discussed in *Nan Jing* (*Classic of Difficult Issues*), which refers to an accumulation in the heart belonging to the yin qi of the zang organs; whereas this type involves the accumulation of pus and blood, classified as yang toxicity. (Wu Hegao)
Wind Causing Cold Invasion
Wind qi enters the stomach along with the Yangming channel, travels upward along the meridian, and reaches the inner canthus of the eye. If the person is emaciated, the exterior leaks, leading to cold invasion and tearing. (*Su Wen*)
When wind pathogen lodges in the stomach, the Yangming channel originates at the side of the nose, intersects at the root of the nose, and descends along the lateral aspect of the nose. Wind follows the channel to the inner canthus. Emaciation implies open and loose interstitial spaces (cou li); thus, wind pathogen enters through deficiency, causing body fluids to transform into tears. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Wind Causing Heat Invasion
Wind qi enters the stomach along with the Yangming channel, travels upward along the meridian, and reaches the inner canthus of the eye. If the person is obese, wind qi cannot be excreted outward, resulting in "Heat Zhong" (Middle Heat) and yellowing of the eyes. (*Su Wen*)
Wind belongs to yang qi; it moves freely and changes frequently. When wind lodges in the stomach, it cannot circulate internally nor be excreted externally, steaming and stagnating within, hence termed "Heat Zhong." Since the Yangming channel originates at the side of the nose, intersects at the root of the nose, and descends along the lateral aspect of the nose, heat follows the channel inward, causing yellowing of the eyes. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Brain Wind
When wind follows the Fengfu point (GV16) upward, it becomes Brain Wind. (*Su Wen*)
Those injured by wind are first affected on the upper part, starting with the yang channels. The Du Mai (Governing Vessel) is the intersection of the Yang Wei Mai (Yang Linking Vessel). From Fengfu (GV16) upward to Naohu (GV17), Naohu is the intersection of the Du Mai and the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Channel. Furthermore, the Foot-Taiyang channel originates at the inner canthus, ascends to intersect at the vertex, and enters to connect with the brain. Now, if wind pathogen lodges and combats this channel, stagnating without moving, the brain marrow becomes weak internally, causing fear of cold in the neck and back, and coldness at Naohu. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Head Wind
Being exposed to wind immediately after washing hair results in Head Wind. (*Su Wen*)
All yang channels converge on the head. Immediately after washing, the skin pores are open and loose; wind pathogen takes advantage of this, lodging in the head and causing disease. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Leaking Wind
Exposure to wind after drinking alcohol results in Leaking Wind. Symptoms include excessive sweating, inability to wear single-layer clothing, sweating upon eating, severe cases involving whole-body sweating and panting, aversion to wind, constantly damp clothes, dry mouth with thirst, and inability to perform labor. (*Su Wen*)
Alcohol nourishes yang qi. Upon entering the stomach, it contends with grain qi, generating intense heat within. Its qi is fierce and escapes together with yang qi, leaving the cou li empty and susceptible to wind. Hence, excessive sweating and aversion to wind, preventing wearing of thin clothes. Panting and shortness of breath result from heat steaming the lungs and wind lodging in the skin and hair. Dry mouth and thirst result from excessive sweating depleting body fluids. Lethargy and inability to work result from exhaustion of essence and qi, failing to nourish the four limbs. It is called Leaking Wind because sweat flows incessantly, akin to leaking qi. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Stomach Wind
Symptoms of Stomach Wind include excessive sweating on the neck, aversion to wind, difficulty swallowing food and drink, chest diaphragm obstruction, abdominal fullness, bloating when unclothed, diarrhea after consuming cold food, emaciated body but distended abdomen. (*Su Wen*)
The Stomach channel descends from Daying before Renying, follows the throat into the Supraclavicular Fossa. Thus, Stomach Wind causes neck sweating. The Stomach governs reception and digestion; wind invasion causes qi to surge upward, leading to inability to swallow and diaphragmatic obstruction. The Stomach channel runs through the abdomen, hence prone to fullness. Exposure to cold aids the pathogen, making meridians more stagnant, causing bloating. Cold food depletes stomach qi, impairing transformation, causing diarrhea. The Stomach governs muscles, hence emaciation. Wind-heat accumulating in the Stomach causes abdominal distension. (Wu Hegao)
Eye Wind and Eye Cold
Wind entering the connections of the head results in Eye Wind and Eye Cold. (*Su Wen*)
Essence and qi of all zang and fu organs ascend to the eyes. Blood and qi, along with channels, connect to the brain. Now, wind entering the head connections causes blood vessels to stagnate, unable to ascend to the eyes. Additionally, the Liver governs the eyes and dislikes wind; vision requires blood. With wind-cold lodging there, Eye Wind and Eye Cold occur. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Rash Jin (Tendon Rash)
If the Chi pulse (Kidney position) is extremely rapid, and tendons are tense and visible, the disease is named Rash Jin. Such a person will have abdominal tension. Appearance of white or black colors indicates severe disease. (*Su Wen*)
Extreme rapidity of the Chi pulse indicates Kidney water deficiency. Insufficient water fails to nourish Liver wood, causing large tendons to become tense and visible.
