讲究炮制及处方用药注意药物间相须、相使、相杀、相畏等关系。入煎剂用时常注明某药与某药同炒，或某药与某药同打烂，其药物伍用颇有「药对」之意。有的取古方，经方配伍之原旨，有的依本人临证经验搭配，有的是意在去性取味，有的意在去味取性，颇具匠心。如香豆豉与焦山栀同炒，取栀子豉汤之意，清胸膈之热；厚朴和川连同炒，黄连之寒监制厚朴之温，意在宽中行气，苦以燥湿，小枳壳与苦桔梗同炒，一升一降，用于肺失宣肃咳喘之证；大豆卷与西秦艽同炒，有宣散解表，清泻虚热之功，绿茵陈与焦山栀同炒，取茵陈蒿汤之意，有清利湿热之力；桑枝与丝瓜络同炒，宣痹以通络，建泽泻与赤苓皮同炒，两者协同，建脾以利尿；松子仁与大麻仁同炒，两者协同，甘润和中，润肠通便；全瓜蒌与薤白头同打烂，仿瓜蒌薤白白酒汤之意，有宽胸通痹之功。汪逢春先生上述用药之经验，今天仍可师可法。
善用药物粉剂装配胶囊使用，与汤剂同服。有的药物入煎后，破坏有效成分，影响药力发挥；有的药物价值昂贵，入煎需量大，有浪费之嫌，或患者也苦于负担过重；有些药物不宜入煎者，多装入胶囊，随汤吞服。这样少量吞服的方法，既能节约药材，又能充分发挥药效，简捷、方便、价廉，利民利病，又开辟了新的给药门路。据不完全统计，仅《泊庐医案》一书，使用胶囊装药随汤同服者，达七十五处之多。汪逢春先生常视病情出入，选定多种配方以随机应用。如治疗湿温病供选配方；羚羊角尖O．3克，太乙玉枢丹、白蔻仁各0．6克；白蔻仁、太乙玉枢丹、酒军各O．6克，白蔻仁O．6克，生熟大黄各1．2克；香犀角、白蔻仁各O．6克，香犀角、真郁金各O．6克，酒军、白蔻仁各O．6克。此多种配方，皆分研细末，装入胶囊，随汤药分两次送服。镇惊熄风，常以琥珀抱龙丸，太乙玉枢丹各O．6克，薤白头1．5克，研细末，装小胶囊中匀二次送下；妊娠恶阻，饮水即吐者，以明矾、食盐各O．3克，装入胶囊内服用，呕吐酸苦水者，以白蔻仁0．6克，枯矾、食盐各0．3克，装入小胶管内服用，食后上泛者，落水沉香O．3克、白蔻仁O．6克、食盐O．3克，共研细末，装入小胶管内同服。其中食盐以用大粗盐研细为好，精制盐、再生盐不用。因这两种盐服后舌根有涩感，不舒服，食盐不要炒用，如炒成胡盐，服之坠气。泄泻者，常用上上落水沉香末二分(即质量好的沉香)、白蔻仁二分，同研细末后，装入胶囊，随汤服下。又凡口中粘腻苦涩者，可用莲子心，沉香，食盐各一分，装小胶囊吞服效好。由此可见，其配方
十分灵活，视病情而定，可谓变通有方，圆机活法。
喜用曲类。如沉香曲、范志曲、霞天曲，治疗肠胃病应用曲类自不待言，对一些杂病的恢复期，善后调理时尤多于方中加入曲类药物，意在振奋胃气，开胃进食，增强体质。
善用药物鲜品。常用鲜藿香、鲜佩兰、鲜枇杷叶、鲜菖蒲、鲜荷叶、鲜佛手、鲜西瓜翠衣、鲜芦根、鲜柠檬皮、鲜竹叶、鲜煨姜等。鲜品有干品不可比的优点，一些轻宣疏解药物，鲜品芳香之气较大，取其芳香化浊之力较强。鲜品其植物精汁尚较丰富，汪逢春先生认为暑温证及温病滋阴尤以鲜晶效佳。
成药入煎剂。中成药取其适量入煎剂同煎煮，既可以起到协同或佐药的作用，又可以弥补单纯汤剂的某些不足。用汤剂以解决主要矛盾，丸药入煎可解决次要矛盾，有主有从，并行不悖。常用入煎中成药有：越鞠保和丸、香砂六君子丸、枳术丸等，不一而足。
注重医德，从不宣传自己
汪逢春先生注重医德，对于同道不贬低，不攻击。尝遇病人经前医治疗不效者，也积极想方设法扭转病势，一旦无望，也不发怨言，不找借口推卸责任。他尝说，如怨天尤人，自我吹嘘，等于自我报复，结果必将一败涂地。
他从来不宣传自己，即使《泊庐医案》之刊行，也是「务求其实用，毋事虚饰」。将「普通门诊所录方案之有效者，略分为内、妇、儿三科，简单分类，以便仿阅。」「意在存真，非为立言着说。」他从不登广告。记得曾有一学生登汪先生去某地出诊的广告，他知道后非常恼火，对该生严加申斥，并告之以后绝不可如此。他说，我个人是不主张自我宣传的，至于技术高低，群众会给以正确评价的。
汪先生严格要求学生，虽已考取执照，有的仍不许其挂牌开业，需要再现察一段时间，并嘱其小心从事，遇有疑难多向别人请教，千万不可粗心大意。
定期指导学生，讨论病例，不分中西。在西河沿行医时，每逢月之初一、十五则停诊，讨论病例。凡遇疑难大症，有时也邀著名西医刘士豪、方石珊、汪国桢一起讨论研究，学生们恭听记录。汪先生很能接受新事物，平时妇科会诊常请林巧稚、田凤鸾，皮科请赵炳南，他常说不能抱残守缺，孤陋寡闻。
定期举行同砚小集，地址在椿树三条荀慧生宅。每周一、三、五讲课，听讲者达二十余人。讲《金匮要略》、《温病条辨》及《医案分析》等。他最佩服清·徐灵胎，认为其文笔犀利，脉案清爽，可师可法。
