言。少阴司天，客胜则鼽嚏颈项强，肩背瞀热，头痛少气，发热耳聋目瞑，甚则 肿血溢，疮疡咳喘；主胜则
心热烦躁，甚则胁痛支满。太阴司天，客胜则首面 肿，呼吸气喘；主胜则胸腹满，食已而瞀。少阳司天，
客胜则丹胗外发，及为丹 疮疡，呕逆喉痹，头痛嗌肿，耳聋血溢，内为螈 ；主胜则胸满咳仰息，甚而有血，
手热。阳明司天，清复内余，则咳衄嗌塞，心膈中热，咳不止而白血出者死。太阳司天，客胜则胸中不利，
出清涕，感寒则咳；主胜则喉嗌中鸣。厥阴在泉，客胜则大关节不利，内为痉强
拘螈，外为不便；主胜则筋骨繇并，腰腹时痛。少阴在泉，客胜则腰痛，尻股膝髀 足病，瞀热以酸，
肿不能久立，溲便变；主胜则厥气上行，心痛发热，膈中，众痹皆作，发于 胁，魄汗不藏，四逆而起。太
阴在泉，客胜则足痿下重，便溲不时，湿客下焦，发而濡泻，及为肿隐曲之疾；主胜则寒气逆满，食饮不下，
甚则为疝。少阳在泉，客胜则腰腹痛而反恶寒，甚则下白溺白；主胜则热反上行而客于心，心痛发热，格
中而呕。少阴同候。阳明在泉，客胜则清气动下，少腹坚满而数便泻；主胜则腰重腹痛，少腹生寒，下为 溏，
则寒厥于肠，上冲胸中，甚则喘不能久立。太阳在泉，寒复内余，则腰尻痛；屈伸不利，股胫足膝中痛。帝曰∶
善。治之奈何？岐伯曰∶高者抑之，下者举之，有余折之，不足补之，佐以所利，和以所宜，必安其主客，适
其寒温，同者逆之，异者从之。帝曰∶
治寒以热，治热以寒，气相得者逆之，不相得者从之，余以知之矣。其于正味何如？岐伯曰∶木位之主，其泻
以酸，其补以辛。火位之主，其泻以甘，其补以咸。土位之主，其泻以苦，其补以甘。金位之主，其泻以辛，
其补以酸。水位之主，其泻以咸，其补以苦。厥阴之客，以辛补之，以酸泻之，以甘缓之。少阴之客，以咸补
之，以甘泻之，以咸收之。太阴之客，以甘补之，以苦泻之，以甘缓之。少阳之客，以咸补之，以甘泻之，
以咸 之。阳明之客，以酸补之，以辛泻之，以苦泄之。太阳之客，以苦补之，以咸泻之，以苦坚之，以辛润
之。开发腠理，致津液通气也。帝曰∶善。愿闻阴阳之三也何谓？岐伯曰∶气有多
少，异用也。帝曰∶阳明何谓也？岐伯曰∶两阳合明也。帝曰∶厥阴何也？岐伯曰∶两阴交尽也。
帝曰∶气有多少，病有盛衰，治有缓急，方有大小，愿闻其约奈何？岐伯曰∶气有高下，病有远近，证有中
外，治有轻重，适其至所为故也。大要曰∶君一臣二，奇之制也；君二臣四，偶之制也；君二臣三，奇之制也；
君二臣六，偶之制也。故曰∶近者奇之，远者偶之，汗者不以奇，下者不以偶，补上治上制以缓，补下治下制
以急，急则气味浓，缓则气味薄，适其至所，此之谓也。病所远而中道气味之者，
食而过之，无越其制度也。是故平气之道，近而奇偶，制小其服也。远而奇偶，制大其服也。大则数少，小则
数多。多则九之，少则二之。奇之不去则偶之，是谓重方。偶之不去，则反佐以取之，所谓寒热温凉，反从
其病也。帝曰∶善。病生于本，余知之矣。生于标者，治之奈何？岐伯曰∶病反其本，中标之病，治反其本，
中标之方。帝曰∶善。六气之胜，何以候之？岐伯曰∶乘其至也，清气大来，燥之胜也，风木受邪，肝病生焉。
热气大来，火之胜也，金燥受邪，肺
病生焉。寒气大来，水之胜也，火热受邪，心病生焉。湿气大来，土之胜也，寒水受邪，肾病生焉。风气
大来，木之胜也，土湿受邪，脾病生焉。所谓感邪而生病也。乘年之虚，则邪甚也。失时之和，亦邪甚也。
遇月之空，亦邪甚也。重感于邪，则病危矣。有胜之气，其必来复也。帝曰∶其脉至何如？岐伯曰∶厥阴
之至其脉弦，少阴之至其脉钩，太
阴之至其脉沉，少阳之至大而浮，阳明之至短而涩，太阳之至大而长。至而和则平，至而甚则病，至而反者病，
至而不至者病，未至而至者病，阴阳易者危。
帝曰∶六气标本，所从不同奈何？岐伯曰∶气有
从本者，有从标本者，有不从标本者也。帝曰∶愿卒闻之。岐伯曰∶少阳太阴从本，少阴太阳从本从标，阳明
厥阴，不从标本从乎中也。故从本者化生于本，从标本者有标本之化，从中者以中气为化也。帝曰∶脉从
而病反者，其诊何如？岐伯曰∶脉至而从，按之不鼓，诸阳皆然。帝曰∶诸阴之反，其脉何如？岐伯曰∶脉
至而从，按之鼓甚而盛也。是故百病之起，有生于本者，有生于标者，有生于中气者，有取本而得者，有取标
而得者，有取中气而得者，有取标本而得者，有逆取而得者，有从取而得者。逆，正顺也。若顺，逆也。故
曰∶知标与本，用之不殆，明知逆
顺，正行无问。此之谓也。不知是者，不足以言诊，足以乱经。故《大要》曰∶粗工嘻嘻，以为可知，言热未
已，寒病复始，同气异形，迷诊乱经。此之谓也。夫标本之道，要而博，小而大，可以言一而知百病之害，
言标与本，易而勿损，察本与标，气可令调，明知胜复，为万民式，天之道毕矣。帝曰∶胜复之变，早晏何
如？岐伯曰∶夫所胜者，胜至已病，病已愠愠，而复已萌也。夫所复者，胜尽而起，得位而甚，胜有微甚，
复有少多，胜和而和，胜虚而虚，天之常也。帝曰∶胜复之作，动不当位，或后时而至，其故何也？岐伯曰∶
夫气之生，与其化衰盛异也。寒暑温凉盛衰之用，其在四维。故阳之动，始于温，盛于暑；阴之动，始于清，
盛于寒。春夏秋冬，各差其分。故《大要》曰∶彼春之暖，为夏之暑，彼秋之忿，为冬之怒，谨按四维，斥
候皆归，其终可见，其始可知。此之谓也。
帝曰∶差有数乎？岐伯曰∶又凡三十度也。帝曰∶其脉应皆何如？岐伯曰∶差同正法，待时而去也。脉要曰∶
春不沉，夏不弦，冬不涩，秋不数，是谓四塞。沉甚曰病，弦甚曰病，涩甚曰病，数甚曰病，参见曰病，复见
曰病，未去而去曰病，去而不去曰病，反者死。故曰∶气之相守司也，如权衡之不得相失也。夫阴阳之气，
清静则生化治，动则苛疾起，此之谓也。帝曰∶幽明何如？岐伯曰∶两阴交尽故曰幽，两阳合明故曰明，幽
明之配，寒暑之异也。帝
曰∶分至何如？岐伯曰∶气至之谓至，气分之谓分，至则气同，分则气异，所谓天地之正纪也。帝曰∶夫子
言春秋气始于前，冬夏气始于后，余已知之矣。然六气往复，主岁不常也，其补泻奈何？岐伯曰∶上下所主，
随其攸利，正其味，则其要也，左右同法。大要曰∶少阳之主，先甘后咸；阳明之主，先辛后酸；太阳之主，
先咸后苦；厥阴之主，先酸后辛；少阴之主，先甘后咸；太阴之主，先苦后甘。佐以所利，资以所生，是谓得
气。
帝曰∶善。夫百病之生也，皆生于风寒暑湿燥
火，以之化之变也。经言盛者泻之，虚者补之，余锡以方士，而方士用之尚未能十全，余欲令要道必行，桴
鼓相应，犹拔刺雪污，工巧神圣，可得闻乎？岐伯曰∶审察病机，无失气宜，此之谓也。帝曰∶愿闻病机
何如？岐伯曰∶诸风掉眩，皆属于肝。诸寒收引，皆属于肾。诸气 郁，皆属于肺。诸湿肿满，皆属于脾。
诸热瞀螈，皆属于火。诸痛痒疮，皆属于心。诸厥固泄，皆属于下。诸痿喘呕，皆属于
上。诸禁鼓栗，如丧神守，皆属于火。诸痉项强，皆属于湿。诸逆冲上，皆属于火。诸胀腹大，皆属于热。诸
躁狂越，皆属于火。诸暴强直，皆属于风。诸病有声，鼓之如鼓，皆属于热。诸病 肿疼酸惊骇，皆属于火。
诸转反戾，水液混浊，皆属于热。诸病水液，澄彻清冷，皆属于寒。诸呕吐酸，暴注下迫，皆属于热。故大要
曰∶谨守病机，各司其属，有者求之，无者求之，盛者责之，虚者责之，必先五胜，疏其血气，令其调达，而
致和平。此之谓也。
帝曰∶善。五味阴阳之用何如？岐伯曰∶辛甘发散为阳，酸苦涌泄为阴，咸味涌泄为阴，淡味渗泄为阳。
六者或收或散，或缓或急，或燥或润，或 或坚，以所利而行之，调其气使其平也。帝曰∶非调气而得者，
治之奈何？有毒无毒，何先何后？愿闻其道。
岐伯曰∶有毒无毒，所治为主，适大小为制也。帝曰∶请言其制。岐伯曰∶君一臣二，制之小也；君一臣三
佐五，制之中也；君一臣三佐九，制之大也。寒者热之，热者寒之，微者逆之，甚者从之，坚者削之，客者
除之，劳者温之，结者散之，留者攻之，燥者濡之，急者缓之，散者收之，损者温之，逸者行之，惊者平之，
上之下之，摩之浴之，薄之劫之，开之发之，适事为故。帝曰∶何谓逆从？岐伯曰∶逆者正治，从者反治，
从少从多，观其事也。帝曰∶反治何谓？岐伯
曰∶热因寒用，寒因热用，塞因塞用，通因通用，必伏其所主，而先其所因，其始则同，其终则异，可使破积，
可使溃坚，可使气和，可使必已。帝曰∶善。气调而得者何如？岐伯曰∶逆之从之，逆而从之，从而逆
之，疏气令调，则其道也。帝曰∶善。病之中外何如？岐伯曰∶从内之外者，调其内；从外之内者，治其