Rash Jin is a tendon disease. The abdomen is the pathway of the Zong Jin (Major Tendons), hence abdominal tension. Tendon disease showing white color indicates Metal overcoming Wood. Kidney disease showing black color indicates depletion of organ qi. (Wu Hegao)
Lung Hernia
A Lung pulse that is deep and forceful indicates Lung Hernia. (*Su Wen*)
Deep and forceful pulses are both yin characteristics. Manifesting in the Lung region indicates Lung qi pathology, hence Lung Hernia. (Wu Hegao)
Wind Root
If a person has swelling of the body, thighs, and calves, with pain circling the umbilicus, the disease is named Fuliang (Voluminous Beam), which is the Wind Root. Its qi overflows into the Large Intestine and attaches to the Huang (Blind Membrane). The source of the Huang is below the umbilicus, hence the periumbilical pain. It must not be treated with purgatives; doing so leads to difficult urination. (*Su Wen*)
Wind toxin rooted internally causes periumbilical pain. The umbilicus is the pivot of the body; pivot pathology prevents the rotation of yin and yang qi, causing swelling of the body, thighs, and calves. (Wu Hegao)
Attached Case
A son suffered abdominal pain for three years. Attacks were unbearable, accompanied by shouting. Exposure to wind triggered chills, fever, vomiting, cyanosis, and a wiry pulse. I diagnosed this as Wind Root. Formula used: Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) ingredients including Cinnamon Twig, Saposhnikovia Root, Bupleurum Root, Astragalus Root, Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome, Tangerine Peel, Pinellia Tuber, White Peony Root, Licorice Root, and Fresh Ginger. Two doses brought relief; four doses cured. (Xu Xuanzhi)
Spleen Dan (Heat)
Those with a sweet taste in the mouth are said to have Spleen Dan. (*Su Wen*)
The symptom of sweet taste in the mouth is called Spleen Dan in the *Nei Jing*. This sweetness is not pleasant sweetness; Dan refers to heat. Food entering the stomach relies entirely on Spleen true qi for transportation and Mingmen fire for decomposition, similar to brewing wine. Any disharmony causes diseases of rich and sweet foods to erupt instantly. The essence of the five flavors loses its original true taste, causing a cloying sweetness to float upward endlessly. Chest and epigastrium become obstructed; tongue becomes greasy; loss of appetite arises from this. The *Nei Jing* established Lancao Tang (Orchid Herb Decoction). Its acrid flavor disperses knots; its clear qi transforms turbidity; removes stagnation and resolves depression; promotes urination and harmonizes Ying. It is the ancestor of miraculous formulas. In summer-damp conditions, this often accompanies illness; use as chief herb, combined with bitter-acrid agents, and methods like Xiexin Tang. For those with deficient Stomach qi and low grain intake presenting this syndrome, follow Banxia Baibu Tang or Liujunzi Tang principles; avoid sweet and increase acrid. ○ Lancao is Peilan Ye (Eupatorium Leaf), commonly known as Shentou Cao. Women insert it in hairpins to repel grease odor; resembles Ma Lan but taller; fragrant, acrid, cool nature; awakens Spleen qi and cleanses rich/sweet residues. (*Lin Zheng Zhi Nan*)
Gallbladder Dan (Heat)
Those with a bitter taste in the mouth are said to have Gallbladder Dan. (*Su Wen*)
The Gallbladder is the Official of Uprightness and Purity, the Fu organ of eleven organs, with the pharynx as its envoy, governing storage without excretion. Frequent deliberation without decision makes the pure turbid and disturbed, causing qi to overflow upward and resulting in bitter taste. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Testicular Control