指导学生到西鹤年堂看标本、实习制药过程；到窑台去看锯鹿茸，天坛复泰参茸庄去看制茸。他常说，自古医药不分，医生必明药物制法，这样才能心中有数。什么叫酒炒当归、吴萸制黄连，前胡为何用麻黄水炙等，明乎此，临证时才能得心应手。
汪先生一生信佛，喜读书，二者常结合在一起，自来京住在江苏会馆起，题书斋曰「五斗斋」。每早五时起床，即读佛经、打坐(气功)、读医书。每天食饮定量，作息按时，虽忙而不紊。临终前正在打坐，一笑而亡，毫无痛苦。一生中收藏图书甚丰，且喜爱古玩字画，故后书籍归汉文阁，字画归故宫博物院收藏。
生前曾与庞敦敏(细菌学家)、韩世昌(昆曲家)等有诗文酒会的组织，每逢生辰、忌日举行，一方面
消遣，一方面讨论交流对时事的看法，这是一种民间的爱国行为。当时政府在公共场所均悬有「莫谈国事」字条，而一些爱国忧民有志之士，均利用各种机会聚会交换意见。如一九二九年对付汪蒋政府取消中医的斗争，也是利用这种形式发起的。
他有子名孟涵，虽不以医名，但为文史界知名之士，生前供职中华书局为编审。
他的弟子很多，现尚健在者有吴子桢(原同仁医院中医科主任)，刘少章(北京市第四医院中医院主任)、李鼎铭(北京市中医院妇科老大夫)、李君楚(原宣武医院中医科主任)、李建昌(原东四产院中医老大夫)、王植楷、王华昌(广渠门医院中医老大夫)、谢子衡(原平安医院中医科老大夫)、赵绍琴(北京中医学院教授)等。
徐小圃先生治学二三事
[徐小圃先生小传]徐小圃(1887~1961)，名放，上海人。幼承庭训，家学渊源，弱冠时即出而问世，并名扬沪滨。后得山阴祝味菊先土善用温阳药的经验，运用伤寒方以治少小疾苦，用药果敢审慎，屡起沉疴。晚年医名更着，求诊者日盈门庭。积数十年的实践经验，对于中医儿科学术的发展，做出了有益的贡献。
徐小圃先生初受业其父杏圃公，弱冠时即悬壶问世，为当代著名的儿科专家，具有丰富的临床实践经验和独具创见的学术思想，尤以擅用温药而名噪海上。先生能广用伤寒方以治少小疾患，由于认病辨证精确，处方善以化裁，配伍灵活，因此，经先生起沉疴、愈废疾者，实不遑计之。特别在晚年，求诊者日盈门庭，其中不少险逆病例，先生虽明知其险而难治，犹必殚精竭虑，为之立方而后安。使获救者不以为喜；即致不治，亦不辞怨谤，从不肯随俗俯仰，一切从求实出发。尝谓：「医乃仁人之术，既要有菩萨的心肠，又要有英雄的肝胆。」此语实为绳医之座右铭也。
先生及门弟子，遍及海内。哲嗣仲才、伯远，均克绍箕裘，能传衣钵，亦上海之现代名医。余负笈上海中国医学院时，从先生游，临证未及一载，「八·一三」事变爆发而终止实习，未能深入堂室，迄今常引为遗憾。所得者，仅属徐帅之万一耳!故自惭所学者，有若小巫也。
从主「清」到主「温」徐老在行医之初，也曾偏重于「小儿纯阳，无烦益火」，「阳常有余，阴常不足」的理论，以及以「小儿热病最多」为指导思想，所以治疗用药方面，是按温病学的理法方药为准则的。后来，却一跃而转为外感广用麻、桂，里证重用姜、附的崇尚《伤寒论》的一方一药。这是为什么呢?
事情的经过是这样的：先生的一位哲嗣，正在婴幼儿时期，有一年的夏季，患了「伤寒病」。徐老亲自为之诊治，但病情日进，恶候频见，几濒于危，盒家焦急，徐老亦感棘手。当时，家属及诸亲好友，均向徐老建议，曷不请其道友祝味萄先生会诊一决?徐老慨然叹曰：「我与祝君虽屈莫逆之交，但学术观点不同，他擅温阳，人称『祝附子』。今孩子患的是热病，若祝君来诊，莫非温药而已，此明知其『抱薪救火』，我孰忍目睹其自焚耶!」又逾日，患儿几将奄奄一息，亲友竭力敦促，与其束手待毙，何妨一试究竟。徐老至此，当不固辞，但亦无所抱望也。迨祝老诊毕处方，果然不出所料，第一味主药就是附子。徐老即闭门入寝，等待不幸消息报来。而祝老则为之亲自煎药，守候病榻，自己奉药喂灌，夜未闭目，以观察病情演变。至东方拂晓，患儿身热渐退，两目张开，吞药服汤可自动张口。再给米汤喂服，已表示有饥饿之感。及至患儿安然入睡，祝老才和衣倒榻休息，盒家无不欣喜自慰。徐师母即至徐老寝室，敲门报喜。当徐老听到门声时，即跃然而起，急问「何时不行的」?迨启门见其老伴脸带春风，喜形于色，并告以病已好转，始知并非自己之所逆料。乃同往病室，细审病情，与昨日之情况，竟判若两人矣。再回顾榻旁，祝老鼻息浓浓，安入梦乡。虽由衷感激，亦不敢扰其清梦。于是含笑回房，加高其枕，坦然无忧地睡其大觉。
徐老在其孩子完全恢复健康后，百感丛生，谓其家属曰，「速将我『儿科专家』的招牌拿下来，我连自己的孩子都看不好，那里够得上这个『儿科专家』的资格！我要拜祝兄为师，苦学三年，学成后再开业行医不迟。」意颇坚决，竟亲自登门执弟子礼。祝老既惊又敬，扶之上座，曰：「我你是道中莫逆之交，各有各的长处，也各有片面之见，兄之治学精神，如此令人敬佩，吾将何辞以对?若对我祝附子有兴趣的话，今后将与兄切磋，相互取长补短。今如此称颂，则将置我于何地耶！如蒙垂青，待令公郎成长后学医，吾必厥尽绵薄，誓不负老兄之厚望也。」所以其哲嗣仲才，伯远后来均受业于祝味菊先生门下。从此，小圃先生即由清凉派转为温阳派而名著当时。这就是先生在学术思想演变的一段历史。