外；从内之外而盛于外者，先调其内而后治其外；从外之内而盛于内者，先治其外而后调其内；中外不相及，
则治主病。帝曰∶善。火热复，恶寒发热，有如疟状，或一日发，或间数日发，其故何也？岐伯曰∶胜复之气，
会遇之时，有多少也。阴气多而阳气少，则其发日远；阳气多而阴气少，则其发日近。此胜复相薄，盛衰之节，
疟亦同法。帝曰∶论言治寒以热，治热以寒，而方士不能废绳墨而更其道也。有病热者寒之而热，有病寒者热
之而寒，二者皆在，新病复起，奈何治？岐伯曰∶诸寒之而热者取之阴，热之而寒
者取之阳，所谓求其属也。帝曰∶善。服寒而反热、服热而反寒，其故何也？岐伯曰∶治其王气，是以反
也。帝曰∶不治王而然者何也？岐伯曰∶悉乎哉问也！不治五味属也。夫五味入胃，各归所喜，故酸先入肝，
苦先入心，甘先入脾，辛先入肺，咸先入肾，久而增气，物化之常也。气增而久，夭之由也。
帝曰∶善。方制君臣何谓也？岐伯曰∶主病之谓君，佐君之谓臣，应臣之谓使，非上下三品之谓也。帝曰∶
三品何谓？岐伯曰∶所以明善恶之殊贯也。帝曰∶善。病之中外何如？岐伯曰∶调气之方，必别阴阳，定其
中外，各守其乡，内者内治，外者外治，微者调之，其次平之，盛者夺之，汗之下之，寒热温凉，衰之以属，
随其攸利，谨道如法，万举万全，气血正平，
长有天命。帝曰∶善。
至真要大论∶熠（羊入切） （土浑切）膨（普盲切）痤（殂禾切） （如悦切） （匹摇切）
（之力切）脆（须醉切）
（接上文）……说。少阴君火司天，客气胜则出现鼻流清涕、喷嚏、颈项强直，肩背部闷热昏沉，头痛、气短、发热、耳聋、目眩，严重则出现浮肿、出血、疮疡、咳嗽气喘；主气胜则心热烦躁，严重时胁肋疼痛、支撑胀满。太阴湿土司天，客气胜则头面部浮肿，呼吸气喘；主气胜则胸腹胀满，进食后昏闷。少阳相火司天，客气胜则发生丹毒疹子外发，以及丹毒疮疡，呕吐逆气、喉痹，头痛咽喉肿痛，耳聋出血，体内出现抽搐；主气胜则胸满咳嗽、仰面呼吸，严重时咳血，手部发热。阳明燥金司天，寒气复返内盛，则咳嗽、鼻衄、咽喉阻塞，心膈部发热，咳嗽不止且吐出白色泡沫样物者死。太阳寒水司天，客气胜则胸中不利，流出清涕，感受寒邪则咳嗽；主气胜则喉间有声如鸣响。厥阴风木在泉，客气胜则大关节不利，体内出现痉挛强直拘挛抽搐，体外表现为排便不便；主气胜则筋骨动摇颤抖，腰腹部时时疼痛。少阴君火在泉，客气胜则腰痛，尻、股、膝、髀、足等部位发病，昏闷发热伴酸楚感，肿胀不能久立，小便异常；主气胜则厥气上行，心痛发热，膈中不适，各种痹痛发作，发于胁部，汗液不藏（魄汗），四肢厥冷随之而起。太阴湿土在泉，客气胜则足痿无力、下肢沉重，大小便失时，湿气客居下焦，引发濡泻，以及肿胀、隐蔽部位的疾病；主气胜则寒气上逆胀满，饮食不下，严重时形成疝气。少阳相火在泉，客气胜则腰腹痛反而恶寒，严重时大便白浊、小便白浊；主气胜则热气反向上行而侵犯心脏，心痛发热，格拒于中而呕吐。少阴的情况与此相同。阳明燥金在泉，客气胜则清气动于下，少腹坚硬满实且频繁便泻；主气胜则腰部沉重腹痛，少腹生寒，下部大便溏薄，寒气厥逆于肠，上冲胸中，严重时喘息不能久立。黄帝说：好。如何治疗呢？岐伯说：病势高亢的加以抑制，病势低陷的加以升举，有余的加以折损，不足的加以补益，辅以有利的方法，调和适宜的药性，必须安顿好主气和客气，适应寒温的变化，同气相求的逆向治疗，异气相感的顺向治疗。黄帝说：治疗寒证用热药，治疗热证用寒药，气机相得的逆向治疗，气机不相得的顺向治疗，我已经知道了。那对于五味的应用是怎样的呢？岐伯说：木运之主，用酸味泻之，用辛味补之。火运之主，用甘味泻之，用咸味补之。土运之主，用苦味泻之，用甘味补之。金运之主，用辛味泻之，用酸味补之。水运之主，用咸味泻之，用苦味补之。厥阴风木之客，用辛味补之，用酸味泻之，用甘味缓之。少阴君火之客，用咸味补之，用甘味泻之，用咸味收之。太阴湿土之客，用甘味补之，用苦味泻之，用甘味缓之。少阳相火之客，用咸味补之，用甘味泻之，用咸味软坚散结。阳明燥金之客，用酸味补之，用辛味泻之，用苦味泄之。太阳寒水之客，用苦味补之，用咸味泻之，用苦味坚阴，用辛味润燥。这是为了开发腠理，使津液通达，气机通畅。黄帝说：好。请问阴阳分为三才是什么意思？岐伯说：这是因为气有盛衰多少的不同，作用各异。黄帝说：为什么叫阳明？岐伯说：两阳合明叫做阳明。黄帝说：为什么叫厥阴？岐伯说：两阴交尽叫做厥阴。黄帝说：气有多少，病有盛衰，治有缓急，方有大小，请问其纲要是什么？岐伯说：气有高下之分，病有远近之别，证候有内外之异，治疗有轻重之度，只要使药力到达病所即可。《大要》说：君药一臣药二，是奇方的制度；君药二臣药四，是偶方的制度；君药二臣药三，是奇方的制度；君药二臣药六，是偶方的制度。所以说：病位近的用奇方，病位远的用偶方，发汗不用奇方，攻下不用偶方，补上治上制方宜缓，补下治下制方宜急，急则药气味浓厚，缓则药气味淡薄，使药力到达病所，说的就是这个道理。病位远而中途药气被截断的，通过进食来引导药力，不要超越这个制度。所以平调气机的原则是：病近而用奇偶，制剂量小；病远而用奇偶，制剂量大。大方次数少，小方次数多。多则九次，少则两次。奇方无效就用偶方，这叫重方。偶方无效，就采用反佐法来取效，所谓寒热温凉，反顺着病性治疗。黄帝说：好。病生于本，我知道了。生于标呢，怎么治疗？岐伯说：病反见于本，治疗中标的病；方剂反用于本，治疗标的方。黄帝说：好。六气偏胜，如何诊察？岐伯说：乘其气至之时。清气大来，是燥气偏胜，风木受邪，肝病产生。热气大来，是火气偏胜，金燥受邪，肺病产生。寒气大来，是水气偏胜，火热受邪，心病产生。湿气大来，是土气偏胜，寒水受邪，肾病产生。风气大来，是木气偏胜，土湿受邪，脾病产生。这就是感受邪气而生病。乘岁气虚弱之时，邪气就更甚。违背时令之和，邪气也更甚。遇到月廓空虚之时，邪气也更甚。再次感受邪气，病情就危重了。有胜气，必然会有复气到来。黄帝说：脉象到来是怎样的？岐伯说：厥阴之气至，脉弦；少阴之气至，脉钩；太阴之气至，脉沉；少阳之气至，脉大而浮；阳明之气至，脉短而涩；太阳之气至，脉大而长。至而平和则正常，至而太过则病，至而相反则病，至而未至则病，未至而至则病，阴阳易位则危。黄帝说：六气标本，所从不同，为什么呢？岐伯说：气有从本的，有从标本的，有不从标本的。黄帝说：愿听详细。岐伯说：少阳太阴从本，少阴太阳从本从标，阳明厥阴，不从标本而从其中气。所以从本的化生源于本，从标本的有标本的化生，从中气的以中气为化生。黄帝说：脉象顺从但病症相反的，诊断怎样？岐伯说：脉象至而顺从，但按之不鼓指，诸阳经都是这样。黄帝说：诸阴经的反常，脉象怎样？岐伯说：脉象至而顺从，但按之鼓指且盛大。所以百病的发生，有生于本的，有生于标的，有生于中气的，有取本而愈的，有取标而愈的，有取中气而愈的，有取标本而愈的，有逆取而愈的，有从取而愈的。逆，就是正治；若顺，就是反治。所以说：知标与本，使用不危险，明知逆顺，正道无疑问。说的就是这个道理。不知道这些，不足以言诊断，足以扰乱经脉。所以《大要》说：粗工嘻嘻，自以为可知，说热病未止，寒病又起，同气异形，迷惑诊断扰乱经脉。说的就是这个道理。标本之道，简要而广博，小而大，可以说一而知百病的危害，言标与本，容易而不损害，察本与标，气可令调，明知胜复，作为万民的准则，天道就完备了。黄帝说：胜复的变化，早晚怎样？岐伯说：所胜者，胜至已病，病已蕴酿，而复气已萌生。所复者，胜尽而起，得位而甚，胜有微甚，复有少多，胜和而和，胜虚而虚，这是天的常态。黄帝说：胜复之作，动不当位，或后时而至，原因是什么？岐伯说：气的生成，与其化气的盛衰不同。寒暑温凉盛衰的运用，在于四维。所以阳气的发动，始于温，盛于暑；阴气的发动，始于清，盛于寒。春夏秋冬，各有差分。所以《大要》说：那春天的暖，成为夏天的暑，那秋天的忿，成为冬天的怒，谨慎观察四维，斥候皆归，其终可见，其始可知。说的就是这个道理。黄帝说：差分有数吗？岐伯说：又是三十度。黄帝说：其脉象应都怎样？岐伯说：差同正法，待时而去。《脉要》说：春不沉，夏不弦，冬不涩，秋不数，这叫四塞。沉甚曰病，弦甚曰病，涩甚曰病，数甚曰病，参见曰病，复见曰病，未去而去曰病，去而不去曰病，反者死。所以说：气相互守司，如权衡不得相失。阴阳之气，清静则生化治理，动则苛疾起，说的就是这个道理。黄帝说：幽明怎样？岐伯说：两阴交尽故曰幽，两阳合明故曰明，幽明的配合，是寒暑的差异。