善为脉者，谨察五脏六腑，一逆一从，阴阳表里，雌雄之纪，藏之心意，合心于精，非其人勿教，非其真勿授，是
为得道。（见藏象类四。）
脉气流经，经气归于肺，肺朝百脉。气口成寸，以决死生。（藏象十二。）天周二十八宿，人经二十八脉，周身一十
六丈二尺。故人一呼脉再动，气行三寸，一吸脉亦再动，气行三寸，一万三千五百息，气行五十营于身，水下百刻，日
行二十八宿，漏水皆尽，脉终矣。凡行八百一十丈也。（经络二十六。）
凡未诊病者，必问尝贵后贱，虽不中邪，病从内生，名曰脱营。尝富后贫，名曰失精。凡欲诊病者，必问饮食居处，
暴乐暴苦，始乐后苦，皆伤精气，精气竭绝，形体毁沮。善为脉者，必以比类奇恒从容知之，为工而不知道，此诊之不
足贵，此治之三过也。诊有三常，必问贵贱，封君败伤，及欲侯王。故贵脱势，虽不中邪，精神内伤，身必败亡。始富
后贫，虽不伤邪，皮焦筋屈，痿 为挛。凡诊者，必知终始，有知余绪，切脉问名，当合男女。（论治十八。）
诊不知阴阳逆从之理，此治之一失也。诊病不问其始，忧患饮食之失节，起居之过度，或伤于毒，不先言此，卒持
寸口，何病能中？妄言作名，为粗所穷，此治之四失也。诊无人事，治数之道，从容之葆，坐持寸口，诊不中五脉，百
病所起，始以自怨，遗师其咎。（论治十九。）
必审问其所始病，与今之所方病，而后各切循其脉，视其经络浮沉，以上下逆从循之。（脉色二十五。）
气口何以独为五脏主？气口亦太阴也。（藏象十一。）
上、下、来、去、至、止。（脉色二十一注义。）
肝脉弦，心脉钩，脾脉代，肺脉毛，肾脉石，是谓五脏之脉。（疾病二十五。）厥阴之至其脉弦，少阴之至其脉钩，
太阴之至其脉沉，少阳之至大而浮，阳明之至短而涩，太阳之至大而长。至而和则平，至而甚则病，至而反者病，至而
不至者病，未至而至者病，阴阳易者危。（运气三十一。）
三阳脉至手太阴而弦，浮而不沉，决以度，察以心，合之阴阳之论。所谓二阳者，阳明也，至手太阴，弦而沉急不
鼓，炅至以病皆死。一阳者，少阳也，至手太阴，上连人迎，弦急悬不绝，此少阳之病也，专阴则死。三阴者，六经之
所主也，交于太阴，伏鼓不浮，上空志心。二阴至肺，其气归膀胱，外连脾胃。一阴独至，经绝气浮，不鼓钩而滑。先
至为主，后至为客。（疾病七。）
春不沉，夏不弦，冬不涩，秋不数，是谓四塞。沉甚曰病，弦甚曰病，涩甚曰病，数甚曰病，参见曰病，复见曰病，
未至而去曰病，去而不去曰病，反者死。（运气二十二。）
春得秋脉，夏得冬脉，长夏得春脉，秋得夏脉，冬得长夏脉，是谓五邪皆同，命死不治。（疾病类二十五。）
寸口主中，人迎主外，两者相应，俱往俱来，若引绳大小齐等，春夏人迎微大，秋冬寸口微大，如是者命曰平人。
人迎盛则为热，虚则为寒，紧则为痛痹，代则乍甚乍间。寸口盛则胀满寒中食不化，虚则热中出糜、少气溺色变，紧则
痛痹，代则乍痛乍止。（针刺二十九。）
少气者，脉口人迎俱少而不称尺寸也。（针刺类二十八。）
脉之盛衰者，所以候血气之虚实、有余不足也。（针刺五十七。）
形充而脉小以弱者气衰，衰则危矣。（藏象十五。）
虚者脉大如其故而不坚也，实者脉大如其故而益坚也。（针刺十六。）
大热病，气热脉满，是谓重实。脉气上虚尺虚，是谓重虚。经络皆实，是寸脉急而尺缓也。络气不足，经气有余者，
脉口热而尺寒也。经虚络满者，尺热满，脉口寒涩也。寒气暴上，脉满而实，实而滑则生，实而逆则死。脉浮而涩，涩
而身有热者死。其形尽满者，脉急大坚，尺涩而不应也。从则生，逆则死。（疾病十六。）
邪气来也紧而疾，谷气来也徐而和。（针刺八。）
脉急则引，脉大以弱则欲安静，用力无劳也。（针刺二十九。）
帝曰∶脉从而病反者，其诊何如？岐伯曰∶脉至而从，按之不鼓，诸阳皆然。帝曰∶诸阴之反，其脉何如？岐伯曰∶
脉至而从，按之鼓甚而盛也。（标本一。）
阳病而阳脉小者为逆，阴病而阴脉大者为逆。故阴阳俱静俱动，若引绳相倾者病。（经络十三。）
脉盛血少，此谓反也。脉少血多，此谓反也。（疾病二十一。）
人迎与寸口气小大等者，病难已。人迎盛坚者伤于寒，气口盛坚者伤于食。（脉色三十二。）
脉之卒然动者，皆邪气居之，留于本末，不动则热，不坚则陷且空，不与众同，是以知其何脉之动也。经脉者常不
可见也，其虚实也以气口知之，脉之见者皆络脉也。（经络六。）
夫脾虚浮似肺，肾小浮似脾，肝急沉散似肾，此皆工之所时乱也。夫浮而弦者，是肾不足也。沉而石者，是肾气内
着也。今夫脉浮大虚者，是脾气之外绝，去胃外归阳明也。（疾病类九。）
鼓一阳曰钩，鼓一阴曰毛，鼓阳胜急曰弦，鼓阳至而绝曰石，阴阳相过曰溜。（疾病六。）