强调阳气对人体的重要性
凡是学者的鲜明学术观点，都是从实践经验中得来的结晶。徐老擅长温阳，处处以卫护人体之阳气为重，这与他平时所诊疗的对象有密切的关系。记得我在随师临证时，绝大多数求诊患儿属于久病失治或辗转求治的重危病症，其中又以阳气受损、正不敌邪的脱闭症侯者多，所以在处方中相应地常常使用温阳扶正法则。然先生虽得祝味菊先生运用温阳药的经验，但师其法而不泥其法，创立了自己使用温阳方法的独特经验。
关于小儿的机体特点，历来就有两种不同认识。
《颅囟经》提出，「凡孩子三岁以下，呼为纯阳」；《小儿药证直诀·序言》也说：「小儿纯阳，无烦益火」，《临证指南医案·幼科要略》又强调了「襁褓小儿，体属纯阳，所患热病最多」之说。据此认识，在治疗小儿疾病时，宜用清凉力避温阳药物。但亦有不少儿科学者，对纯阳之体的学说抱有相反的观点。如《保赤存真》的作者余梦塘云：「真阴有虚，真阳岂有无虚……此又不可徒执纯阳之论也。」罗整齐在其《鲆溪医论选》中论及小儿机体特点时也说；「小儿年幼，阴气未充，故曰纯阳，原非阳气之有余也，特稚阳耳！稚阳之阳，其阳几何？」他们在治疗上主张以扶阳为主，称为温阳学派。这两种不同的学术见解，形成了儿科领域中「以清为主」和「以温为主」的两大学派，至今在儿科领域仍有着深刻的影响。
讲究药物的炮制以及处方用药时注意药物之间的相须、相使、相杀、相畏等配伍关系。在入煎剂使用时，常注明某药与某药同炒，或某药与某药同捣烂，其药物配合颇有“药对”之意。有的取自古方经方的配伍原意，有的依据本人临床经验搭配，有的是意在去除药性而保留药味，有的是意在去除药味而保留药性，颇具匠心。例如香豆豉与焦山栀同炒，取栀子豉汤之意，以清胸膈之热；厚朴和川连同炒，黄连的寒性监制厚朴的温性，意在宽中行气，苦以燥湿；小枳壳与苦桔梗同炒，一升一降，用于肺失宣肃导致的咳喘之证；大豆卷与西秦艽同炒，有宣散解表、清泻虚热之功；绿茵陈与焦山栀同炒，取茵陈蒿汤之意，有清利湿热之力；桑枝与丝瓜络同炒，宣痹以通络；建泽泻与赤苓皮同炒，两者协同，健脾以利尿；松子仁与大麻仁同炒，两者协同，甘润和中，润肠通便；全瓜蒌与薤白头同捣烂，仿瓜蒌薤白白酒汤之意，有宽胸通痹之功。汪逢春先生上述用药的经验，今天仍可学习效法。
善用药物粉剂装配胶囊使用，与汤剂同服。有的药物入煎后，会破坏有效成分，影响药力发挥；有的药物价值昂贵，入煎需量大，有浪费之嫌，或患者也苦于负担过重；有些药物不宜入煎者，多装入胶囊，随汤吞服。这样少量吞服的方法，既能节约药材，又能充分发挥药效，简捷、方便、价廉，利民利病，又开辟了新的给药门路。据不完全统计，仅《泊庐医案》一书，使用胶囊装药随汤同服者，达七十五处之多。汪逢春先生常视病情出入，选定多种配方以随机应用。如治疗湿温病供选配方：羚羊角尖0.3克，太乙玉枢丹、白蔻仁各0.6克；白蔻仁、太乙玉枢丹、酒军各0.6克，白蔻仁0.6克，生熟大黄各1.2克；香犀角、白蔻仁各0.6克，香犀角、真郁金各0.6克，酒军、白蔻仁各0.6克。此多种配方，皆分研细末，装入胶囊，随汤药分两次送服。镇惊熄风，常以琥珀抱龙丸，太乙玉枢丹各0.6克，薤白头1.5克，研细末，装小胶囊中匀二次送下；妊娠恶阻，饮水即吐者，以明矾、食盐各0.3克，装入胶囊内服用，呕吐酸苦水者，以白蔻仁0.6克，枯矾、食盐各0.3克，装入小胶管内服用，食后上泛者，落水沉香0.3克、白蔻仁0.6克、食盐0.3克，共研细末，装入小胶管内同服。其中食盐以用大粗盐研细为好，精制盐、再生盐不用。因这两种盐服后舌根有涩感，不舒服，食盐不要炒用，如炒成胡盐，服之坠气。泄泻者，常用上上落水沉香末二分（即质量好的沉香）、白蔻仁二分，同研细末后，装入胶囊，随汤服下。又凡口中粘腻苦涩者，可用莲子心，沉香，食盐各一分，装小胶囊吞服效好。由此可见，其配方十分灵活，视病情而定，可谓变通有方，圆机活法。
喜用曲类。如沉香曲、范志曲、霞天曲，治疗肠胃病应用曲类自不待言，对一些杂病的恢复期，善后调理时尤多于方中加入曲类药物，意在振奋胃气，开胃进食，增强体质。
善用药物鲜品。常用鲜藿香、鲜佩兰、鲜枇杷叶、鲜菖蒲、鲜荷叶、鲜佛手、鲜西瓜翠衣、鲜芦根、鲜柠檬皮、鲜竹叶、鲜煨姜等。鲜品有干品不可比的优点，一些轻宣疏解药物，鲜品芳香之气较大，取其芳香化浊之力较强。鲜品其植物精汁尚较丰富，汪逢春先生认为暑温证及温病滋阴尤以鲜晶效佳。