黄帝说：分至怎样？岐伯说：气至谓至，气分谓分，至则气同，分则气异，所谓天地的正纪。黄帝说：先生言春秋气始于前，冬夏气始于后，我已经知道了。然而六气往复，主岁不常，其补泻怎样？岐伯说：上下所主，随其利益，正其味，这是关键，左右同理。《大要》说：少阳之主，先甘后咸；阳明之主，先辛后酸；太阳之主，先咸后苦；厥阴之主，先酸后辛；少阴之主，先甘后咸；太阴之主，先苦后甘。佐以所利，资以所生，这叫得气。黄帝说：好。百病的产生，都生于风寒暑湿燥火，以其化变。经文说盛者泻之，虚者补之，我赐给方士，而方士用之还不能十全，我想让要道必行，桴鼓相应，犹拔刺雪污，工巧神圣，可以听说吗？岐伯说：审察病机，不失气宜，说的就是这个道理。黄帝说：愿闻病机怎样？岐伯说：所有风病震颤眩晕，都归属于肝。所有寒病收缩牵引，都归属于肾。所有气病郁结，都归属于肺。所有湿病肿胀满闷，都归属于脾。所有热病昏闷抽搐，都归属于火。所有痛痒疮疡，都归属于心。所有厥逆固秘泄利，都归属于下。所有痿证喘呕，都归属于上。所有禁栗鼓颔，如丧神守，都归属于火。所有痉病项强，都归属于湿。所有逆气冲上，都归属于火。所有胀满腹大，都归属于热。所有躁狂越逸，都归属于火。所有暴强直，都归属于风。所有病有声，叩之如鼓，都归属于热。所有病肿疼酸惊骇，都归属于火。所有转筋反戾，水液混浊，都归属于热。所有病水液，澄彻清冷，都归属于寒。所有呕吐酸水，暴注下迫，都归属于热。所以《大要》说：谨守病机，各司其属，有者求之，无者求之，盛者责之，虚者责之，必先五胜，疏其血气，令其调达，而致和平。说的就是这个道理。黄帝说：好。五味阴阳的运用怎样？岐伯说：辛甘发散为阳，酸苦涌泄为阴，咸味涌泄为阴，淡味渗泄为阳。这六种或收或散，或缓或急，或燥或润，或软或坚，以所利而行之，调其气使其平。黄帝说：不是调气得来的，怎么治疗？有毒无毒，何先何后？愿闻其道。岐伯说：有毒无毒，所治为主，适合大小为制。黄帝说：请说其制。岐伯说：君一臣二，制小；君一臣三佐五，制中；君一臣三佐九，制大。寒者热之，热者寒之，微者逆之，甚者从之，坚者削之，客者除之，劳者温之，结者散之，留者攻之，燥者濡之，急者缓之，散者收之，损者温之，逸者行之，惊者平之，上之下之，摩之浴之，薄之劫之，开之发之，适事为故。黄帝说：什么叫逆从？岐伯说：逆者正治，从者反治，从少从多，观其事也。黄帝说：反治什么？岐伯说：热因寒用，寒因热用，塞因塞用，通因通用，必须伏其所主，而先其所因，其始则同，其终则异，可使破积，可使溃坚，可使气和，可使必已。黄帝说：好。气调而得来的怎样？岐伯说：逆之从之，逆而从之，从而逆之，疏气令调，就是其道。黄帝说：好。病之中外怎样？岐伯说：从内之外者，调其内；从外之内者，治其外；从内之外而盛于外者，先调其内而后治其外；从外之内而盛于内者，先治其外而后调其内；中外不相及，则治主病。黄帝说：好。火热复，恶寒发热，有如疟状，或一日发，或间数日发，原因是什么？岐伯说：胜复之气，会遇之时，有多少。阴气多而阳气少，则其发日远；阳气多而阴气少，则其发日近。此胜复相薄，盛衰之节，疟亦同法。黄帝说：论言治寒以热，治热以寒，而方士不能废绳墨而更其道也。有病热者寒之而热，有病寒者热之而寒，二者皆在，新病复起，怎么治？岐伯说：诸寒之而热者取之阴，热之而寒者取之阳，所谓求其属也。黄帝说：好。服寒而反热、服热而反寒，原因是什么？岐伯说：治其王气，所以反也。黄帝说：不治王而然的原因是什么？岐伯说：问得好！是不治五味属也。夫五味入胃，各归所喜，故酸先入肝，苦先入心，甘先入脾，辛先入肺，咸先入肾，久而增气，物化之常也。气增而久，夭之由也。黄帝说：好。方制君臣什么？岐伯说：主病之谓君，佐君之谓臣，应臣之谓使，非上下三品之谓也。黄帝说：三品什么？岐伯说：所以明善恶之殊贯也。黄帝说：好。病之中外怎样？岐伯说：调气之方，必别阴阳，定其中外，各守其乡，内者内治，外者外治，微者调之，其次平之，盛者夺之，汗之下之，寒热温凉，衰之以属，随其攸利，谨道如法，万举万全，气血正平，长有天命。黄帝说：好。至真要大论：熠（羊入切） （土浑切）膨（普盲切）痤（殂禾切） （如悦切） （匹摇切） （之力切）脆（须醉切）
...said. When Shaoyin (Ministerial Fire) governs the heaven, if the guest qi prevails, symptoms include rhinorrhea, sneezing, stiffness of the neck and nape, stifling heat in the shoulders and back, headache, shortness of breath, fever, deafness, and blurred vision; in severe cases, edema, hemorrhage, sores and ulcers, cough, and wheezing occur. If the host qi prevails, heart heat and irritability arise, and in severe cases, hypochondriac pain and distension. When Taiyin (Damp Earth) governs the heaven, if the guest qi prevails, swelling of the head and face, and labored breathing occur; if the host qi prevails, chest and abdominal fullness occur, with dizziness after eating. When Shaoyang (Ministerial Fire) governs the heaven, if the guest qi prevails, carbuncular rashes erupt externally, along with carbuncles and sores, vomiting and regurgitation, throat obstruction, headache, sore throat, deafness, hemorrhage, and internal convulsions; if the host qi prevails, chest fullness, cough, and orthopnea occur, and in severe cases, hemoptysis and heat in the hands. When Yangming (Dry Metal) governs the heaven, if cold qi returns and accumulates internally, cough, epistaxis, throat obstruction, heat in the heart and diaphragm occur, and death ensues if cough persists with the expulsion of white frothy sputum. When Taiyang (Cold Water) governs the heaven, if the guest qi prevails, chest discomfort occurs, clear nasal discharge flows, and cough arises upon exposure to cold; if the host qi prevails, a humming sound is heard in the throat and pharynx. When Jueyin (Wind Wood) governs the earth, if the guest qi prevails, large joints become immobile, internal spasms, rigidity, and convulsions occur, and external difficulty