手太阴、足太阴盛者，寸口大三倍于人迎；手少阴、足少阴盛者，寸口大再倍于人迎；手厥阴、足厥阴盛者，寸口
大一倍于人迎。虚者，俱寸口反小于人迎也。手阳明、足阳明盛者，人迎大三倍于寸口；手太阳、足太阳盛者，人迎大
再倍于寸口；手少阳、足少阳盛者，人迎大一倍于寸口。虚者，俱人迎反小于寸口也。（疾病十。）
阴气大盛，则阳气不能荣也，故曰关。阳气大盛，则阴气弗能荣也，故曰格。阴阳俱盛，不能相荣，故曰关格。关
格者，不得尽期而死也。（经络二十二。）
人迎一盛，病在足少阳；一盛而躁，病在手少阳。人迎二盛，病在足太阳；二盛而躁，病在手太阳。人迎三盛，病
在足阳明；三盛而躁，病在手阳明。人迎四盛，且大且数，名曰溢阳，溢阳为外格。脉口一盛，病在足厥阴；一盛而躁，
在手心主。脉口二盛，病在足少阴；二盛而躁，在手少阴。脉口三盛，病在足太阴；三盛而躁，在手太阴。脉口四盛，
且大且数，名曰溢阴，溢阴为内关，内关不通死不治。人迎与太阴脉口俱盛四倍以上，命曰关格，关格者与之短期。（针
刺二十八。又二十九略同。）
南北政。天地之变，无以脉诊。尺寸反，阴阳交。（运气五。）
人之居处动静勇怯，脉亦为之变乎？诊病之道，观人勇怯骨肉皮肤，能知其情，以为诊法也。（疾病五十三。）
应则顺，否则逆，逆则变生，变生则病。物生其应也，气脉其应也。（运气六。）
消瘅脉实大，病久可治；脉悬小坚，病久不可治。（疾病六十。）
癫疾脉。（疾病六十五。）
腰痛脉。（疾病三十七。）
胃脘痈者，当候胃脉。人迎者胃脉也。（疾病类八十八。）
肠 生死脉。（疾病七十二。）
热病汗出而脉尚躁盛者死。（疾病四十三。）
六经滑涩，为疝为积。（疾病七十。）
何以知怀子之且生也？身有病而无邪脉也。（疾病六十二。）
乳子中风热，喘鸣肩息者，脉实大也，缓则生，急则死。（疾病四十七。） 刺家不诊，听病者言。（针刺四十四。）
凡将用针，必先诊脉，视气之剧易，乃可以治也。（针刺六十。）
诸脉者皆属于目。（经络二十一。）
视其目色，以知病之存亡也。持气口人迎以视其脉，坚且盛且滑者病日进，脉软者病将下，诸经实者病三日已。气
口候阴，人迎候阳也。（针刺十六。）
其脉滑而盛者，病日进；虚而细者，久以持；大以涩者，为痛痹。阴阳如一者病难治。视目之五色，以知五脏而决
死生。视其血脉，察其色，以知其寒热痛痹。（针刺二十三。）
欲知其要，则色脉是矣。色以应日，脉以应月，常求其要，则其要也。治之要极，无失色脉，用之不惑，治之大则。
（论治十七。）
善诊者，察色按脉，先别阴阳，审清浊而知部分，视喘息、听声音而知所苦，观权衡规矩而知病所主。（论治八。）
帝曰∶视而可见奈何？岐伯曰∶五脏六腑固尽有部，视其五色，黄赤为热，白为寒，青黑为痛，此所谓视而可见者
也。帝曰∶扪而可得奈何？岐伯曰∶视其主病之脉，坚而血及陷下者，皆可扪而得也。（疾病六十六。）
其色多青则痛，多黑则痹，黄赤则热，多白则寒，五色皆见则寒热也。（经络三十一。）
视其颜色，黄赤者多热气，青白者少热气，黑色者多血少气。（藏象十七。）
凡诊络脉，脉色青则寒且痛，赤则有热。胃中寒，手鱼之络多青矣；胃中有热，鱼际络赤；其暴黑者，留久痹也；
其有赤有黑有青者，寒热气也；其青短者，少气也。（经络六。）
形胜色、色胜形者，至其胜时年加，感则病行，失则忧矣。（藏象三十一。）
肺热者色白而毛拔，心热者色赤而络脉溢，肝热者色苍而爪枯，脾热者色黄而肉蠕动，肾热者色黑而齿槁。（疾病七
十一。）
太阳之脉，色荣颧骨，热病也，荣未交，曰今且得汗，待时而已。与厥阴脉争见者，死期不过三日。其热病内连肾。
少阳之脉，色荣颊前，热病也，荣未交，曰今且得汗，待时而已。与少阴脉争见者，死期不过三日。颊下近颧为大瘕，
下牙车为腹满，颧后为胁痛，颊上者膈上也。（疾病四十四。）
少阴所谓面黑如地色者，秋气内夺，故变于色也。（疾病十一。）
道之至数，五色脉变，揆度奇恒，道在于一。容色见上下左右，各在其要。其色见浅者，汤液主治，十日已。其见
深者，必齐主治，二十一日已。其见大深者，醪酒主治，百日已。色夭面脱，不治，百日尽已。脉短气绝死，病温虚甚
死。色见上下左右，各在其要。上为逆，下为从。女子右为逆，左为从；男子左为逆，右为从。搏脉痹 ，寒热之交。
脉孤为消气，虚泄为夺血。孤为逆，虚为从。（论治十四。）
善于诊脉的人，必须谨慎地考察五脏六腑，辨别气机的一逆一顺、阴阳的表里关系以及脏腑间的雌雄纪纲。将这些知识深藏于心，将心意与精微的道理相合。如果不是合适的人选就不要教导，如果不是真正的传人就不要传授，这才算是掌握了医道。（参见《类经·藏象类》第四部分。）