成药入煎剂。中成药取其适量入煎剂同煎煮，既可以起到协同或佐药的作用，又可以弥补单纯汤剂的某些不足。用汤剂以解决主要矛盾，丸药入煎可解决次要矛盾，有主有从，并行不悖。常用入煎中成药有：越鞠保和丸、香砂六君子丸、枳术丸等，不一而足。
注重医德，从不宣传自己
汪逢春先生注重医德，对于同道不贬低，不攻击。尝遇病人经前医治疗不效者，也积极想方设法扭转病势，一旦无望，也不发怨言，不找借口推卸责任。他尝说，如怨天尤人，自我吹嘘，等于自我报复，结果必将一败涂地。
他从来不宣传自己，即使《泊庐医案》之刊行，也是「务求其实用，毋事虚饰」。将「普通门诊所录方案之有效者，略分为内、妇、儿三科，简单分类，以便仿阅。」「意在存真，非为立言着说。」他从不登广告。记得曾有一学生登汪先生去某地出诊的广告，他知道后非常恼火，对该生严加申斥，并告之以后绝不可如此。他说，我个人是不主张自我宣传的，至于技术高低，群众会给以正确评价的。
汪先生严格要求学生，虽已考取执照，有的仍不许其挂牌开业，需要再观察一段时间，并嘱其小心从事，遇有疑难多向别人请教，千万不可粗心大意。
定期指导学生，讨论病例，不分中西。在西河沿行医时，每逢月之初一、十五则停诊，讨论病例。凡遇疑难大症，有时也邀著名西医刘士豪、方石珊、汪国桢一起讨论研究，学生们恭听记录。汪先生很能接受新事物，平时妇科会诊常请林巧稚、田凤鸾，皮科请赵炳南，他常说不能抱残守缺，孤陋寡闻。
定期举行同砚小集，地址在椿树三条荀慧生宅。每周一、三、五讲课，听讲者达二十余人。讲《金匮要略》、《温病条辨》及《医案分析》等。他最佩服清·徐灵胎，认为其文笔犀利，脉案清爽，可师可法。
指导学生到西鹤年堂看标本、实习制药过程；到窑台去看锯鹿茸，天坛复泰参茸庄去看制茸。他常说，自古医药不分，医生必明药物制法，这样才能心中有数。什么叫酒炒当归、吴萸制黄连，前胡为何用麻黄水炙等，明乎此，临证时才能得心应手。
汪先生一生信佛，喜读书，二者常结合在一起，自来京住在江苏会馆起，题书斋曰「五斗斋」。每早五时起床，即读佛经、打坐(气功)、读医书。每天食饮定量，作息按时，虽忙而不紊。临终前正在打坐，一笑而亡，毫无痛苦。一生中收藏图书甚丰，且喜爱古玩字画，故后书籍归汉文阁，字画归故宫博物院收藏。
生前曾与庞敦敏(细菌学家)、韩世昌(昆曲家)等有诗文酒会的组织，每逢生辰、忌日举行，一方面消遣，一方面讨论交流对时事的看法，这是一种民间的爱国行为。当时政府在公共场所均悬有「莫谈国事」字条，而一些爱国忧民有志之士，均利用各种机会聚会交换意见。如一九二九年对付汪蒋政府取消中医的斗争，也是利用这种形式发起的。
他有子名孟涵，虽不以医名，但为文史界知名之士，生前供职中华书局为编审。
他的弟子很多，现尚健在者有吴子桢(原同仁医院中医科主任)，刘少章(北京市第四医院中医院主任)、李鼎铭(北京市中医院妇科老大夫)、李君楚(原宣武医院中医科主任)、李建昌(原东四产院中医老大夫)、王植楷、王华昌(广渠门医院中医老大夫)、谢子衡(原平安医院中医科老大夫)、赵绍琴(北京中医学院教授)等。
徐小圃先生治学二三事
[徐小圃先生小传]徐小圃(1887~1961)，名放，上海人。幼承庭训，家学渊源，弱冠时即出而问世，并名扬沪滨。后得山阴祝味菊先土善用温阳药的经验，运用伤寒方以治少小疾苦，用药果敢审慎，屡起沉疴。晚年医名更着，求诊者日盈门庭。积数十年的实践经验，对于中医儿科学术的发展，做出了有益的贡献。
徐小圃先生初受业其父杏圃公，弱冠时即悬壶问世，为当代著名的儿科专家，具有丰富的临床实践经验和独具创见的学术思想，尤以擅用温药而名噪海上。先生能广用伤寒方以治少小疾患，由于认病辨证精确，处方善以化裁，配伍灵活，因此，经先生起沉疴、愈废疾者，实不遑计之。特别在晚年，求诊者日盈门庭，其中不少险逆病例，先生虽明知其险而难治，犹必殚精竭虑，为之立方而后安。使获救者不以为喜；即致不治，亦不辞怨谤，从不肯随俗俯仰，一切从求实出发。尝谓：「医乃仁人之术，既要有菩萨的心肠，又要有英雄的肝胆。」此语实为绳医之座右铭也。
先生及门弟子，遍及海内。哲嗣仲才、伯远，均克绍箕裘，能传衣钵，亦上海之现代名医。余负笈上海中国医学院时，从先生游，临证未及一载，「八·一三」事变爆发而终止实习，未能深入堂室，迄今常引为遗憾。所得者，仅属徐帅之万一耳!故自惭所学者，有若小巫也。
从主「清」到主「温」徐老在行医之初，也曾偏重于「小儿纯阳，无烦益火」，「阳常有余，阴常不足」的理论，以及以「小儿热病最多」为指导思想，所以治疗用药方面，是按温病学的理法方药为准则的。后来，却一跃而转为外感广用麻、桂，里证重用姜、附的崇尚《伤寒论》的一方一药。这是为什么呢?