in defecation arises; if the host qi prevails, trembling of sinews and bones, and intermittent waist and abdominal pain occur. When Shaoyin (Ministerial Fire) governs the earth, if the guest qi prevails, lower back pain, diseases of the sacrum, thighs, knees, calves, and feet occur, accompanied by dizziness, heat, and acid sensation, swelling preventing prolonged standing, and abnormal urination; if the host qi prevails, rebellious qi ascends, causing heart pain and heat, diaphragmatic discomfort, onset of various bi syndromes in the hypochondrium, uncontrolled sweating (Poh sweat), and rising cold extremities. When Taiyin (Damp Earth) governs the earth, if the guest qi prevails, foot atrophy and heaviness, irregular urination and defecation occur; dampness invading the lower jiao causes loose diarrhea and swelling or diseases of the genitalia; if the host qi prevails, cold qi rebels causing fullness, inability to eat or drink, and in severe cases, hernia. When Shaoyang (Ministerial Fire) governs the earth, if the guest qi prevails, waist and abdominal pain with aversion to cold occur, and in severe cases, white stool and white urine; if the host qi prevails, heat rebels upward invading the heart, causing heart pain, heat, rejection in the middle, and vomiting. The pattern for Shaoyin is similar. When Yangming (Dry Metal) governs the earth, if the guest qi prevails, clear qi moves downward, causing hardness and fullness of the lower abdomen with frequent diarrhea; if the host qi prevails, heavy waist and abdominal pain, cold in the lower abdomen, and loose stools occur, with cold rebellion in the intestines rushing upward to the chest, causing wheezing and inability to stand for long in severe cases. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. How should this be treated? Qibo said: For conditions high, suppress them; for conditions low, lift them; for excess, reduce them; for deficiency, tonify them. Assist with what is beneficial, harmonize with what is appropriate. Secure the host and guest qi, adapt to cold and warmth. For same qi, treat oppositely; for different qi, treat similarly. The Yellow Emperor said: Treating cold with heat, treating heat with cold, reversing when qi agrees, following when qi disagrees—I know this. What about the application of the five flavors? Qibo said: For the master of Wood, drain with sour, tonify with acrid. For the master of Fire, drain with sweet, tonify with salty. For the master of Earth, drain with bitter, tonify with sweet. For the master of Metal, drain with acrid, tonify with sour. For the master of Water, drain with salty, tonify with bitter. For the guest of Jueyin, tonify with acrid, drain with sour, soothe with sweet. For the guest of Shaoyin, tonify with salty, drain with sweet, astringe with salty. For the guest of Taiyin, tonify with sweet, drain with bitter, soothe with sweet. For the guest of Shaoyang, tonify with salty, drain with sweet, soften hardness with salty. For the guest of Yangming, tonify with sour, drain with acrid, drain with bitter. For the guest of Taiyang, tonify with bitter, drain with salty, firm with bitter, moisten with acrid. This opens the interstices, promotes fluid distribution, and unblocks qi. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. What does it mean that Yin and Yang are divided into three? Qibo said: It is because qi has varying degrees of abundance and scarcity, leading to different functions. The Yellow Emperor said: Why is it called Yangming? Qibo said: Two Yangs combined and brightened is Yangming. The Yellow Emperor said: Why is it called Jueyin? Qibo said: Two Yins intersecting and ending is Jueyin. The Yellow Emperor said: Qi has abundance and scarcity, diseases have excess and deficiency, treatments have urgency and slowness, formulas have size and smallness. What is the principle? Qibo said: Qi has high and low positions, diseases have near and far locations, signs have interior and exterior aspects, treatments have light and heavy intensities. The goal is to ensure the medicinal force reaches the disease site. The *Da Yao* states: One sovereign and two ministers constitute an odd formula; two sovereigns and four ministers constitute an even formula; two sovereigns and three ministers constitute an odd formula; two sovereigns and six ministers constitute an even formula. Thus, for near diseases use odd formulas, for far diseases use even formulas. Do not use odd formulas for sweating, nor even formulas for purging. Tonifying the upper and treating the upper requires slow-acting formulas; tonifying the lower and treating the lower requires fast-acting formulas. Fast acting means strong flavor and substance; slow acting means weak flavor and substance. Reaching the disease site is the key. For distant diseases where the medicinal qi is intercepted midway, guide it with food without exceeding these regulations. Therefore, the method for balancing qi is: for near diseases using odd/even, make the dosage small; for far diseases using odd/even, make the dosage large. Large formulas have fewer doses, small formulas have more doses. More than nine, less than two. If the odd formula fails, use the even formula, called a compound formula. If the even formula fails, use counter-assistance, following the disease nature with cold, heat, warm, or cool properties. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. I know diseases originate from the root (Ben). How to treat those originating from the branch (Biao)? Qibo said: If the disease manifests as the root, treat the branch; if the formula acts on the root, treat the branch. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. How to observe the excess of the Six Qi? Qibo said: Observe when they arrive. If clear qi arrives greatly, dryness prevails, Wind-Wood is affected, and Liver disease arises. If hot qi arrives greatly, Fire prevails, Dry-Metal is affected, and Lung disease arises. If cold qi arrives greatly, Water prevails, Hot-Fire is affected, and Heart disease arises. If damp qi arrives greatly, Earth prevails, Cold-Water is affected, and Kidney disease arises. If wind qi arrives greatly, Wood prevails, Damp-Earth is affected, and Spleen disease arises. This is getting sick from pathogenic invasion. Invading during the year's deficiency makes the pathogen stronger. Violating seasonal harmony also strengthens the pathogen. Encountering the empty moon also strengthens the pathogen. Re-invasion leads to critical illness. Where there is excess qi, there must be a repelling qi. The Yellow Emperor said: What are the pulses like? Qibo said: Arrival of Jueyin pulse is wiry; Shaoyin is hook-shaped; Taiyin is deep; Shaoyang is large and floating; Yangming is short and choppy; Taiyang is large and long. Arrival with harmony is normal; arrival with excess is disease; arrival contrary to expectation is disease; arrival not reaching is disease; not arriving but arriving