脉气在经络中流动，经气最终汇聚于肺，肺朝会全身百脉。手腕处的寸口脉（桡动脉搏动处）形成寸脉，通过它可以判断人的生死预后。（参见《类经·藏象类》第十二部分。）天周有二十八宿，人体经脉也有二十八脉，周身经脉总长十六丈二尺。所以人每呼一次脉跳动两次，气行三寸；每吸一次脉也跳动两次，气行三寸。经过一万三千五百次呼吸，气在体内运行五十个循环（营卫之气），漏壶滴水一百刻，太阳运行二十八宿，漏水滴尽，脉气也就终结了。此时气共行走了八百一十丈。（参见《类经·经络类》第二十六部分。）
凡是还没有开始诊病的人，必须先询问患者过去是否曾显贵而后失势，即使没有感受外邪，病也会从内生发，这叫做“脱营”。曾经富有而后贫穷，这叫做“失精”。凡是想要诊察疾病的人，必须询问患者的饮食起居情况，以及突然的快乐或痛苦、先乐后苦等经历，这些都会损伤精气。如果精气枯竭耗尽，形体就会败坏沮丧。善于诊脉的人，必须运用类比和对比异常的方法，从容不迫地了解病情。作为医生如果不懂得这些道理，这样的诊察就不值得珍贵，这是治疗中的第三种过失。诊察有三项常规，必须询问患者的社会地位变化，如封君爵位的丧失及想成为侯王的欲望。所以贵族失去权势，即使没有感受外邪，精神也会内伤，身体必然败亡。开始富有后来贫穷，虽然未受邪气侵袭，但会出现皮肤焦枯、筋脉拘挛、痿证等症状。凡是诊病者，必须知道疾病的始终，了解其余绪，切脉时要结合男女生理特点进行区分。（参见《类经·论治类》第十八部分。）
诊察时如果不了解阴阳逆从的道理，这是治疗的第一种失误。诊病时如果不询问发病的起因、忧患情绪、饮食失节、起居过度，或者是否中毒，不先了解这些情况，就仓促地持按寸口脉，怎么能准确诊断疾病？胡乱编造病名，被粗疏的医者所困窘，这是治疗的第四种失误。诊察不考虑人事因素，只追求技术上的繁复，缺乏从容平和的态度，坐着直接持按寸口脉，不能正确诊断五脏经脉的病变及百病的起源，开始时自我怨恨，却把过错推给老师。（参见《类经·论治类》第十九部分。）
必须详细询问最初患病的情况，以及现在正在发生的病症，然后分别切循其脉象，观察其经络浮沉的变化，按照上下逆从的规律来推求。（参见《类经·脉色类》第二十五部分。）
为什么唯独气口（寸口）可以作为五脏的主宰？因为气口属于手太阴肺经。（参见《类经·藏象类》第十一部分。）
描述脉象的动态术语：上、下、来、去、至、止。（参见《类经·脉色类》第二十一部分注义。）
肝脉呈弦象，心脉呈钩象，脾脉呈代象，肺脉呈毛象，肾脉呈石象，这被称为五脏的正常脉象。（参见《类经·疾病类》第二十五部分。）厥阴脉至时表现为弦，少阴脉至时表现为钩，太阴脉至时表现为沉，少阳脉至时大而浮，阳明脉至时短而涩，太阳脉至时大而长。脉至而调和则健康，脉至而太过则生病，脉至而相反则生病，脉至而不及则生病，未到时节而提前出现则生病，阴阳错乱则危险。（参见《类经·运气类》第三十一部分。）
三阳脉到达手太阴肺经部位时呈现弦象，浮而不沉，用尺度来决断，用心来体察，并与阴阳理论相合。所谓二阳，即阳明经，到达手太阴部位时，脉象弦而沉急且不鼓动，如果遇到热邪则病重致死。一阳，即少阳经，到达手太阴部位时，向上连及人迎穴，脉象弦急悬绝不断，这是少阳的病脉，如果专见阴脉则死。三阴，是六经的主宰，交并于太阴，脉伏鼓而不浮，上部空虚下部实志心。二阴到达肺部，其气归于膀胱，外部连及脾胃。一阴独至，经脉之气断绝而浮散，不鼓动且无钩滑之象。先出现的脉象为主，后出现的为客。（参见《类经·疾病类》第七部分。）
春季不见沉脉，夏季不见弦脉，冬季不见涩脉，秋季不见数脉，这称为四塞（脉气闭塞）。沉脉太过叫病，弦脉太过叫病，涩脉太过叫病，数脉太过叫病，兼见其他脉象叫病，反复出现叫病，时令未到脉象先去叫病，时令已过脉象不去叫病，脉象相反则死。（参见《类经·运气类》第二十二部分。）
春季见到秋脉（毛），夏季见到冬脉（石），长夏见到春脉（弦），秋季见到夏脉（钩），冬季见到长夏脉（代），这称为五邪，皆同属一类，主死不治。（参见《类经·疾病类》第二十五部分。）
寸口脉主要反映内脏（阴）的情况，人迎脉主要反映体表（阳）的情况。两者相应，共同往来，像拉紧的绳子一样大小相等。春夏季节人迎脉微微偏大，秋冬季节寸口脉微微偏大，这样的人称为平人（健康人）。人迎脉盛则为热证，虚则为寒证，紧则为痛痹，代则症状忽轻忽重。寸口脉盛则胀满、寒中、食物不消化，虚则热中、流出脓液、少气、小便颜色改变，紧则为痛痹，代则疼痛忽止忽发。（参见《类经·针刺类》第二十九部分。）
