凡察目之形容。前已述其提纲。今当集其条目。如开目喜见人者。属阳。闭目不欲见人者属阴。 目者阳
气盛。瞑目者阴气衰。目瞑不得卧者。卫气留于阳。不得入于阴。目闭不得视者。卫气留于阴。不得行于阳。
阳病 目而动者轻。阴病闭目而静者重。闭目而渴。心下牢者。脉当得紧实而数。而反得沉濡而微者死
也。闭目不欲见人者。脉当得弦急而长。而反得浮涩而短者死也。目瞑耳聋。上虚下实者。过在足少阳厥
阴也。强上瞑视。唾出若涕。恶风而振寒者。劳风也。目不合。卒口僻者。足阳明之筋急也。目不开。卒口僻者。
足阳明之筋纵也。翕翕发热。形如醉人。腹中烦重。皮目 而短气者。脾中风也。眼皮垂下。而不能展上
者。因于风湿。将有半身不遂之患也。眼畏光不能开者。眼内发热也。中风。合眼鼻鼾者。不治之证也。目闭
而青。时小惊者。痫候也。太阳病。脉浮紧。无汗发热。身疼痛。八九日不解。发烦目瞑。剧者必衄。衄乃解也。视
而时瞑。非开目者。衄之常候也。脉浮大上关上。但欲眠睡。目合则汗者。三阳合病也。脉微细。但欲寐者。少
阴病也。热病身重。骨痛耳聋。而好瞑者。病在骨也。目不合者。目气不营。阴跷病也。目瞑直视。毛焦面黑者。
阴气绝也。目涩欲睡者。肝绝也。厥不知人。目合。爪甲青者。肝绝也。目正圆者。痉病之死证也。目正圆。手撒。
戴眼者。太阳绝也。病痈疽。眼小。白珠青黑者。逆证也。昏睡露睛者。脾胃虚极也。口眼 斜者。风中经络也。
睑涩嗜卧者。脾病也。睑浮肿者。脾虚不健运也。上睑肿者。脾气热也。目下肿者。水在腹也。目下有卧蚕。面
目鲜泽。脉伏。消渴者。病水也。目窠下微肿。如新卧起之状。颈脉动。时咳者。风水也。面目肿大。有热者。风水
也。诸有水者。微肿先见于目下也。眼胞肿。十指头微肿者。久咳也。眼胞忽陷者。五脏绝也。目眶陷者。阴阳
竭绝也。目眶陷。视不见人。真脏脉见。顷刻而死。若能见人者。至所不胜之日时而死也。眼眶烂者。风也。婴
儿目胞边赤烂痛痒难睁者。胎中蕴热。生后上攻也。 疡者。燥火流行而目病也。目赤肿痛者。岁火盛行
而目病也。目生翳膜 肉者。外障也。黑珠胀起者。肝气郁滞也。疳病白膜遮睛。或泻血黄瘦者。肝疳也。目
肿。腹胀泻利青白者。疳在内也。眼珠脱出。或不动。或脱落者。风毒也。疠风目先损者。病在心也。目如脱。喘
咳上气者。肺胀也。目如脱状。虚而满喘。咳逆倚息。其脉浮大者。亦肺胀之证也。吐泻。目陷睑青者。土败木
贼也。目内陷者。死证也。先不乐。头重痛。视举目赤烦心者。癫疾始生也。目不明。上视喜阳者。痫证也。喜反
目上视者。亦痫证也。目反。四肢不举者。膈痫也。上视者。太阳不足也。戴眼螈 。色白绝汗出者。太阳终也。
戴眼足不可屈伸者。足太阳气绝也。头倾视深者。精神将夺也。平人忽然眼垂下视者。寿不永也。视下言
徐者。无守气也。目眶陷。目系倾。汗出如珠者。阳绝也。病患目系倾者。七日死也。身热目时直视。或视不精
者。痫候也。瞳子卒大。黑如常者。亦痫候也。目正直视。腹大者。牛痫也。病肺疟。其人语声本雄烈。忽尔不亮。
拖气用力。方得出言。呼与语。直视不应者。此肺病声音之候。势不久也。目精脱。恍惚者。阴结阳绝之死证
也。热病瞳子青小。爪枯发堕身涩。齿挺而垢。面浓尘黑。咳而吐血。渴欲数饮。且大满者。五脏绝也。息肩回
视。目亭亭者。二日死也。直视不回。息肩者。一日死也。两目回回直视。息肩者。心绝。一日死也。息肩回视。心
绝者。立死也。直视摇头者。心绝也。阳反独留。形体如烟熏。直视摇头者。心绝也。狂言。目反直视。溲便遗失
者。肾绝也。直视谵语喘满者死。下利者亦死也。目多直视。视不转睛者。五脏俱绝也。睛定不转者。神亡之
候也。伤寒吐下后不解。不大便五六日。至十余日。日晡所发潮热恶寒。独语如见鬼状。若剧者。发则不识
人。循衣摸床。惕而不安。微喘直视。脉弦者生。涩者死。微者。但发热谵语者。有燥屎也。额上陷。脉紧急。汗出。
直视不能 。不得眠者。衄家亡血。复发汗。阴阳俱虚也。目眩转者。邪入于脑。目系急也。目 眩转者。三阴
绝。志先死也。目运者。目系转。志先死。五阴气俱绝也。口目动作。善惊妄言。色黄。其上下经盛不仁者。阳明
终也。耳聋百节皆纵。目HT 系绝者。少阳终也。瞳子高者。太阳不足。戴眼者。太阳已绝。此决死生之要也。至
若悲哀动中而泣出者。五脏皆摇也。泣出不止者。液道开也。见风泣下者。风中目也。瘦人泣出者。风中阳
明也。喘咳寒热。背痛腰疼。目泣自出者。膈上痰满也。目赤热痛者。流泪则轻。成脓则重也。目视而不见人。
泣出如水不止者。肝绝也。初生赤子。泣而无泪者。死证也。若夫瞳仁。处暗则大。处明则小者。是隔帘舒缩
之常。非疾病之变也。其或处暗不大。处明不小。则精神亦病焉。可比例交参也。此 目之形容也。
凡观察眼睛的形态特征，前文已经阐述了其提纲。现在应当汇集具体的条目。例如：睁眼喜欢见人的，属于阳证；闭眼不喜欢见人的，属于阴证。眼睛明亮有神是阳气旺盛的表现；眼睛闭合无神是阴气衰弱的表现。眼睛半开半闭无法入睡的，是因为卫气（运行于体表、具有防御和温养作用的气）停留在阳分，不能进入阴分。眼睛紧闭无法视物的，是因为卫气停留在阴分，不能在阳分行使功能。阳病中，睁眼躁动的病情较轻；阴病中，闭眼安静的病情较重。闭眼且口渴，心下（胃脘部）痞硬结块的，脉象应当表现为紧实而数，如果反而出现沉濡而微的脉象，则是死证。闭眼不喜欢见人的，脉象应当表现为弦急而长，如果反而出现浮涩而短的脉象，则是死证。眼睛半开半闭且耳聋，上虚下实的，病在足少阳胆经和足厥阴肝经。头项强直、眼睛半开半闭、吐出粘痰、怕风且发冷颤抖的，是劳风病。眼睛不能闭合、突然口角歪斜的，是足阳明胃经的筋脉拘急所致。眼睛不能睁开、突然口角歪斜的，是足阳明胃经的筋脉弛缓所致。发热如被包裹般温热、身体像喝醉的人一样、腹中烦闷沉重、眼皮跳动且呼吸短促的，是脾中风。眼皮下垂不能抬起的，是因为风湿之邪，将有半身不遂的祸患。眼睛畏光不能睁开的，是眼内发热所致。中风患者，闭眼且鼻鼾声重的，是不治之证。眼睛闭合且眼眶发青，时常轻微惊悸的，是痫病的征兆。太阳病，脉象浮紧，无汗且发热，身体疼痛，经过八九日未解，出现心烦、眼睛半开半闭的症状，严重的必定发生鼻衄（鼻出血），鼻衄后病情才会解除。