early is disease; exchange of Yin and Yang is critical. The Yellow Emperor said: Why do the Six Qi Biao-Ben differ? Qibo said: Some follow the Ben, some follow Biao-Ben, some follow neither. The Yellow Emperor said: Explain further. Qibo said: Shaoyang and Taiyin follow Ben; Shaoyin and Taiyang follow Ben and Biao; Yangming and Jueyin follow neither but their Middle Qi. Thus, following Ben transforms from Ben; following Biao-Ben transforms from both; following Middle Qi transforms from Middle Qi. The Yellow Emperor said: What if the pulse follows but the disease reverses? Qibo said: The pulse arrives and seems to follow, but pressing it does not drum under the fingers; this applies to all Yang channels. The Yellow Emperor said: What about the reversal of Yin channels? Qibo said: The pulse arrives and seems to follow, but pressing it drums strongly and abundantly. Thus, hundred diseases arise from Ben, Biao, or Middle Qi. Cures can be achieved by targeting Ben, Biao, Middle Qi, Biao-Ben, opposing treatment, or following treatment. Opposing is correct treatment; following is reverse treatment. Knowing Biao and Ben ensures safety; knowing opposing and following ensures correct action without doubt. Ignorance of this disrupts meridians. The *Da Yao* says: Crude physicians laugh, thinking they know; heat diseases persist while cold diseases start; same qi different forms confuse diagnosis and disrupt meridians. The way of Biao-Ben is concise yet extensive, small yet large; knowing one knows the harm of a hundred diseases. Observing Biao and Ben allows qi adjustment; knowing Sheng-Fu serves as a model for all people, completing the Heavenly Way. The Yellow Emperor said: How early or late are Sheng-Fu changes? Qibo said: The prevailing pathogen causes disease; as the disease brews, the repelling qi begins. The repelling qi rises when the prevailing qi ends, becoming severe when it gains position. Excess varies in degree, repulsion varies in quantity; harmony brings harmony, deficiency brings deficiency. This is the constant of Heaven. The Yellow Emperor said: Why do Sheng-Fu movements miss their position or arrive late? Qibo said: The generation of qi and its transformation differ in abundance. The use of cold, heat, warm, cool depends on the Four Dimensions. Yang movement starts with warmth, peaks with summer heat; Yin movement starts with clarity, peaks with winter cold. Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter each have their differences. The *Da Yao* says: Spring warmth becomes Summer heat; Autumn severity becomes Winter anger. Carefully observing the Four Dimensions reveals the end and beginning. The Yellow Emperor said: Is there a number to these differences? Qibo said: Thirty degrees. The Yellow Emperor said: What are the corresponding pulses? Qibo said: Differences follow standard methods, departing with time. The *Mai Yao* says: Spring should not be deep, Summer not wiry, Winter not choppy, Autumn not rapid; this is called Four Seals. Deep excessively is disease, wiry excessively is disease, choppy excessively is disease, rapid excessively is disease; appearing alternately is disease, reappearing is disease, leaving before due is disease, staying past due is disease; reversal is death. Qi guarding each other is like a balance scale never losing weight. Yin and Yang qi, if quiet, regulate metabolism; if moving, severe diseases arise. The Yellow Emperor said: What is You and Ming? Qibo said: Two Yins ending is You; Two Yangs combining is Ming. You and Ming pairing corresponds to Cold and Heat differences. The Yellow Emperor said: What are Fen and Zhi? Qibo said: Qi arriving is Zhi; Qi dividing is Fen. Zhi means same qi; Fen means different qi; this is the proper record of Heaven and Earth. The Yellow Emperor said: You said Spring/Autumn qi starts before, Winter/Summer qi starts after. I know this. But Six Qi reciprocate, ruling years vary. How to tonify and drain? Qibo said: Follow the benefit of upper and lower, correct the flavors, this is the key. Left and right follow the same method. The *Da Yao* says: Master of Shaoyang, first sweet then salty; Master of Yangming, first acrid then sour; Master of Taiyang, first salty then bitter; Master of Jueyin, first sour then acrid; Master of Shaoyin, first sweet then salty; Master of Taiyin, first bitter then sweet. Assist with benefit, nourish with generation, this is obtaining Qi. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. All diseases arise from Wind, Cold, Summer-heat, Dampness, Dryness, Fire, through transformation and change. Scripture says excess drain, deficiency tonify. I gave formulas to physicians, yet they are not perfect. I want the essential way to work, like drum and mallet, pulling thorns, cleaning dirt. Can you tell me the skill? Qibo said: Examine pathogenesis, do not lose qi suitability. The Yellow Emperor said: What is pathogenesis? Qibo said: All wind diseases with tremors and vertigo belong to Liver. All cold diseases with contraction and drawing belong to Kidney. All qi diseases with depression belong to Lung. All damp diseases with swelling and fullness belong to Spleen. All heat diseases with dizziness and convulsions belong to Fire. All pain, itching, and sores belong to Heart. All厥逆, constipation, and diarrhea belong to Lower. All atrophy, wheezing, and vomiting belong to Upper. All inhibition, shivering, loss of spirit control belong to Fire. All spasms and neck stiffness belong to Dampness. All rebellious qi rushing up belong to Fire. All distension and large abdomen belong to Heat. All restlessness, mania, and deviation belong to Fire. All sudden rigidity belong to Wind. All diseases with sounds, drumming like a drum, belong to Heat. All swelling, pain, acid sensation, fright belong to Fire. All twisting and turning, turbid fluids belong to Heat. All watery discharges, clear and cold belong to Cold. All vomiting, acid regurgitation, sudden diarrhea and tenesmus belong to Heat. The *Da Yao* says: Guard pathogenesis, assign categories. Seek what exists, seek what doesn't. Blame excess, blame deficiency. First determine the Five Victories, dredge blood and qi, make them smooth and peaceful. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. How are the uses of Five Flavors and Yin-Yang? Qibo said: Acrid and Sweet diffuse and are Yang; Sour and Bitter induce vomiting/drain and are Yin; Salty induces vomiting/drain and is Yin; Bland drains and is Yang. These six either astringe or diffuse, soothe or urgent, dry or moisten, soften or harden. Act according to benefit, regulate qi to achieve peace. The Yellow Emperor said: If not obtained by regulating qi, how to treat? Toxic and non-toxic, which first? Qibo said: Toxicity depends on the disease treated, size depends on suitability. The Yellow Emperor said: Explain the system. Qibo said: One sovereign, two ministers, small system; one sovereign, three ministers, five