少气的人，脉口和人迎脉都微弱，与寸尺的标准不相称。（参见《类经·针刺类》第二十八部分。）
脉象的盛衰，是用来候察气血虚实、有余不足的依据。（参见《类经·针刺类》第五十七部分。）
形体充实但脉象细小虚弱的是气衰，气衰则危险。（参见《类经·藏象类》第十五部分。）
虚证的脉象盛大但像往常一样并不坚实；实证的脉象盛大且比往常更加坚实。（参见《类经·针刺类》第十六部分。）
大热病患者，气热脉满，这叫做重实（邪气盛）。脉气上部虚、尺部虚，这叫做重虚（正气虚）。经络都实证，表现为寸脉紧急而尺脉缓。络气不足、经气有余，表现为脉口热而尺部寒。经虚络满，表现为尺部热满，脉口寒涩。寒气突然上逆，脉满而实，实而滑则生，实而逆则死。脉浮而涩，涩而身体有热的，主死。身形完全胀满的，脉象急大坚，尺部涩而不应指。顺则生，逆则死。（参见《类经·疾病类》第十六部分。）
邪气来临时，脉象紧而疾速；谷气（胃气）来临时，脉象徐缓平和。（参见《类经·针刺类》第八部分。）
脉急则牵引疼痛，脉大但弱则希望安静，用力不会劳累。（参见《类经·针刺类》第二十九部分。）
黄帝问：脉象顺应病性但病症反而相反的，诊察情况如何？岐伯答：脉象至而顺应，但按之不鼓动，诸阳经都是这样。黄帝问：诸阴经的反常情况，脉象如何？岐伯答：脉象至而顺应，但按之鼓动甚盛。（参见《类经·标本类》第一部分。）
阳病而阳脉小为逆，阴病而阴脉大为逆。所以阴阳脉都静或都动，像拉紧的绳子互相倾斜一样，说明有病。（参见《类经·经络类》第十三部分。）
脉盛血少，这叫反常。脉少血多，这也叫反常。（参见《类经·疾病类》第二十部分。）
人迎与寸口气血大小相等，说明病难治愈。人迎脉盛坚是伤于寒，气口脉盛坚是伤于食。（参见《类经·脉色类》第三十二部分。）
脉象突然动的，都是邪气停留所致，留在根本末端，不动则发热，不坚则下陷且空，不与众脉相同，因此可以知道是哪条经脉在动。经脉通常看不见，其虚实可以通过气口得知，显现出来的脉都是络脉。（参见《类经·经络类》第六部分。）
脾虚浮的脉象类似肺脉，肾小浮的脉象类似脾脉，肝急沉散的脉象类似肾脉，这些都是医生时常混淆的。浮而弦的脉，是肾不足。沉而石的脉，是肾气内着。如今脉浮大虚的，是脾气外绝，离开胃部外归阳明。（参见《类经·疾病类》第九部分。）
鼓动有力呈钩象是一阳，鼓动有力呈毛象是一阴，鼓动有力且急迫呈弦象是阳胜，鼓动有力至极而绝呈石象是阴胜，阴阳相交溜转。（参见《类经·疾病类》第六部分。）
手太阴、足太阴经盛，寸口脉比人迎大三倍；手少阴、足少阴经盛，寸口脉比人迎大二倍；手厥阴、足厥阴经盛，寸口脉比人迎大一倍。虚证时，寸口脉反而小于人迎。手阳明、足阳明经盛，人迎脉比寸口大三倍；手太阳、足太阳经盛，人迎脉比寸口大二倍；手少阳、足少阳经盛，人迎脉比寸口大一倍。虚证时，人迎脉反而小于寸口。（参见《类经·疾病类》第十部分。）
阴气大盛，阳气不能荣养，所以叫关。阳气大盛，阴气不能荣养，所以叫格。阴阳俱盛，不能相互荣养，所以叫关格。关格病，不能活到预期的寿命而死。（参见《类经·经络类》第二十二部分。）
人迎脉大一倍，病在足少阳；大一倍且躁动，病在手少阳。人迎脉大二倍，病在足太阳；大二倍且躁动，病在手太阳。人迎脉大三倍，病在足阳明；大三倍且躁动，病在手阳明。人迎脉大四倍，且大且数，名叫溢阳，溢阳为外格。脉口（寸口）大一倍，病在足厥阴；大一倍且躁动，在手心主。脉口大二倍，病在足少阴；大二倍且躁动，在手少阴。脉口大三倍，病在足太阴；大三倍且躁动，在手太阴。脉口大四倍，且大且数，名叫溢阴，溢阴为内关，内关不通死不治。人迎与太阴脉口（寸口）都盛大四倍以上，名叫关格，关格病预知短期死亡。（参见《类经·针刺类》第二十八部分。又第二十九部分略同。）
南北政运。天地变化，无法仅凭脉诊判断。尺寸反位，阴阳交争。（参见《类经·运气类》第五部分。）
人的居处动静、勇敢怯懦，脉象也会随之变化吗？诊病的道理，通过观察人的勇敢怯懦、骨肉皮肤状况，能了解其情志体质，以此作为诊法。（参见《类经·疾病类》第五十三部分。）
应则顺，否则逆，逆则变生，变生则病。万物有其感应，气脉也有其感应。（参见《类经·运气类》第六部分。）
消瘅病脉实大，病久可治；脉悬小坚，病久不可治。（参见《类经·疾病类》第六十部分。）
胃脘痈，应当候察胃脉。人迎脉就是胃脉。（参见《类经·疾病类》第八十八部分。）
热病汗出后脉仍躁盛的，主死。（参见《类经·疾病类》第四十三部分。）
六经脉滑涩，主疝气和积块。（参见《类经·疾病类》第七十部分。）