事情的经过是这样的：先生的一位哲嗣，正在婴幼儿时期，有一年的夏季，患了「伤寒病」。徐老亲自为之诊治，但病情日进，恶候频见，几濒于危，盒家焦急，徐老亦感棘手。当时，家属及诸亲好友，均向徐老建议，曷不请其道友祝味萄先生会诊一决?徐老慨然叹曰：「我与祝君虽屈莫逆之交，但学术观点不同，他擅温阳，人称『祝附子』。今孩子患的是热病，若祝君来诊，莫非温药而已，此明知其『抱薪救火』，我孰忍目睹其自焚耶!」又逾日，患儿几将奄奄一息，亲友竭力敦促，与其束手待毙，何妨一试究竟。徐老至此，当不固辞，但亦无所抱望也。迨祝老诊毕处方，果然不出所料，第一味主药就是附子。徐老即闭门入寝，等待不幸消息报来。而祝老则为之亲自煎药，守候病榻，自己奉药喂灌，夜未闭目，以观察病情演变。至东方拂晓，患儿身热渐退，两目张开，吞药服汤可自动张口。再给米汤喂服，已表示有饥饿之感。及至患儿安然入睡，祝老才和衣倒榻休息，盒家无不欣喜自慰。徐师母即至徐老寝室，敲门报喜。当徐老听到门声时，即跃然而起，急问「何时不行的」?迨启门见其老伴脸带春风，喜形于色，并告以病已好转，始知并非自己之所逆料。乃同往病室，细审病情，与昨日之情况，竟判若两人矣。再回顾榻旁，祝老鼻息浓浓，安入梦乡。虽由衷感激，亦不敢扰其清梦。于是含笑回房，加高其枕，坦然无忧地睡其大觉。
徐老在其孩子完全恢复健康后，百感丛生，谓其家属曰，「速将我『儿科专家』的招牌拿下来，我连自己的孩子都看不好，那里够得上这个『儿科专家』的资格！我要拜祝兄为师，苦学三年，学成后再开业行医不迟。」意颇坚决，竟亲自登门执弟子礼。祝老既惊又敬，扶之上座，曰：「我你是道中莫逆之交，各有各的长处，也各有片面之见，兄之治学精神，如此令人敬佩，吾将何辞以对?若对我祝附子有兴趣的话，今后将与兄切磋，相互取长补短。今如此称颂，则将置我于何地耶！如蒙垂青，待令公郎成长后学医，吾必厥尽绵薄，誓不负老兄之厚望也。」所以其哲嗣仲才，伯远后来均受业于祝味菊先生门下。从此，小圃先生即由清凉派转为温阳派而名著当时。这就是先生在学术思想演变的一段历史。
强调阳气对人体的重要性
凡是学者的鲜明学术观点，都是从实践经验中得来的结晶。徐老擅长温阳，处处以卫护人体之阳气为重，这与他平时所诊疗的对象有密切的关系。记得我在随师临证时，绝大多数求诊患儿属于久病失治或辗转求治的重危病症，其中又以阳气受损、正不敌邪的脱闭症侯者多，所以在处方中相应地常常使用温阳扶正法则。然先生虽得祝味菊先生运用温阳药的经验，但师其法而不泥其法，创立了自己使用温阳方法的独特经验。
关于小儿的机体特点，历来就有两种不同认识。
《颅囟经》提出，「凡孩子三岁以下，呼为纯阳」；《小儿药证直诀·序言》也说：「小儿纯阳，无烦益火」，《临证指南医案·幼科要略》又强调了「襁褓小儿，体属纯阳，所患热病最多」之说。据此认识，在治疗小儿疾病时，宜用清凉力避温阳药物。但亦有不少儿科学者，对纯阳之体的学说抱有相反的观点。如《保赤存真》的作者余梦塘云：「真阴有虚，真阳岂有无虚……此又不可徒执纯阳之论也。」罗整齐在其《鲆溪医论选》中论及小儿机体特点时也说；「小儿年幼，阴气未充，故曰纯阳，原非阳气之有余也，特稚阳耳！稚阳之阳，其阳几何？」他们在治疗上主张以扶阳为主，称为温阳学派。这两种不同的学术见解，形成了儿科领域中「以清为主」和「以温为主」的两大学派，至今在儿科领域仍有着深刻的影响。
Pay attention to the processing of herbs and the precautions in prescribing, specifically noting the relationships of mutual enhancement (Xiang Xu), mutual promotion (Xiang Shi), mutual toxicity reduction (Xiang Sha), and mutual inhibition (Xiang Wei) among drugs. When used in decoctions, it is often specified that certain herbs should be stir-fried together or pounded together, reflecting the concept of "herb pairs" (Yao Dui). Some prescriptions follow the original intent of classical formulas from ancient texts; others are based on personal clinical experience; some aim to remove the herb's nature while retaining its flavor, while others aim to remove the flavor while retaining the nature, demonstrating considerable ingenuity. For example, Fermented Soybean (Xiang Dou Chi) and Charred Gardenia (Jiao Shan Zhi) are stir-fried together, drawing on the intent of Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction (Zhizi Chi Tang) to clear heat from the chest and diaphragm; Magnolia Bark (Hou Po) and Coptis Rhizome (Chuan Lian Zi) are stir-fried together, where the cold nature of Coptis inhibits the warm nature of Magnolia Bark, aiming to broaden the middle and move Qi, with bitterness to dry dampness; Small Bitter Orange (Xiao Zhi Ke) and Bitter Platycodon Root (Ku Jie Geng) are stir-fried together, one ascending and one descending, used for cough and asthma due to lung failure in diffusing and descending; Soybean Sprout (Da Dou Juan) and Gentian Macrophylla Root (Xi Qin Jiao) are stir-fried together, having the effect of dispersing and releasing the exterior and clearing deficient heat; Green Yin Chen (Lv Yin Chen) and Charred Gardenia (Jiao Shan Zhi) are stir-fried together, drawing on the intent of Yin Chen Hao Tang, possessing the power to clear and drain damp-heat; Mulberry Twig (Sang Zhi) and Loofah Network (Si Gua Luo) are stir-fried together, to disperse bi-syndrome and unblock collaterals; Alisma Tuber (Jian Ze Xie) and Red Poria Peel (Chi Ling Pi) are stir-fried together, synergistically strengthening the spleen to promote urination; Pine Seed Kernel (Song Zi Ren) and Hemp Seed (Da Ma Ren) are stir-fried together, synergistically sweet and moistening to harmonize the middle and moisten the intestines to relieve constipation; Whole Trichosanthes Fruit (Quan Gua Lou) and Allium Macrostemon Bulb (Xie Bai Tou) are pounded together, imitating the intent of Trichosanthes and Allium Decoction with White Wine (Gualou Xiebai Baijiutang), having the function of broadening the chest and unblocking bi-syndrome. Mr. Wang Fengchun's above-mentioned experience in medication can still be learned and emulated today.