Lower abdomen pain controlling the testicles, drawing to the waist and spine, rushing up to the heart, spitting clear fluid, hiccups and belching; if severe, entering the heart, causing forgetfulness and sadness. (*Su Wen*)
Small Intestine cold causes lower abdominal pain, controlling the testicles, drawing to the waist and spine, rushing to the heart, spitting clear fluid, hiccups/belching; if severe, entering the heart, causing forgetfulness and sadness. (*Nei Jing Shi Yi*)
Tuoying (Depletion of Ying)
Once noble, now base; although not struck by external pathogens, disease arises internally, named Tuoying. (*Su Wen*)
Shiyi (Loss of Ying) refers to those who were once rich/poor or noble/base, experiencing humiliation, suppressed spirit, daily worry, and reduced sustenance. Ying belongs to Yin Blood; Wei belongs to Yang Qi. Inside and outside the vessels are pathways for circulation, nourishing the body and flowing through meridians. How could one suffer Tuoying and Jing loss, with internal disease? Unluckily, innate constitution is weak; daily indulgence in alcohol, irregular lifestyle, exhausting essence through desire, dissipating true yuan. Depressed fire condenses, phlegm stagnates, forming this syndrome. Often appears above/below shoulders; initially slight swelling, unchanged skin color; gradually enlarges over months/years, becoming hard as stone, then developing yin pain. Or ulcerates with purple spots, oozing bloody fluid; or spreads like lotus, foul odor; qi and blood decline, emaciation ensues; invariably fatal. Liver governs planning; Heart governs blood vessels; Kidney governs five fluids. Excessive thinking injures Liver; mental exhaustion injures Heart; fluid deficiency injures Kidney. Liver injury causes tendons to lack nourishment and swell; Heart injury causes blood generation failure and withering; Kidney injury causes fluid lubrication failure and dryness. Diffuse swelling without head, occurring at joints; though disease is in meridians, root is in zang organs. Like trees: roots shake, branches wither first. Alas, physicians mistake this for flowing phlegm or carbuncles, using cooling/dispersing drugs, further depleting yin blood, accelerating death. They do not know: Flowing Phlegm starts hard/painful/red/swollen/ulcerated. Yin-type is flat, non-red/non-swollen/non-painful, fatal in days. Shiyi is hard, long-standing dull pain, normal skin color, fatal in years. Signs differ, treatments differ. Initially use Liuwei Guishao Tang to save the root; chronic dull pain with yin deficiency use Zuogui Shengmai Tang to tonify yuan; yang deficiency use Shiquan Dabu Tang to cultivate qi and blood. (*Huixin Lu*)
Shijing (Loss of Jing)
Once rich, now poor; named Shijing. (*Su Wen*)
Rich implies rich food; poor implies coarse food. From abundance to scarcity, organ fluids fail to generate, named Shijing. (Wu Hegao)
Dong (Hollow/Reflux)
Kidney pulse slightly slow indicates Dong. Dong means food does not digest; swallowed food comes back up. (*Ling Shu*)
"Huan" is synonymous with "Xuan" (rotate). "Dong" should be read as "Ye" (regurgitation). *Canggong Zhuan* states: Ye Feng symptoms, food swallowed is immediately expelled. Note says "hou" refers to defecation. (*Nei Jing Shi Yi*)
Ge Dong (Diaphragm Hollow)
Taiyin opens; if opening collapses, granaries cannot transport, resulting in Ge Dong. (*Ling Shu*)
Opening belongs to Taiyin, governed by Spleen. Transport refers to operation; Ge refers to obstruction; Dong means food does not digest and regurgitates. (*Lei Jing*)