怎么知道孕妇快要生产了？身体有病象但没有邪脉。（参见《类经·疾病类》第六十二部分。）
乳儿患中风热，喘鸣肩息，脉实大的，缓则生，急则死。（参见《类经·疾病类》第四十七部分。）
刺家不诊脉，只听病人诉说。（参见《类经·针刺类》第四十四部分。）
凡是准备用针，必须先诊脉，视气机的剧烈难易，然后才可以治疗。（参见《类经·针刺类》第六十部分。）
观察眼睛的颜色，可以知道疾病的存亡。持按气口和人迎以观察脉象，脉坚且盛且滑的，病日进；脉软的，病将退；诸经实的，病三日愈。气口候阴，人迎候阳。（参见《类经·针刺类》第十六部分。）
脉滑而盛的，病日进；虚而细的，久持；大且涩的，为痛痹。阴阳如一（不分）的病难治。观察眼睛的五色，可以知道五脏情况并决断生死。观察血脉，察其颜色，可以知道寒热痛痹。（参见《类经·针刺类》第二十三部分。）
想知道关键，就在于色和脉。色对应日，脉对应月，经常探求关键，就能掌握要领。治疗的极致，不要错过色脉，使用它而不迷惑，是治疗的大法则。（参见《类经·论治类》第十七部分。）
善于诊察的人，观察面色、按摸脉象，首先辨别阴阳，审察清浊而知病位，视喘息、听声音而知痛苦所在，观权衡规矩而知病之主因。（参见《类经·论治类》第八部分。）
黄帝问：怎么看就能看见呢？岐伯答：五脏六腑固各有分部，观察五色，黄赤为热，白为寒，青黑为痛，这所谓看就能看见的。黄帝问：怎么摸就能得到呢？岐伯答：观察主病的脉，坚而血瘀及陷下的，都可以摸而得到。（参见《类经·疾病类》第六十六部分。）
面色多青则痛，多黑则痹，黄赤则热，多白则寒，五色都见则寒热交错。（参见《类经·经络类》第三十一部分。）
观察颜色，黄赤的多热气，青白的少热气，黑色的多血少气。（参见《类经·藏象类》第十七部分。）
凡是诊察络脉，脉色青则寒且痛，赤则有热。胃中寒，手鱼际的络脉多青；胃中有热，鱼际络脉赤；突然发黑的，是留久的痹症；有赤有黑有青的，是寒热气交错；青而短的，是少气。（参见《类经·经络类》第六部分。）
形胜色、色胜形的，到了胜时的年份加重，感邪则病行，失治则忧。（参见《类经·藏象类》第三十一部分。）
肺热者色白而毛发脱落，心热者色赤而络脉溢出，肝热者色苍而指甲枯槁，脾热者色黄而肌肉蠕动，肾热者色黑而牙齿干枯。（参见《类经·疾病类》第七十一部分。）
太阳经的脉，色现于颧骨，是热病，荣气未交，说现在将会出汗，等待时辰到来而已。与厥阴脉争见的，死期不超过三天。其热病内连肾脏。少阳经的脉，色现于颊前，是热病，荣气未交，说现在将会出汗，等待时辰到来而已。与少阴脉争见的，死期不超过三天。颊下近颧为大瘕，下牙车为腹满，颧后为胁痛，颊上者为膈上也。（参见《类经·疾病类》第四十四部分。）
少阴所说的面黑如地色，是秋气内夺，所以变色。（参见《类经·疾病类》第十一部分。）
道的极数，五色的脉象变化，揆度奇恒，道在于一。容色见于上下左右，各在其要害。色见浅的，汤液主治，十日愈。见深的，必用齐药主治，二十一日愈。见大深的，醪酒主治，百日愈。色夭面脱，不治，百日尽已。脉短气绝死，病温虚甚死。色见于上下左右，各在其要害。上为逆，下为从。女子右为逆，左为从；男子左为逆，右为从。搏脉痹，寒热之交。脉孤为消气，虚泄为夺血。孤为逆，虚为从。（参见《类经·论治类》第十四部分。）
Those skilled in pulse diagnosis must carefully examine the Zang and Fu organs, distinguishing between reversal and compliance, yin and yang, exterior and interior, as well as the masculine and feminine principles of the organs. These insights should be stored in the mind, aligning intention with subtlety. Do not teach unless the person is suitable; do not transmit unless it is the true successor. This is what it means to master the Dao. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Zang Xiang, Part 4.)