视物时眼睛半开半闭，不是完全睁眼的，是鼻衄的常见征候。脉象浮大且上至关部，只想睡觉，一合眼就出汗的，是三阳合病。脉象微细，只想睡觉的，是少阴病。热病身体沉重、骨痛、耳聋且喜欢闭眼的，病位在骨。眼睛不能闭合的，是目气不能滋养，阴跷脉有病。眼睛半开半闭且直视，毛发干枯、面色发黑的，是阴气衰竭。眼睛干涩想睡的，是肝气衰竭。昏迷不知人，眼睛闭合，指甲青紫的，是肝气衰竭。眼睛直视固定不动的，是痉病的死证。眼睛直视固定不动，手撒开，眼球上翻的，是太阳经气衰竭。患有痈疽，眼睛变小，白眼球呈青黑色的，是逆证。昏睡时眼睛露睛的，是脾胃极度虚弱。口眼歪斜的，是风邪中于经络。眼睑涩滞且嗜睡的，是脾病。眼睑浮肿的，是脾气虚弱不能健运。上眼睑肿的，是脾有热。眼下肿的，是腹中有水饮。眼下有卧蚕状隆起，面目鲜亮光泽，脉象伏匿，伴有消渴症状的，是水病。眼眶下微微肿胀，像刚睡醒的样子，颈动脉搏动明显，时常咳嗽的，是风水病。面目肿大且有发热的，是风水病。凡是水肿病患者，微肿最先出现在眼下。眼睑肿，十个指头尖也微肿的，是久咳所致。眼睑忽然凹陷的，是五脏之气衰竭。眼眶深陷的，是阴阳之气竭绝。眼眶深陷，视而不见人，真脏脉现出的，顷刻就会死亡。如果能看见人的，会在克己之日时死亡。眼眶溃烂的，是风邪所致。婴儿眼睑边缘红赤溃烂、疼痛瘙痒难以睁开的，是胎中蕴积热毒，出生后上攻于目所致。疮疡引起的眼病，是燥火流行所致。眼睛红赤肿痛的，是岁火盛行所致。眼睛生翳膜、胬肉的，是外障。黑眼球胀起的，是肝气郁滞。疳病白膜遮睛，或泻血、黄瘦的，是肝疳。眼睛肿，腹胀、腹泻青色白色便的，是疳病在内。眼珠脱出，或不动、或脱落的，是风毒所致。麻风病眼睛先受损的，病在心。眼睛感觉像要脱出，气喘咳嗽气逆的，是肺胀。眼睛感觉像要脱出，虚满气喘，咳嗽倚息，脉象浮大的，也是肺胀的证候。呕吐腹泻，眼睛深陷、眼睑青色的，是土败木贼（脾虚肝乘）。眼睛内陷的，是死证。先前情绪不佳，头重痛，视物举目红赤、心烦的，是癫疾初起。眼睛不明，向上看且喜阳的，是痫证。喜欢反白眼向上看的，也是痫证。眼睛反张，四肢不能抬举的，是膈痫。向上看的，是太阳不足。眼球上翻、抽搐，面色苍白、绝汗出的，是太阳经气终绝。眼球上翻、双脚不能屈伸的，是足太阳经气衰竭。头倾视深（眼神呆滞深陷）的，是精神即将被夺舍。正常人忽然眼睑下垂向下看的，寿命不长。向下看说话缓慢的，是守气不足。眼眶深陷，目系倾斜，汗出如珠的，是阳气衰竭。病患目系倾斜的，七日后死亡。身体发热、眼睛时常直视，或视力模糊不清的，是痫病征候。瞳孔突然变大，黑眼球颜色正常的，也是痫病征候。眼睛正直直视，腹部胀大的，是牛痫。患肺疟的人，原本声音雄壮激烈，忽然变得嘶哑，拖气用力才能发出声音，呼叫应答时，直视不应答的，这是肺病声音的征候，病情不久将危。眼睛精光脱失，神情恍惚的，是阴结阳绝的死证。热病瞳孔青小，指甲枯槁、头发脱落、身体涩滞、牙齿挺长且污垢、面色浓尘黑、咳嗽吐血、口渴想多次饮水、且腹部胀满的，是五脏衰竭。喘息抬肩、回头视物、眼睛瞪视的，二日后死亡。直视不回、喘息抬肩的，一日后死亡。两眼来回直视、喘息抬肩的，是心气衰竭，一日后死亡。喘息抬肩、回头视物、心气衰竭的，立即死亡。直视摇头的，是心气衰竭。阳气反向独留，形体如烟熏，直视摇头的，是心气衰竭。胡言乱语，眼睛反张直视，大小便失禁的，是肾气衰竭。直视、谵语、喘满的死亡，下利的也死亡。眼睛多直视，视物眼球不转动的，是五脏俱绝。眼球固定不转动，是神志亡失的征候。伤寒吐下后病情未解，不大便五六天，甚至十余天，傍晚时分发作潮热恶寒，独自说话像看见鬼怪一样，如果严重的话，发作时不认识人，循衣摸床，惊恐不安，微喘直视，脉象弦的能生，脉象涩的会死。轻的，只是发热谵语的，是有燥屎。额头凹陷，脉象紧急，汗出，直视不能眨眼，不得眠的，是衄家（经常鼻出血者）亡血，又复发汗，导致阴阳俱虚。眼睛眩晕旋转的，是邪气入脑，目系紧张。眼睛昏暗眩晕旋转的，是三阴经气衰竭，志先死。眼睛晕眩的，是目系扭转，志先死，五阴气俱绝。口眼抽动，容易惊悸、妄言，面色黄，上下经脉盛而不仁的，是阳明经气终绝。耳聋、全身关节松弛，目系断绝的，是少阳经气终绝。瞳孔高吊的，是太阳不足；眼球上翻的，是太阳已绝。这是判断生死的关键。至于悲哀触动内心而流泪的，是五脏皆动摇。流泪不止的，是液道开启。见风流泪的，是风中于目。瘦人流泪的，是风中于阳明。喘咳寒热，背痛腰疼，眼泪自出的，是膈上痰满。眼睛红赤热痛，流泪则减轻，成脓则加重的……（原文此处似有缺漏，按语境补全逻辑）……眼睛视而不见人，眼泪如水流出不止的，是肝气衰竭。初生婴儿，哭而无泪的，是死证。至于瞳仁，处在暗处则大，处在明处则小的，是隔帘（虹膜/瞳孔括约肌等结构）舒缩的正常现象，不是疾病的变象。如果在暗处不小，在明处不大，那么精神也有病了，可以比照参详。这就是关于眼睛形态特征的论述。
When observing the appearance of the eyes, the general principles have already been discussed previously. Now, we shall compile the specific items. For instance: those who open their eyes and wish to see people belong to the Yang category; those who close their eyes and do not wish to see people belong to the Yin category. Bright eyes indicate abundant Yang Qi (vital energy circulating on the body surface); closed eyes indicate declining Yin Qi. Eyes that are half-open and half-closed, unable to sleep, occur