宣，散风湿，泻，消积，杀虫
辛散满，苦杀虫，温燥湿化食（诸虫皆因湿而生，气食皆因寒而滞）。祛五脏、皮肤、
肢节风湿，心腹积冷，症痛鳖瘕（《直指方》云∶嗜酒人，血入于酒为酒鳖；多气人，血入
于气为气鳖；虚劳人，败血杂痰为血鳖。如虫之行，上侵人咽，下蚀人肛，或附胁背，或隐
胸腹。惟用芜夷炒，兼暖胃、理气、益血之药，乃可杀之），痔 疮癣，小儿惊疳冷痢（得
诃子、豆蔻良），胃中有虫，食即作痛（和面炒黄为末，米饮下）。形类榆荚。陈久、气膻者
良。
涩精，外用染须
苦温入肾。须精固气，收阴汗，乌须发。出大食诸番。颗小、纹细者佳。炒研用，虫食
成孔者拣去。忌铜、铁器。
一名鬼箭羽
泻，破血
苦寒（时珍曰∶酸涩）。破陈血，通经落胎，杀虫祛祟。干有三羽，叶似野茶。酥炙用。
泻，破血，消积，杀虫
辛温有毒。功专行血杀虫，削年深坚结之积滞（丹溪曰∶漆性急而飞补，用之中节，积
滞去后，补性内行，人不知也），破日久凝结之瘀血（能化瘀血为水），续筋骨绝伤（损伤必
有瘀血停滞）。治传尸劳瘵，瘕疝蛔虫。炒令烟尽入药，或烧存性，用半夏为使。畏川椒、
紫苏、鸡子、蟹（漆得蟹而成水）。
大燥，大泻
辛热有大毒。生猛而熟少缓。可升可降，能止能行，开窍宣滞，去脏腑沉寒，最为斩关
夺门之将。破痰癖血瘕，气痞食积，生冷硬物所伤，大腹水肿，泻痢惊痫，口 耳聋，牙痛
喉痹（缠喉急痹，缓治则死。用解毒丸，雄黄一两，郁金一钱，巴豆十四粒，去皮油，为丸
。每服五分，津咽下。雄黄破结气，郁金散恶血，巴豆下稠涎，然系厉剂，不可轻用。或用
纸拈蘸巴豆油，燃火刺喉；或捣巴豆，绵裹，随左、右纳鼻中，吐出恶涎，紫血即宽。鼻虽
小，生疮无碍）。其毒性又能解毒、杀虫，疗疮疡、蛇蝎诸毒。峻用大可劫病，微用亦可和
中。通经烂胎（巴豆禀火烈之气，烂人肌肉。试以少许擦皮肤，即发一泡，况肠胃耶，不可
轻用。王好古曰∶去心、皮膜、油，生用，为急治水谷道路之剂。炒去烟、令紫黑用。为缓
治消坚磨积之剂。可以通畅，可以止泻，世所不知也。时珍曰∶一妇年六十余，溏泻五载，
犯生冷油腻肉食，即作痛，服升涩药，泻反甚，脉沉而滑，此乃脾胃久伤，积冷凝滞。法当
以热下之。用腊匮巴豆丸五十粒，服二日，不利而愈。自是每用治泻痢，愈者近百人）。一
名刚子（雷 曰∶紧小、色黄者为巴，三棱、色黑者为豆，小而两头尖者为刚子。刚子杀人
。时珍曰∶此说殊乖。盖紧小者为雌，有棱及两头尖者是雄，雄者更峻耳。用之得宜，皆有
功力。不去膜则伤胃，不去心则作呕。《藏器》法连白膜服）。或用谷、用仁、用油、生用
、炒用、醋煮烧存性用。研去油，名巴豆霜。芫花为使。畏大黄、黄连、凉水（中其毒者，
以此解之，或黑豆、绿豆汁亦佳）。得火良。
巴豆油作纸拈燃火，吹息，或熏鼻，或刺喉，能行恶涎恶血。治中风中恶，痰厥气厥，
喉痹不通，一切急病（大黄、巴豆，同为峻下之剂。但大黄性寒，腑病多热者宜之。巴豆性
热，脏病多寒者宜之。故仲景治伤寒传里多热者，多用大黄；东垣治五积属脏者，多用巴豆
。与大黄同服，反不泻人）。
辛味能发散胀满，苦味能杀虫，温性能燥湿、化食（各种虫类皆因湿气而生，气机与食积皆因寒邪而停滞）。祛除五脏、皮肤、肢节的风湿，治疗心腹部的积冷，症瘕痞块（《直指方》记载：嗜酒之人，血液混入酒中形成“酒鳖”；多气之人，血液混入气中形成“气鳖”；虚劳之人，败血夹杂痰浊形成“血鳖”。其状如虫爬行，上侵咽喉，下蚀肛门，或附着于胁背，或隐伏于胸腹。只有使用芜夷炒制，并配合暖胃、理气、益血的药物，才能杀灭它），痔疮、疮癣，小儿惊疳、冷痢（配合诃子、豆蔻效果良好），胃中有虫，进食即疼痛（与面粉同炒黄后研为粉末，用米汤送服）。形状类似榆树荚。陈久且气味膻腥者品质较好。