Pulse qi flows through the meridians, and meridian qi converges in the Lung, which governs all vessels. The Cun Kou (Radial Artery) forms the Cun pulse, through which one can determine life and death. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Zang Xiang, Part 12.) Heaven has twenty-eight mansions; the human body has twenty-eight meridians, totaling sixteen zhang and two chi in length. Thus, with each exhalation, the pulse beats twice, and qi moves three cun; with each inhalation, the pulse beats twice, and qi moves three cun. After thirteen thousand five hundred breaths, qi completes fifty circuits of Ying and Wei in the body, the water clock drains one hundred ke, the sun traverses twenty-eight mansions, and when the water runs out, the pulse ends. In total, qi travels eight hundred and ten zhang. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 26.)
Before diagnosing a disease, one must ask if the patient was once noble but fell into obscurity. Even without external pathogens, disease arises internally, called "Tuo Ying" (Depletion of Ministry). Once rich but now poor is called "Shi Jing" (Loss of Essence). To diagnose properly, one must inquire about diet, dwelling, sudden joy or sorrow, and shifts from joy to sorrow, as these damage Jing Qi. If Jing Qi is exhausted, the physical form deteriorates. A skilled practitioner uses analogy and comparison of anomalies to understand the condition calmly. A physician who lacks this knowledge renders diagnosis worthless; this is the third error in treatment. There are three constants in diagnosis: always ask about social status changes, such as loss of title or desire for power. Loss of status causes internal spiritual injury and bodily decline even without pathogens. Poverty after wealth leads to dry skin, tendon contraction, and flaccidity. Diagnosticians must know the beginning and end of diseases, understand their details, and combine pulse taking with gender considerations. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Treatment, Part 18.)
Failing to understand the principles of yin-yang reversal and compliance is the first error in treatment. Failing to ask about the onset, emotional distress, dietary irregularities, excessive living habits, or toxicity exposure, and then hastily palpating the Cun Kou, leads to inaccurate diagnosis. Fabricating disease names and being confounded by crude methods is the fourth error. Ignoring human factors and focusing only on technical complexity, while lacking composure, results in failing to diagnose the origin of hundred diseases. Blaming oneself initially and then blaming the teacher is a failure. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Treatment, Part 19.)
One must carefully inquire about the initial onset and current symptoms, then palpate the pulses individually, observing the floating and sinking of meridians to follow the patterns of upward/downward and reversal/compliance. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Pulse and Color, Part 25.)
Why does the Cun Kou alone serve as the master of the Five Zang? Because the Cun Kou belongs to the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Zang Xiang, Part 11.)
Terms describing pulse dynamics: Up, Down, Coming, Going, Arrival, Stop. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Pulse and Color, Part 21 Annotation.)
The Liver pulse is Xian (Wiry); the Heart pulse is Gou (Hook); the Spleen pulse is Dai (Intermittent); the Lung pulse is Mao (Feather); the Kidney pulse is Shi (Stone). These are the pulses of the Five Zang. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 25.) When Jueyin arrives, the pulse is Wiry; Shaoyin, Hook; Taiyin, Deep; Shaoyang, Large and Floating; Yangming, Short and Choppy; Taiyang, Large and Long. Harmonious arrival indicates health; excessive arrival indicates disease; contrary arrival indicates disease; delayed arrival indicates disease; premature arrival indicates disease; interchange of Yin and Yang indicates danger. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Luck/Yun, Part 31.)
When the Three Yang pulses reach the Hand Taiyin position, they appear Wiry, Floating but not Deep. Judgment is made by measure and heart, aligned with Yin-Yang theory. "Er Yang" refers to Yangming. At the Hand Taiyin position, if the pulse is Wiry, Deep, Urgent, and non-pulsating, and heat arrives, the disease is fatal. "Yi Yang" refers to Shaoyang. At the Hand Taiyin position, connecting upwards to Renying, if the pulse is Wiry, Urgent, and Suspended without interruption, it is Shaoyang disease; exclusive Yin pulses indicate death. "San Yin" governs the Six Meridians, intersecting at Taiyin. If the pulse is Hidden and Pulsating but not Floating, with emptiness above and fullness below, it involves the Mind/Heart. "Er Yin" reaches the Lung, its qi returns to the Bladder, externally connecting to the Stomach and Spleen. "Yi Yin" alone arrives; meridian qi is severed and floating, non-pulsating and lacking Hook/Slippery qualities. The first arrival is Master; the later arrival is Guest. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 7.)
If Spring lacks Deep pulses, Summer lacks Wiry pulses, Winter lacks Choppy pulses, and Autumn lacks Rapid pulses, it is called "Si Sai" (Four Obstructions). Excessive Deep, Wiry, Choppy, or Rapid pulses indicate disease. Mixed appearances indicate disease. Recurring appearances indicate disease. Absence before time indicates disease. Persistence after time indicates disease. Contrary pulses indicate death. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Luck/Yun, Part 22.)
Spring with Autumn pulse, Summer with Winter pulse, Late Summer with Spring pulse, Autumn with Summer pulse, Winter with Late Summer pulse—these are "Wu Xie" (Five Evils), all indicating fatal, untreatable conditions. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 25.)