assistants, medium system; one sovereign, three ministers, nine assistants, large system. Cold treat with heat, heat treat with cold. Minor oppose, major follow. Hard reduce, intruder remove. Labor warm, knot disperse. Stagnation attack, dry moisten. Urgent soothe, scattered astringe. Deficiency warm, idle promote. Fright calm. Upper descend, lower raise. Rub, bathe. Press, rob. Open, vent. Suit the matter. The Yellow Emperor said: What is Opposing and Following? Qibo said: Opposing is Correct Treatment; Following is Reverse Treatment. Follow less or more, observe the case. The Yellow Emperor said: What is Reverse Treatment? Qibo said: Heat use Cold, Cold use Heat, Obstruction use Obstruction, Diarrhea use Diarrhea. Subdue the main cause, address the origin. Start same, end different. Break accumulation, dissolve hardness, harmonize qi, ensure cure. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. How is Qi regulation achieved? Qibo said: Oppose and follow, oppose then follow, follow then oppose, dredge qi to regulate, this is the way. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. Disease interior and exterior? Qibo said: Interior to Exterior, treat Interior; Exterior to Interior, treat Exterior. Interior to Exterior severe externally, treat Interior first then Exterior; Exterior to Interior severe internally, treat Exterior first then Interior. If unrelated, treat the main disease. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. Heat/Fire repulsion, aversion to cold and fever, like malaria, daily or every few days, why? Qibo said: Sheng-Fu qi meeting time varies. More Yin less Yang,发作 interval far; More Yang less Yin, interval near. Sheng-Fu contend, excess/deficiency rhythm, Malaria follows same law. The Yellow Emperor said: Scripture says treat cold with heat, heat with cold. Physicians cannot abandon rules. Heat treated with cold remains hot, cold treated with heat remains cold. Both exist, new disease starts. How to treat? Qibo said: For heat resisting cold, tonify Yin; for cold resisting heat, tonify Yang. Seek the category. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. Taking cold causes heat, taking heat causes cold, why? Qibo said: Treating Wang Qi causes reversal. The Yellow Emperor said: Not treating Wang Qi but still reversing? Qibo said: Excellent question! Not treating Five Flavor categories. Five flavors enter stomach, return to preferred organs: Sour to Liver, Bitter to Heart, Sweet to Spleen, Acrid to Lung, Salty to Kidney. Long-term increases qi, normal transformation. Increased qi long-term causes premature death. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. What is Formula Sovereign/Minister? Qibo said: Governing disease is Sovereign; assisting Sovereign is Minister; responding to Minister is Envoy. Not referring to Upper/Middle/Lower grades. The Yellow Emperor said: What are Three Grades? Qibo said: To distinguish good and evil. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. Disease interior/exterior? Qibo said: Regulating Qi formulas must distinguish Yin/Yang, determine interior/exterior, keep respective places. Interior treat interior, Exterior treat Exterior. Minor regulate, next balance, excess seize. Sweat or purge. Cold/Heat/Warm/Cool, reduce by category. Follow benefit, guard the Way, success guaranteed, Qi/Blood balanced, long life. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. Zhizhen Yao Dalun: Yi (Yang Ru Cut) ... Cui (Xu Zui Cut).