when Wei Qi (defensive Qi) remains in the Yang aspect and cannot enter the Yin aspect. Eyes tightly closed, unable to see, occur when Wei Qi remains in the Yin aspect and cannot circulate in the Yang aspect. In Yang diseases, agitation with open eyes indicates a mild condition; in Yin diseases, quietness with closed eyes indicates a severe condition. If one has closed eyes, thirst, and hardness/stuffiness below the heart (epigastrium), the pulse should be tight, solid, and rapid. If it instead appears deep, soft, and faint, it is a death sign. If one has closed eyes and does not wish to see people, the pulse should be wiry, urgent, and long. If it instead appears floating, choppy, and short, it is a death sign. Eyes half-open/closed with deafness, indicating deficiency above and excess below, indicates pathology in the Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian and Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian. Stiff neck, eyes half-open/closed, expectoration of viscous phlegm, aversion to wind, and chills indicate Laofeng disease (wind induced by labor). Eyes unable to close with sudden deviation of the mouth indicates tension of the tendons of the Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian. Eyes unable to open with sudden deviation of the mouth indicates flaccidity of the tendons of the Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian. Fever feeling like being wrapped, body resembling drunkenness, abdominal vexation and heaviness, twitching eyelids, and shortness of breath indicate Pi Zhongfeng (Spleen struck by Wind). Drooping eyelids unable to lift up, due to Wind-Dampness, portends hemiplegia. Photophobia and inability to open the eyes indicate heat within the eyes. Stroke patients with closed eyes and snoring represent an incurable syndrome. Closed eyes with bluish orbits and occasional minor惊悸 (palpitations/fright) are signs of Xian illness (epilepsy). In Taiyang disease, with a floating-tight pulse, no sweat, fever, and body pain, if unresolved after eight or nine days, leading to vexation and eyes half-open/closed, severe cases will definitely experience nosebleed (Xue Ni), which resolves the condition. Seeing while eyes are half-open/closed, rather than fully open, is a common sign of nosebleed. A pulse floating and large reaching the Guan position, drowsiness, and sweating upon closing the eyes indicate San Yang He Bing (Combined Disease of the Three Yang). A fine and weak pulse with drowsiness indicates Shao Yin disease. Heat disease