苦温之性入肾经。须精液固摄则气足，收敛阴部汗出，使须发变黑。产于大食国及诸番邦。颗粒小、纹理细密者为佳。需炒后研碎使用，被虫蛀成孔的应拣除。忌用铜、铁器。
又名鬼箭羽。
苦寒（李时珍曰：兼有酸涩之性）。破除陈旧瘀血，通经堕胎，杀虫祛邪。干燥时有三片羽翼，叶片似野茶。需用酥油炙烤后使用。
辛温，有毒。功效专于行血杀虫，削磨年深日久形成的坚硬结聚之积滞（朱丹溪曰：漆性急迫而飞散，若使用得当，积滞去除后，补益之性内行，人便察觉不到），破除日久凝结的瘀血（能将瘀血化为水），接续断裂的筋骨损伤（损伤必有瘀血停滞）。治疗传尸劳瘵、癥疝、蛔虫。需炒至烟尽入药，或烧存性使用，以半夏为使药。畏川椒、紫苏、鸡蛋、蟹（漆遇到蟹会变成水）。
辛热，有大毒。生用猛烈，熟用稍缓。既可升提又可下降，既能止涩又能通行，开窍宣通滞气，去除脏腑深处的寒邪，是如同斩关夺门般的猛将。破除痰癖、血瘕、气痞、食积，以及生冷硬物所致的伤害，治疗大腹水肿、泻痢、惊痫、口噤耳聋、牙痛、喉痹（缠喉急痹，若缓慢治疗则会致死。可用解毒丸，取雄黄一两，郁金一钱，巴豆十四粒，去皮去油，制成丸药。每次服用五分，津液咽下。雄黄破结气，郁金散恶血，巴豆下稠涎，但此属厉剂，不可轻用。或用纸捻蘸巴豆油，点燃吹灭，熏鼻或刺喉；或捣烂巴豆，用棉包裹，根据左右侧塞入鼻孔中，吐出恶涎、紫血后症状即缓解。鼻腔虽小，生疮也无妨碍）。其毒性又能解毒、杀虫，治疗疮疡、蛇蝎等诸毒。峻猛使用可劫夺病势，微量使用亦可调和脾胃。通经烂胎（巴豆禀受火烈之气，能烂人肌肉。试取少许擦皮肤，立即起水泡，何况肠胃呢，不可轻用。王好古曰：去心、皮膜、油，生用，是急救治水谷道路闭塞的药剂；炒去烟、令其紫黑使用，是缓治消坚磨积的药剂。可以通畅，也可以止泻，世人并不知晓。李时珍曰：有一妇人六十多岁，溏泻五年，吃生冷油腻肉食即作痛，服用升提收涩药，腹泻反而加重，脉沉而滑，这是脾胃久伤，积冷凝滞。法当用热药攻下。用腊月制作的巴豆丸五十粒，服用两日，未腹泻而痊愈。从此以后每用此法治泻痢，治愈近百人）。又名刚子（雷斅曰：紧小、色黄的是巴，三棱形、色黑的是豆，小而两头尖的是刚子。刚子杀人。李时珍曰：这种说法大相径庭。大概紧小的是雌性的，有棱及两头尖的是雄性的，雄性更峻烈。使用得当，都有功力。不去膜则伤胃，不去心则呕吐。《藏器》的方法连白膜一起服用）。或用全株、或用仁、或用油、生用、炒用、醋煮烧存性用。研去油，名为巴豆霜。芫花为使药。畏大黄、黄连、凉水（中其毒者，以此解之，或用黑豆、绿豆汁也佳）。得火则良。
巴豆油做纸捻点燃吹灭，或熏鼻，或刺喉，能行恶涎恶血。治疗中风、中恶、痰厥、气厥、喉痹不通、一切急病（大黄、巴豆，同为峻下之剂。但大黄性寒，腑病多热者适宜用之。巴豆性热，脏病多寒者适宜用之。所以张仲景治疗伤寒传入里部多热者，多用大黄；李东垣治疗五积属于脏者，多用巴豆。与大黄同服，反而不使人腹泻）。
To disperse and unblock, to scatter wind-dampness; to purge, to eliminate accumulation, to kill parasites.