He skillfully uses powdered herbs packed into capsules, taken simultaneously with decoctions. Some herbs, when decocted, destroy their active ingredients, affecting the exertion of medicinal power; some herbs are expensive, requiring large quantities for decoction, which seems wasteful, or patients suffer from a heavy financial burden; some herbs are unsuitable for decoction and are mostly packed into capsules to be swallowed with the decoction. This method of taking small amounts allows for both saving medicinal materials and fully exerting medicinal effects, being simple, convenient, and inexpensive, benefiting the people and the disease, and opening up new routes of administration. According to incomplete statistics, in the book *Bolou Medical Cases* alone, there are as many as seventy-five instances of using capsules with decoctions. Mr. Wang Fengchun would often select various formulas based on changes in the condition for random application. For example, selectable formulas for treating damp-warmth disease: 0.3g of Antelope Horn Tip (Ling Yang Jiao Jian), 0.6g each of Taiyi Yushu Dan and White Cardamom Seed (Bai Kou Ren); 0.6g each of White Cardamom Seed, Taiyi Yushu Dan, and Wine-processed Rhubarb (Jiu Jun); 0.6g White Cardamom Seed, 1.2g each of Raw and Cooked Rhubarb (Sheng Shu Da Huang); 0.6g each of Fragrant Rhinoceros Horn (Xiang Xi Jiao) and White Cardamom Seed; 0.6g each of Fragrant Rhinoceros Horn and Real Curcuma Tuber (Zhen Yu Jin); 0.6g each of Wine-processed Rhubarb and White Cardamom Seed. These various formulas are all ground into fine powder, packed into capsules, and taken in two doses with the decoction. To calm fright and extinguish wind, often use 0.6g each of Amber Bao Long Wan and Taiyi Yushu Dan, and 1.5g of Allium Macrostemon Bulb (Xie Bai Tou), ground into fine powder, packed into small capsules, and taken evenly in two doses; for morning sickness during pregnancy where drinking water causes immediate vomiting, take 0.3g each of Alum (Ming Fan) and Table Salt (Shi Yan) packed in capsules; for vomiting sour and bitter water, take 0.6g of White Cardamom Seed (Bai Kou Ren) and 0.3g each of Calcined Alum (Ku Fan) and Table Salt (Shi Yan) packed in small capsules; for regurgitation after eating, take 0.3g of Falling Water Agarwood (Luo Shui Chen Xiang), 0.6g of White Cardamom Seed (Bai Kou Ren), and 0.3g of Table Salt (Shi Yan), ground into fine powder and packed in small capsules to take together. Among these, table salt should be coarse salt ground into fine powder; refined salt and regenerated salt should not be used. Because these two salts cause a涩 (astringent/rough) sensation at the root of the tongue, causing discomfort. Table salt should not be stir-fried; if fried into Hu Yan (burnt salt), it will sink Qi. For diarrhea, commonly use 2 fen (approx. 0.6g) of high-quality Falling Water Agarwood powder and 2 fen of White Cardamom Seed, ground together into fine powder, packed into capsules, and taken with the decoction. Also, for those with a sticky and bitter taste in the mouth, using 1 fen each of Lotus Plumule (Lian Zi Xin), Agarwood (Chen Xiang), and Table Salt (Shi Yan) packed in small capsules yields good results. Thus, it can be seen that his formulations are very flexible, determined by the condition, showing adaptability and flexible methods.
He likes to use Qu (fermented grain) preparations. Such as Agarwood Qu (Chen Xiang Qu), Fan Zhi Qu, and Xia Tian Qu. The application of Qu preparations in treating gastrointestinal diseases goes without saying; in the recovery period of miscellaneous diseases, especially during convalescence, he particularly likes to add Qu preparations to formulas, aiming to invigorate stomach Qi, stimulate appetite, and enhance physical constitution.
He skillfully uses fresh herbs. Commonly used are fresh Agastache (Xian Huo Xiang), fresh Eupatorium (Xian Pei Lan), fresh Loquat Leaf (Xian Pi Pa Ye), fresh Acorus (Xian Chang Pu), fresh Lotus Leaf (Xian He Ye), fresh Bergamot (Xian Fo Shou), fresh Watermelon Rind (Xian Xi Gua Cui Yi), fresh Reed Rhizome (Xian Lu Gen), fresh Lemon Peel (Xian Ning Meng Pi), fresh Bamboo Leaf (Xian Zhu Ye), fresh Ginger (Xian Wei Jiang), etc. Fresh herbs have advantages that dried herbs cannot compare with; for some light and dispersing herbs, the fresh ones have a stronger aromatic fragrance, taking advantage of their strong power to transform turbidity with aroma. Fresh herbs also contain richer plant juices. Mr. Wang Fengchun believed that for summer-warmth syndrome and nourishing yin in warm diseases, fresh herbs are particularly effective.
Patent medicines added to decoctions. Taking an appropriate amount of patent medicine to decoct together can play a synergistic or assistant role, and can also make up for certain deficiencies of pure decoctions. Using decoctions to solve the main contradiction, and adding pills to decoctions to solve secondary contradictions, with primary and secondary aspects coexisting without conflict. Commonly used patent medicines for decoction include Yueju Baohe Wan, Xiangsha Liujunzi Wan, Zhizhu Wan, etc., without limit.
Emphasizes medical ethics, never promotes himself.
Mr. Wang Fengchun emphasized medical ethics, never belittling or attacking colleagues. When encountering patients who had not responded to previous doctors' treatments, he actively tried every means to reverse the disease trend; once hopeless, he did not complain or make excuses to shirk responsibility. He once said that blaming heaven and others, or boasting about oneself, is equivalent to self-revenge, and the result will surely be a complete defeat.