with heavy body, bone pain, deafness, and preference for closing eyes indicates the pathology is in the bones. Eyes unable to close indicate that Eye Qi is not nourishing, pointing to Bing of the Yin Qiao vessel. Eyes half-open/closed with staring, dry hair, and blackened face indicate exhaustion of Yin Qi. Dry eyes with desire to sleep indicate exhaustion of the Liver. Unconsciousness with closed eyes and cyanotic nails indicate exhaustion of the Liver. Fixed staring eyes indicate a fatal stage of Jing disease (spasm). Fixed staring eyes with hand relaxation and upward deviation of the eyes (Dai Yan) indicate exhaustion of the Taiyang Qi. In carbuncles and sores, small eyes with blue-black whites indicate a adverse prognosis. Sleeping with eyes partially open indicates extreme deficiency of the Spleen and Stomach. Deviation of the mouth and eye indicates Wind striking the meridians and collaterals. Gritty eyelids with somnolence indicate Spleen disease. Swollen eyelids indicate Spleen Qi deficiency and failure of transportation. Swelling of the upper eyelid indicates Spleen Heat. Swelling under the eyes indicates water retention in the abdomen. "Silkworm" swelling under the eyes, bright luster of face and eyes, hidden pulse, and Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst) indicate Water disease. Slight swelling under the eye pits, resembling fresh awakening, pulsating neck vessels, and occasional coughing indicate Feng Shui (Wind-Water edema). Swollen face and eyes with heat indicate Feng Shui. All water diseases show slight swelling first under the eyes. Swollen eyelids with slightly swollen fingertips indicate chronic cough. Sudden sinking of eyelids indicates exhaustion of the Five Zang organs. Sunken eye sockets indicate exhaustion of Yin and Yang. Sunken eye sockets, inability to see, and appearance of True Zang pulses indicate imminent death. If the patient can still see people, death will occur on the day overcoming the self. Ulcerated eye orbits indicate Wind. Red, ulcerated, painful, and itchy eyelid edges in infants indicate fetal heat attacking upwards after birth. Ophthalmia caused by ulcers/sores results from the prevalence of Dry-Fire. Red, swollen, and painful eyes result from the prevalence of Annual Fire. Pterygium and membranes in the eyes indicate external obstructions. Bulging black pupils indicate stagnation of Liver Qi. Gan disease with white membrane covering the pupil, or bloody diarrhea and emaciation, indicates Liver Gan. Swollen eyes with abdominal distension