Pungent flavor disperses fullness, bitter flavor kills parasites, warm nature dries dampness and transforms food (all parasites arise from dampness, while qi stagnation and food retention arise from cold). Dispels wind-dampness from the five zang organs, skin, and limbs/joints; treats cold accumulation in the heart and abdomen, and zheng jia masses (The *Zhizhi Fang* states: For those who love alcohol, blood mixes with wine to form "wine bi"; for those with excessive qi, blood mixes with qi to form "qi bi"; for those with deficiency-labor, failed blood mixes with phlegm to form "blood bi." Its shape resembles a worm crawling, invading upwards into the throat, eroding downwards into the anus, or attaching to the hypochondrium and back, or hiding in the chest and abdomen. Only by using *Celastrus orbiculatus* stir-fried, combined with herbs that warm the stomach, regulate qi, and benefit blood, can it be killed); hemorrhoids, sores, tinea, pediatric jing-gan syndrome, and cold dysentery (effective when combined with *Terminalia chebula* and *Amomum cardamomum*); worms in the stomach causing pain upon eating (stir-fried yellow with flour, ground into powder, taken with rice water). Shape resembles elm seeds. Those that are aged and have a musky odor are of good quality.
Astringe essence, externally used to dye beard black.
Bitter and warm enters the Kidney channel. When essence is secured, qi is sufficient;收敛s Yin sweating; darkens beard and hair. Originates from Da Shi country and various foreign regions. Small grains with fine textures are superior. Must be stir-fried and ground before use; discard those eaten by insects leaving holes. Avoid copper and iron vessels.
Also known as Gui Jian Yu (*Euonymus alatus*).
Purge, break blood.
Bitter and cold (Li Shizhen says: also sour and astringent). Breaks old blood, unblocks menstruation, induces abortion, kills parasites, dispels evil influences. Dry stalks have three wings, leaves resemble wild tea. Use after frying with su (animal fat/butter).
Purge, break blood, eliminate accumulation, kill parasites.
Pungent and warm, toxic. Efficacy focuses on moving blood and killing parasites, shaving off deep-seated hard accumulations (Zhu Danxi says: Qi [Lacquer] has an urgent and flying nature; if used moderately, after accumulations are removed, the tonifying nature acts internally without people noticing], breaks long-standing congealed blood [can transform blood stasis into water], reconnects broken bones and tendons [injuries must have blood stasis stagnating]]. Treats chuan shi lao zhai (consumptive disease), zha han (masses/hernia), roundworms. Stir-fry until smoke ceases for decoction, or burn to retain nature, use *Pinellia ternata* as guiding herb. Incompatible with Chuan Jiao (*Sichuan pepper*), Zi Su (*Perilla frutescens*), Ji Zi (egg), Xie (crab) (Qi becomes water when meeting crab).
Greatly drying, greatly purging.