Cun Kou governs the Interior (Yin); Renying governs the Exterior (Yang). They should correspond, moving together like a taut rope of equal size. In Spring/Summer, Renying is slightly larger; in Autumn/Winter, Cun Kou is slightly larger. This is a "Ping Ren" (Healthy Person). Renying excess indicates Heat; deficiency indicates Cold; Tight indicates Painful Bi; Intermitting indicates fluctuating severity. Cun Kou excess indicates distension, Cold in Middle, indigestion; deficiency indicates Heat in Middle, pus discharge, shortness of breath, urine color change; Tight indicates Painful Bi; Intermitting indicates fluctuating pain. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 29.)
Shortness of Qi manifests as both Kou (Cun Kou) and Renying pulses being weak and disproportionate to Cun/Cun standards. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 28.)
The flourishing and declining of pulses reflect the deficiency and excess of Blood and Qi. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 57.)
A robust physique with small, weak pulses indicates Qi deficiency, which is dangerous. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Zang Xiang, Part 15.)
Deficiency pulses are large but not firm; Excess pulses are large and firmer than usual. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 16.)
In severe Heat diseases, Qi is hot and pulses are full—this is "Chong Shi" (Double Excess). Upper pulse deficiency and Chi pulse deficiency is "Chong Xu" (Double Deficiency). Full meridians show Tight Cun and Slow Chi. Luo Qi deficiency with Jing Qi excess shows Hot Kou and Cold Chi. Jing deficiency with Luo excess shows Hot/Full Chi and Cold/Choppy Kou. Sudden Cold rising with full/excess pulses: Slippery indicates survival; Reversed indicates death. Floating and Choppy pulses with body heat indicate death. Complete fullness with Tight/Large/Firm pulses and Choppy/non-responsive Chi: Compliance indicates survival; Reversal indicates death. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 16.)
Pathogenic Qi brings Tight/Rapid pulses; Grain Qi (Stomach Qi) brings Slow/Harmonious pulses. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 8.)
Urgent pulses cause牵引 (traction/pain); Large but weak pulses desire quietness and do not tire with effort. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 29.)
Huangdi asked: What if the pulse complies but the disease opposes? Qibo answered: The pulse arrives compliantly, but pressing reveals no pulsation; this applies to all Yang pulses. Huangdi asked: How about Yin reversals? Qibo answered: The pulse arrives compliantly, but pressing reveals strong, vigorous pulsation. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Root/Branch, Part 1.)
Yang disease with small Yang pulses is Reversal; Yin disease with large Yin pulses is Reversal. If Yin/Yang pulses are both still or both active, tilting like a taut rope, disease exists. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 13.)
Large pulse with little blood is abnormal; Small pulse with much blood is abnormal. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 21.)
Equal size of Renying and Cun Kou indicates difficult-to-cure disease. Renying Excess/Firm indicates Cold injury; Kou (Cun Kou) Excess/Firm indicates Food injury. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Pulse and Color, Part 32.)
Sudden pulse movements indicate Pathogenic Qi lodging at the root or extremities. Lack of movement indicates Heat; lack of firmness indicates sinking/emptiness. Deviation from normal identifies the affected meridian. Jing Meridians are invisible; their deficiency/excess is known via Kou. Visible pulses are Luo Meridians. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 6.)
Spleen deficiency mimics Lung pulse (Floating); Kidney small-floating mimics Spleen; Liver urgent/deep-scattered mimics Kidney. Physicians often confuse these. Floating/Wiry indicates Kidney deficiency. Deep/Stone indicates Kidney Qi lodging internally. Floating/Large/Empty indicates Spleen Qi external severance, leaving Stomach to join Yangming. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 9.)
Strong Hook is One Yang; Strong Feather is One Yin; Strong/Urgent Wiry is Yang Excess; Extreme Stone is Yin Excess; Interacting Yin/Yang is Liu (Sliding). (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 6.)
Hand/Foot Taiyin Excess: Cun Kou is 3x Renying. Hand/Foot Shaoyin Excess: Cun Kou is 2x Renying. Hand/Foot Jueyin Excess: Cun Kou is 1x Renying. Deficiency: Cun Kou < Renying. Hand/Foot Yangming Excess: Renying is 3x Cun Kou. Hand/Foot Taiyang Excess: Renying is 2x Cun Kou. Hand/Foot Shaoyang Excess: Renying is 1x Cun Kou. Deficiency: Renying < Cun Kou. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 10.)
Great Yin Excess blocks Yang nourishment: Guan (Blocked). Great Yang Excess blocks Yin nourishment: Ge (Gridlocked). Both Excess, unable to nourish each other: Guan Ge. Guan Ge leads to death before expected lifespan. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 22.)
Renying 1x Excess: Foot Shaoyang disease; 1x + Agitated: Hand Shaoyang. Renying 2x Excess: Foot Taiyang; 2x + Agitated: Hand Taiyang. Renying 3x Excess: Foot Yangming; 3x + Agitated: Hand Yangming. Renying 4x Excess, Large/Rapid: Yi Yang (Overflowing Yang), leading to External Ge. Kou 1x Excess: Foot Jueyin; 1x + Agitated: Hand Jueyin (Pericardium). Kou 2x Excess: Foot Shaoyin; 2x + Agitated: Hand Shaoyin. Kou 3x Excess: Foot Taiyin; 3x + Agitated: Hand Taiyin. Kou 4x Excess, Large/Rapid: Yi Yin (Overflowing Yin), leading to Internal Guan. Internal Guan obstruction is fatal. Renying and Kou both >4x Excess: Guan Ge, predicting short life. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 28/29.)