and green-white diarrhea indicate internal Gan disease. Protruding or immobile/detached eyeballs indicate Wind-Toxin. Damage to the eyes as the initial symptom of Li Feng (Leprosy) indicates pathology in the Heart. Eyes feeling like they are falling out, with wheezing and coughing with reversed Qi, indicate Fei Zhang (Lung Distension). Eyes feeling like falling out, with deficiency-fullness, wheezing, coughing leaning on support, and a floating-large pulse, also indicate Fei Zhang. Vomiting and diarrhea with sunken eyes and cyanotic eyelids indicate Earth failing and Wood encroaching (Spleen deficiency with Liver overacting). Sunken inner eyes indicate a fatal sign. Previous dissatisfaction, heavy head pain, red eyes when looking up, and vexation indicate the onset of Dian Ji (catatonic schizophrenia). Unclear vision, upward gaze, and preference for Yang indicate Xian Zheng (epilepsy). Preference for reverse upward gaze also indicates Xian Zheng. Eyes rolling back with immobility of limbs indicates Ge Xian (diaphragmatic epilepsy). Upward gaze indicates Taiyang insufficiency. Dai Yan (upward deviation of eyes) with convulsions, pale complexion, and cold sweat indicates the end of Taiyang. Dai Yan with inability to flex/extend feet indicates exhaustion of Foot Taiyang Qi. Head drooping with deep-set eyes indicates impending loss of Spirit. Sudden downward gaze in a healthy person indicates short lifespan. Looking down with slow speech indicates lack of guarding Qi. Sunken eye sockets, tilted eye system, and bead-like sweat indicate Yang exhaustion. Patients with tilted eye system die in seven days. Body heat with intermittent staring or blurred vision indicates Xian signs. Sudden enlargement of pupils with normal black color also indicates Xian signs. Straight staring with abdominal distension indicates Niu Xian (Ox Epilepsy). In Lung Manie, if the voice suddenly becomes hoarse, requiring effort to speak, and staring without response to calls, this is a sign of Lung disease with imminent danger. Exhaustion of eye essence with恍惚 (trance) indicates Yin knotting and Yang exhaustion, a fatal sign. Heat disease with small blue pupils, withered nails, fallen hair, rough body, protruding dirty teeth, dark dusty face, coughing blood, excessive thirst, and fullness indicates exhaustion of the Five Zang. Shoulder breathing, turning head to look, and fixed staring indicate death in two days. Staring without returning, shoulder breathing, indicate death in one day. Rolling staring with shoulder breathing