Pungent and hot, highly toxic. Raw is fierce, cooked is slightly slower. Can ascend and descend, can stop and move, opens orifices and unblocks stagnation, removes deep cold from zang organs, acting as a general who breaches gates and seizes doors. Breaks tan pi (phlegm癖), xue zha (blood masses), qi pi (qi obstruction), food accumulation, injuries caused by raw/cold/hard substances, massive abdominal edema, diarrhea/dysentery, convulsions/epilepsy, mouth lock/deafness, toothache, sore throat (Chan Hou Ji Bi [throat entanglement acute obstruction], slow treatment leads to death. Use Jie Du Wan: Xiong Huang [Realgar] 1 liang, Yu Jin [Curcuma aromatica rhizome] 1 qian, Ba Dou [Croton seed] 14 grains, remove peel and oil, make pills. Take 5 fen per dose, swallow with saliva. Xiong Huang breaks stagnant qi, Yu Jin scatters evil blood, Ba Dou expels thick phlegm, but this is a harsh agent, do not use lightly. Or use paper wicks dipped in Ba Dou oil, ignite and blow out, fumigate nose or prick throat; or crush Ba Dou, wrap in cotton, insert into nostril according to left/right side, vomit out bad phlegm and purple blood, symptoms will ease. Although nasal cavity is small, sores there are no hindrance]. Its toxicity can also detoxify, kill parasites, treat sores, snake/scorpion poisons. Harsh use can劫病 (seize/overcome disease), slight use can harmonize middle jiao. Unblocks menstruation, rots fetus (Ba Dou inherits fierce fire qi, rots human muscle. Test by rubbing a little on skin, immediately causes blister, how much more the intestines/stomach? Do not use lightly. Wang Haogu says: Remove heart, peel, membrane, oil, use raw, it is an emergency agent for clearing water/grain pathways; stir-fry until smoke gone, let turn purple-black, it is a slow agent for dissolving hardness and grinding accumulation. Can unblock, can stop diarrhea, unknown to the world. Li Shizhen says: A woman over sixty had loose stools for five years, pain upon eating raw/cold/greasy/meat, taking ascending/astringent herbs made diarrhea worse, pulse was deep and slippery, this is long-term spleen/stomach injury, cold accumulation stagnation. Method should be to purge with heat. Use La Kui Ba Dou Wan [腊匮巴豆丸 - Ba Dou pills made in winter month] 50 pills, take for two days, no diarrhea but cured. Since then, used this method for diarrhea/dysentary, nearly a hundred cured]). Also known as Gang Zi (Lei Xiao says: Tight/small/yellow is Ba, triangular/black is Dou, small/two-pointed is Gang Zi. Gang Zi kills people. Li Shizhen says: This view is very wrong. Generally tight/small are female, triangular/two-pointed are male, males are more harsh. If used properly, both have efficacy. Remove membrane to avoid stomach injury, remove heart to avoid vomiting. *Cang Qi* method takes white membrane together). Use whole plant, kernel, oil, raw, stir-fried, vinegar-boiled burned-to-retain-nature. Grind to remove oil, named Ba Dou Shuang [Croton Frost]. Yuan Hua [*Genkwa flos*] is guiding herb. Incompatible with Da Huang (*Rhubarb root and rhizome*), Huang Lian (*Coptis chinensis rhizome*), cool water (those poisoned by it, resolve with these, or Black Bean/Green Bean juice is also good). Good with fire.
Ba Dou oil made into paper wicks, ignited and blown out, or fumigated into nose, or pricking throat, can move bad phlegm and bad blood. Treats Zhong Feng (wind stroke), Zhong E (evil attack), Tan Jue (phlegm syncope), Qi Jue (qi syncope), Hou Bi (sore throat obstruction), all acute diseases (Da Huang and Ba Dou are both harsh purgatives. But Da Huang is cold, suitable for fu diseases mostly heat. Ba Dou is hot, suitable for zang diseases mostly cold. Thus Zhang Zhongjing treating Shang Han transmitting to interior mostly heat uses Da Huang; Li Dongyuan treating Wu Ji belonging to zang uses Ba Dou. Taking with Da Huang, conversely does not cause diarrhea).