Sanjiao Yue (Constrained Sanjiao)
Lower abdominal pain and swelling, inability to urinate, pathogen is in Sanjiao Yue. (*Ling Shu*)
Sanjiao is the pathway of water and grain, the beginning and end of qi. Lower abdominal pain/swelling and dysuria indicate pathogenic heat constraining the Sanjiao, preventing flow. Treatment should guide and dredge the Sanjiao, separating clear and turbid. (*Nei Jing Shi Yi*)
Xi (Sighing/Sobbing)
Why does a person sigh/sob? This is due to excess yin qi and deficient yang qi. Yin qi moves fast, yang qi moves slow; yin excess and yang extinction cause Xi. (*Ling Shu*)
Xi is Xixu (sobbing). *Shi Yi* explains: Sobbing with choked breath and gasping. Alternatively: residual sound of crying. Sadness/grief arises from yin/cold, hence yin-excess/yang-deficient pattern. (*Lei Jing*)
Zhan (Shivering/Trembling)
Why does a person shiver? Stomach qi is not solid, thus all vessels are deficient. Vessel deficiency leads to lax tendons/vessels. Laxity leads to exertion of yin-force, qi cannot recover, hence shivering. (*Ling Shu*)
This belongs to trembling. Shivering due to cold is Han Zhan. Shivering not due to cold is caused by qi deficiency. Stomach is the sea of zang-fu; Stomach deficiency leads to vessel deficiency, hence shivering. (*Lei Jing*)
Tai Xi (Deep Sigh)
Why does a person take a deep sigh? Worry/thoughts tighten the Xin Mai (Heart Connection); tightening restricts the airway; restriction causes obstruction, hence deep sigh to release it. Tonify Hand-Shaoyin Pericardium, retain needle in Foot-Shaoyang. (*Ling Shu*)
This explains why people sigh and the acupuncture method. Everyone has Xin connections; worry/thoughts tighten them, restricting airflow, causing obstruction, hence sighing to release. Tonify Hand-Shaoyin Heart Channel, Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Collateral, and Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel, retaining needles to tonify. (Ma Yuantai)
Shijia (Stone Mass)
What is Shijia? Shijia arises in the Baozhong (Uterus). Cold pathogen lodges at Zimen (Os Uteri), blocking it. Qi cannot circulate; evil blood should discharge but does not, stagnating and growing daily, resembling pregnancy. Menstruation is delayed. Occurs only in women; treatable by guiding downward. (*Ling Shu*)
Bladder is the house of body fluids; qi transformation allows excretion. Cold lodging at Zimen blocks qi and blood stasis, hardening like stone, named Shijia. This is qi pathology preceding blood pathology; hence amenorrhea, treatable by guiding downward. (Luo Qianfu)
Changtan (Intestinal Polyp/Mass)
What is Changtan? Cold pathogen lodges outside the intestines, contending with Wei Qi. Qi fails to nourish, binding internally, forming癖 (masses), evil qi arises, flesh grows. Initially egg-sized, gradually enlarging to resemble pregnancy. Long-term cases last years. Firm on pressure, movable on pushing. Menstruation occurs on time. This is the sign. (*Ling Shu*)
Chang is Large Intestine; Tan is extension. Large Intestine conducts waste; it is the Fu organ of Lung. Lung governs Wei; Wei is qi, dispersing with heat, coagulating with cold. Cold lodging in Large Intestine causes Wei qi to fail nourishment, binding internally, forming masses extending over time, named Changtan. Qi dispersion clears; qi aggregation turbid. Aggregation forms masses, generating evil qi and flesh growth. Gradually enlarging abdomen, resembling pregnancy. This is qi pathology, not blood; hence menstruation continues normally, not pregnancy. (Luo Qianfu)