He never promoted himself. Even the publication of *Bolou Medical Cases* was done with the principle of "seeking practicality, avoiding vanity." He stated, "Effective plans recorded from ordinary outpatient clinics were roughly divided into internal medicine, gynecology, and pediatrics, simply classified for easy reference." "The intent is to preserve truth, not to establish doctrines." He never placed advertisements. I remember a student once placed an advertisement for Mr. Wang visiting a certain place; upon knowing this, he was very angry, severely reprimanded the student, and told him never to do so again. He said, "I personally do not advocate self-promotion. As for the level of skill, the masses will give a correct evaluation."
Mr. Wang strictly required his students. Even if they had obtained licenses, some were not allowed to hang up signs and open clinics immediately; they needed further observation for a period. He advised them to proceed with caution, consult others frequently for difficult cases, and absolutely avoid carelessness.
He regularly guided students to discuss cases, regardless of Chinese or Western medicine. While practicing in Xiheyuan, he suspended consultations on the first and fifteenth of every month to discuss cases. Whenever encountering difficult major illnesses, he sometimes invited famous Western doctors Liu Shihao, Fang Shishan, and Wang Guozhen to discuss and research together, with students listening respectfully and taking notes. Mr. Wang was very receptive to new things. For gynecological consultations, he often invited Lin Qiaozhi and Tian Fengluan; for dermatology, Zhao Bingnan. He often said one must not stick to outdated practices and remain ignorant.
He regularly held small gatherings with fellow scholars at the residence of Xun Huisheng in Chunshu San Tiao. Lectures were held on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, attended by over twenty people. Topics included *Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet* (Jingui Yaolue), *Treatise on Warm Diseases* (Wenbing Tiaobian), and *Medical Case Analysis*, etc. He most admired Xu Lingtai of the Qing Dynasty, believing his writing style was sharp and his pulse records clear, worthy of learning and emulation.
He guided students to visit Xihen Tang to see specimens and practice the drug manufacturing process; went to Yaotai to watch deer antler sawing, and to Futaishenrongzhuang in Temple of Heaven to watch antler processing. He often said that since ancient times, medicine and pharmacy were inseparable; doctors must understand drug processing methods to have a clear mind. What does it mean to stir-fry Angelica Sinensis with wine, process Coptis with Evodia fruit, or why is Peucedanum root water-processed with Ephedra? Understanding these allows one to handle clinical situations with ease.
Mr. Wang was a Buddhist throughout his life and loved reading; the two were often combined. Since moving to Beijing and living in the Jiangsu Guild Hall, he named his study "Wudou Zhai" (Five Dou Studio). He got up at five o'clock every morning to read Buddhist scriptures, meditate (Qigong), and read medical books. He ate and drank in fixed quantities, maintained regular rest and work schedules, and remained orderly despite being busy. On the eve of his death, he was meditating, smiled, and passed away without any pain. He collected abundant books throughout his life and loved antiques and calligraphy/paintings; thus, his books were donated to Hanwen Ge, and his paintings/calligraphy to the Palace Museum.
In his lifetime, he organized poetry and wine gatherings with Pang Dunmin (bacteriologist), Han Shichang (Kunqu opera master), etc., held on birthdays and anniversaries. On one hand for entertainment, on the other for discussing views on current affairs, which was a form of folk patriotism. At that time, the government hung "Do Not Discuss Politics" notices in public places, but patriotic and concerned individuals used various opportunities to gather and exchange opinions. For example, the struggle against the Wang Jingwei-Chiang Kai-shek government's cancellation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1929 was also initiated using this format.
He had a son named Menghan. Although not famous as a doctor, he was a well-known figure in literature and history, serving as an editor at Zhonghua Book Company during his lifetime.
He had many disciples. Those still alive include Wu Zizhen (former Director of TCM Department at Tongren Hospital), Liu Shaozhang (Director of TCM Department at Beijing No.4 Hospital), Li Dingming (Senior TCM Gynecologist at Beijing Hospital of TCM), Li Junchu (Former Director of TCM Department at Xuanwu Hospital), Li Jianchang (Senior TCM Doctor at Dongsi Maternity Hospital), Wang Zhikai, Wang Huachang (Senior TCM Doctors at Guangqumen Hospital), Xie Ziheng (Former Senior TCM Doctor at Ping'an Hospital), Zhao Shaoqin (Professor at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), etc.
(Collated with the assistance of Xie Haizhou and Hu Yinqi)
Two or Three Matters Regarding Mr. Xu Xiaopu's Scholarship
Jiang Yuren
[Biography of Mr. Xu Xiaopu] Xu Xiaopu (1887-1961), name Fang, from Shanghai. Inherited family teachings from childhood, with deep family academic roots. Upon reaching adulthood, he entered the medical field and became famous in Shanghai. Later, he gained experience from Mr. Zhu Weiju of Shanyin, who was skilled in using warming-yang herbs. He applied formulas from *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) to treat pediatric ailments, using drugs with courage and prudence, repeatedly curing severe chronic diseases. His medical reputation grew even more prominent in his later years, with patients filling his door daily. Accumulating decades of practical experience, he made beneficial contributions to the development of TCM pediatrics.
Mr. Xu Xiaopu initially studied under his father, Mr. Xingpu. Upon reaching adulthood, he opened his clinic and became a famous contemporary pediatric expert, possessing rich clinical experience and unique academic thoughts, especially famous in Shanghai for his skill in using warming herbs. He could widely apply *Shanghan Lun* formulas to treat pediatric diseases. Due to precise diagnosis and differentiation, and his skill in modifying prescriptions with flexible combinations, the number of severe chronic diseases cured and disabilities healed by him is incalculable. Especially in his later years, with patients filling his door daily, including many dangerous and adverse cases, although he knew they were difficult to treat, he would still exhaust his efforts to formulate prescriptions before feeling at ease. He did not rejoice only when patients were saved; even if treatment failed, he did not resent slander, never conforming to vulgar trends, always starting from seeking truth. He once said, "Medicine is the art of benevolent people; one must have the heart of a Bodhisattva and the gallbladder of a hero." This sentence serves as a motto for physicians.