indicates Heart Qi exhaustion, death in one day. Shoulder breathing, turning head, Heart Qi exhaustion indicates immediate death. Staring with head shaking indicates Heart Qi exhaustion. Yang remaining alone, body like smoke staining, staring with head shaking indicates Heart Qi exhaustion. Delirious speech, reverse staring, and incontinence indicate Kidney Qi exhaustion. Staring, delirium, wheezing, and fullness lead to death; diarrhea also leads to death. Frequent staring with non-rotating eyeballs indicates exhaustion of all Five Zang. Fixed, non-rotating pupils indicate loss of Shen (Spirit). After vomiting/purging in Shang Han, unresolved constipation for 5-10+ days, evening tidal fever/chills, talking to ghosts, unconsciousness, grasping at clothes/bed, fearfulness, slight wheezing, and staring: wiry pulse indicates survival, choppy pulse indicates death. Mild cases with only fever and delirium indicate dry stool. Depressed forehead, urgent pulse, sweat, staring unable to blink, insomnia in frequent nosebleeders after sweating indicates dual deficiency of Yin and Yang. Dizziness and rotation indicate pathogen entering the brain and tension of the eye system. Dim dizziness and rotation indicate exhaustion of the Three Yin, with Zhi (Will) dying first. Eye vertigo indicates twisting of the eye system, Zhi dying first, exhaustion of all Five Yin. Mouth and eye movements, fright, delirium, yellow complexion, and insensitivity in upper/lower meridians indicate the end of Yangming. Deafness, relaxed joints, and severed eye system indicate the end of Shaoyang. High pupils indicate Taiyang insufficiency; Dai Yan indicates Taiyang exhaustion. This is key to determining life and death. Crying due to sorrow shakes all Five Zang. Unstopping tears indicate opening of fluid pathways. Tearing in wind indicates Wind striking the eyes. Tearing in thin people indicates Wind striking Yangming. Wheezing, coughing, chills/fever, back/waist pain, and spontaneous tearing indicate phlegm-fullness above the diaphragm. Red, hot, painful eyes: tearing relieves, suppuration worsens. Inability to see with continuous watery tearing indicates Liver exhaustion. Newborns crying without tears indicate a fatal sign. Regarding pupils: dilating in dark and constricting in light is normal contraction/expansion of the curtain (iris/pupil mechanism), not disease. Failure to dilate in dark or constrict in light indicates spiritual/pathological issues, to be analyzed comparatively. This concludes the description of eye appearances.