North/South Polarity. Heaven/Earth changes cannot be diagnosed solely by pulse. Cun-Chi Reversal, Yin-Yang Intersection. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Luck/Yun, Part 5.)
Do dwelling, activity, courage, and timidity affect the pulse? Diagnosis observes courage/timidity, bone/muscle/skin to understand constitution. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 53.)
Compliance is Smooth; Non-compliance is Reversed. Reversal generates change; change generates disease. All things have resonance; Qi/Pulse has resonance. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Luck/Yun, Part 6.)
Xiao Dan (Emaciation/Diabetes) with Large/Firm pulse: Chronic but treatable. Hanging/Small/Firm pulse: Chronic and untreatable. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 60.)
Dian Ji (Epilepsy/Madness) pulses. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 65.)
Lumbar Pain pulses. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 37.)
Wei Wan Yong (Stomach Abscess): Observe Wei Pulse. Renying is the Wei Pulse. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 88.)
Chang Yong (Intestinal Abscess) Life/Death pulses. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 72.)
Heat Disease with sweating but remaining Rapid/Full pulse: Death. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 43.)
Six Meridians Slippery/Choppy: Shan (Hernia) and Ji (Accumulation). (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 70.)
Knowing impending childbirth: Body has symptoms but no pathogenic pulse. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 62.)
Nursing infant with Wind-Heat, wheezing, shoulder breathing: Large/Firm pulse. Slow = Survival; Urgent = Death. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 47.)
Acupuncturists may not pulse-take, listening instead to the patient. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 44.)
Before needling, always pulse-take to assess Qi severity/difficulty. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 60.)
All pulses relate to the Eyes. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 21.)
Observe eye color to know disease survival. Hold Kou/Renying to observe pulse: Firm/Full/Slippery = Progression; Soft = Decline; Full in all meridians = Cure in 3 days. Kou governs Yin; Renying governs Yang. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 16.)
Slippery/Full pulse = Progression; Weak/Thin = Chronic; Large/Choppy = Painful Bi. Yin/Yang identical = Hard to treat. Eye colors reveal Zang status and life/death. Blood vessels and colors reveal Cold/Heat/Bi. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Acupuncture, Part 23.)
Key lies in Color and Pulse. Color corresponds to Sun; Pulse corresponds to Moon. Grasping this key is the great principle of treatment. Never neglect Color/Pulse. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Treatment, Part 17.)
Skilled diagnosticians observe Color, palpate Pulse, distinguish Yin/Yang first, examine Clear/Turbid to locate disease, watch breathing/listen to voice to know suffering, observe Balance/Rules to know disease nature. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Treatment, Part 8.)
Huangdi: How to see visibly? Qibo: Zang/Fu have specific areas. Yellow/Red = Heat; White = Cold; Blue/Black = Pain. This is visible. Huangdi: How to feel? Qibo: Observe main disease pulse. Firm, blood stasis, or sinking areas can be felt. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 66.)
Blue face = Pain; Black = Bi; Yellow/Red = Heat; White = Cold; All five colors = Cold/Heat mix. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 31.)
Yellow/Red = More Heat; Blue/White = Less Heat; Black = More Blood, Less Qi. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Zang Xiang, Part 17.)
Luo Pulse diagnosis: Blue = Cold/Pain; Red = Heat. Stomach Cold: Hand Yuji area blue. Stomach Heat: Yuji red. Sudden black = Old Bi. Mixed colors = Cold/Heat mix. Blue/short = Shortness of Qi. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Meridians, Part 6.)
Form vs. Color imbalance: Severity increases in corresponding years. Exposure causes disease; neglect causes worry. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Zang Xiang, Part 31.)
Lung Heat: White face, hair loss. Heart Heat: Red face, vessel overflow. Liver Heat: Dark face, brittle nails. Spleen Heat: Yellow face, muscle twitching. Kidney Heat: Black face, dry teeth. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 71.)
Taiyang pulse color on cheekbones = Heat disease. If Ying hasn't crossed, sweat will come, wait for time. Conflict with Jueyin pulse = Death within 3 days. Heat connects to Kidney. Shaoyang pulse color on cheeks = Heat disease. If Ying hasn't crossed, sweat will come. Conflict with Shaoyin pulse = Death within 3 days. Cheek near cheekbone = Da Jia; Below jaw = Abdominal fullness; Behind cheekbone = Hypochondriac pain; Above cheek = Diaphragm. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 44.)
Shaoyin "Face black like earth": Autumn Qi internal depletion causes color change. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Diseases, Part 11.)
The ultimate number of the Dao: Color/Pulse changes, Kuai Du Qi Heng, the Dao is One. Colors appear in directions, each significant. Shallow color: Decoction, 10 days. Deep color: Pills, 21 days. Very deep: Wine, 100 days. Pale/Withered face: Untreatable, death in 100 days. Short pulse/Qi exhaustion: Death. Warm disease with extreme deficiency: Death. Directions matter: Up = Reversal, Down = Compliance. Female Right = Reversal, Left = Compliance; Male Left = Reversal, Right = Compliance. Beating pulse Bi, Cold/Heat intersection. Isolated pulse = Xiao Qi (Consumption of Qi); Deficient/Diarrhea = Duo Xue (Loss of Blood). Isolated = Reversal; Deficient = Compliance. (See *Lei Jing*, Category on Treatment, Part 14.)