His disciples are spread throughout the country. His sons, Zhongcai and Boyuan, both inherited the family tradition and transmitted the lineage, becoming modern famous doctors in Shanghai. When I studied at the China Medical College in Shanghai and followed him, my clinical internship lasted less than a year before the outbreak of the "August 13th Incident," preventing me from entering the inner sanctum of his learning. I often regret this to this day. What I acquired was only a tiny fraction of Master Xu's knowledge! Thus, I feel ashamed that my learning is like a small witch compared to a great one.
From Mainly "Clearing" to Mainly "Warming". In the early stages of his practice, Mr. Xu also leaned towards the theories of "children are purely yang, no need to benefit fire," "yang is often in excess, yin is often insufficient," and the guiding idea that "children suffer from the most heat diseases." Therefore, in terms of treatment and medication, he followed the principles, methods, formulas, and drugs of Warm Disease Theory. Later, however, he leaped to a preference for using Ma Huang (Ephedra) and Gui Zhi (Cinnamon Twig) widely for exterior syndromes, and Jiang (Ginger) and Fu Zi (Aconite) heavily for interior syndromes, revering the one-formula-one-drug approach of *Shanghan Lun*. Why was this?
The story is as follows: One of Mr. Xu's sons, during infancy, contracted "Cold Damage Disease" in the summer of a certain year. Mr. Xu treated him personally, but the condition worsened daily, with frequent ominous signs, nearly reaching a critical state. The family was anxious, and Mr. Xu also felt it was a difficult case. At that time, family members and friends suggested to Mr. Xu, "Why not invite your close friend Mr. Zhu Weiju for a consultation?" Mr. Xu sighed generously, "Although I am a bosom friend with Mr. Zhu, our academic viewpoints differ. He specializes in warming yang, known as 'Zhu Fu Zi'. Now the child suffers from a heat disease; if Mr. Zhu comes to diagnose, it would likely just be warming drugs. Knowing this is like 'carrying firewood to save a fire,' how could I bear to watch him burn himself!" A few days later, the patient was nearly dying. Relatives and friends urged strongly, suggesting that rather than waiting passively for death, why not try? Mr. Xu, at this point, did not refuse firmly, but held no hope. After Mr. Zhu finished diagnosing and prescribing, as expected, the first main herb was Fu Zi (Aconite). Mr. Xu then closed his door and slept, waiting for bad news. Meanwhile, Mr. Zhu personally decocted the medicine, waited by the sickbed, fed the medicine himself, kept his eyes open all night to observe the disease evolution. By dawn, the patient's fever gradually subsided, eyes opened, and he could automatically open his mouth to swallow medicine and soup. When given rice soup, he showed signs of hunger. Only when the patient fell asleep peacefully did Mr. Zhu rest in his clothes. The family was filled with joy and relief. Mrs. Xu went to Mr. Xu's bedroom to knock and report the good news. When Mr. Xu heard the knock, he jumped up and urgently asked, "When did he die?" Upon opening the door and seeing his wife's joyful expression, and hearing that the illness had improved, he realized it was not as he had predicted. They went together to the sickroom, carefully examined the condition, which was completely different from the previous day. Looking back at the bedside, Mr. Zhu was snoring soundly, fast asleep. Although sincerely grateful, they dared not disturb his dream. Thus, smiling, they returned to the room, raised his pillow, and slept peacefully without worry.
After Mr. Xu's child recovered completely, overwhelmed with emotions, he told his family, "Quickly take down my 'Pediatric Expert' sign. I couldn't even treat my own child, how can I qualify for this title! I want to apprentice under Brother Zhu, study hard for three years, and only then resume practice." His intention was firm; he personally visited Zhu's home to perform disciple rituals. Mr. Zhu was both surprised and respectful, helped him sit in the honored seat, and said, "We are bosom friends in the Dao, each having strengths and weaknesses. Your spirit of scholarship is admirable; what words can I say? If you are interested in my 'Zhu Fu Zi', we can exchange ideas in the future, learning from each other. Praising me so now puts me in a difficult position! If you favor me, when your son grows up and studies medicine, I will do my utmost and swear not to fail your high expectations." Therefore, his sons Zhongcai and Boyuan later studied under Mr. Zhu Weiju. From then on, Mr. Xiaopu shifted from the Cooling School to the Warming-Yang School and became famous at the time. This is a part of the history of the evolution of his academic thought.
Emphasizing the Importance of Yang Qi to the Human Body.
Any scholar's distinct academic viewpoint is the crystallization of practical experience. Mr. Xu excelled in warming yang, always prioritizing the protection of the body's yang qi, which is closely related to the subjects he usually treated. I remember accompanying him clinically, the vast majority of pediatric patients belonged to severe conditions resulting from long-term neglect or辗转 seeking treatment, among which those with depletion and closure syndromes due to damaged yang qi and inability of righteous qi to resist pathogenic factors were common. Therefore, in prescriptions, he often correspondingly used the method of warming yang and supporting righteousness. Although Mr. Xu gained experience from Mr. Zhu Weiju in using warming-yang drugs, he learned the method but did not adhere rigidly to it, creating his own unique experience in using warming-yang methods.
Regarding the physiological characteristics of children, there have historically been two different views.
*Culuo Jing* states, "All children under three years old are called purely yang"; the preface of *Xiao'er Yaozheng Zhijue* also says, "Children are purely yang, no need to benefit fire"; *Linzheng Zhinan Yi'an · Youke Yaolüe* further emphasizes the saying, "Infants belong to purely yang, suffering from the most heat diseases." Based on this understanding, when treating pediatric diseases, cooling methods should be used, avoiding warming-yang drugs. However, many pediatric scholars hold opposite views on the theory of the purely yang body. For example, Yu Mengtang, author of *Baochi Cuzhen*, said, "True yin can be deficient, how can true yang not be deficient... This again shows one cannot solely adhere to the theory of purely yang." Luo Zhengqi, in his *Pingxi Yilun Xuan*, when discussing the physiological characteristics of children, also said, "Children are young, yin qi is not full, hence called purely yang; originally it is not that yang qi is in excess, but merely tender yang! Tender yang, how much yang is there?" In treatment, they advocated focusing on supporting yang, called the Warming-Yang School. These two different academic views formed two major schools in pediatrics, "mainly clearing" and "mainly warming," which still have a profound impact in the field of pediatrics today.