辛苦平，无毒。
《本经》止痢长肌肉，利五脏，益气轻身。
发明 枳实入肝脾血分，消食泻痰，滑窍破气，心下痞及宿食不消并宜枳术。故洁古枳
术丸以调脾胃，实祖《金匮》治心下坚大如盘。用枳实白术汤之法，腹即软消。洁古曰，心
下痞及宿食不消发热并宜枳实、黄连。好古曰，益气则佐之以参、术、干姜，破气则佐之以
大黄、芒硝，此《本经》所以言益气，而洁古复言消瘀也。李士材云，自东垣分枳壳治高，
枳实治下。好古分枳壳治气，枳实治血。然究其功用皆利气也。凡气弱脾虚致停食痞满，治
当补中益气，则食自化，痞自散。若用枳壳、枳实是抱薪救火也。
辛温无毒。
发明 枸橘与枳同类，其干多刺，故破气散热之力过之。时珍治下痢脓血后重，今人解
酒毒用之，总取其破气之力也。《丹方》以枸橘 末存性酒服方寸匕，治胃脘结痛。又以醋
浸熬膏，摊贴内伤诸痛，贴即痛止，但须久贴方不复发。
苦寒无毒。入吐剂取肥栀生用，入降火药以建栀、姜汁炒黑用。
《本经》主五内邪气，胃中热气，面赤酒 ， 鼻白癞，赤癞疮疡。
发明 栀子仁体性轻浮，专除心肺客热。《本经》治五内邪气，胃中热气等病，不独除
心肺客热也。其去赤癞白癞疮疡者，诸痛痒疮，皆属心火也。炮黑则专泻三焦之火及痞块中
火，最清胃脘之血，屈曲下行能降火，从小便中泄去。仲景治伤寒发汗吐下后虚烦不得眠，
心中懊 ，栀子豉汤主之。因其虚故不用大黄，即亡血亡津。内生虚热，非此不去也。治身
黄发热，用栀子柏皮汤。身黄腹满小便不利，用茵陈栀子大黄汤，取其利大小便，而蠲湿热
也。古方治心痛恒用栀子，此为火气上逆，气不得下者设也，今人泥丹溪之说，不分寒热通
用，虚寒何以堪之？大苦大寒能损伐胃气，不无减食泄泻之虞。故仲景云，病患旧有微溏者
不可与之。世人每用治血，不知血寒则凝，反为败证。治实火之吐血顺气为先，气行则血自
归经。治虚火之吐血养正为主，气壮则自能摄血，此治疗之大法，不可少违者也。
味辛、苦，性平，无毒。
《神农本草经》记载其能止痢、促进肌肉生长，通利五脏，益气轻身。
【发明】枳实入肝、脾血分，能消食泻痰，滑窍破气，心下痞满及宿食不消化均适宜用枳术丸。因此李东垣（洁古）的枳术丸用于调理脾胃，其实源自《金匮要略》治疗心下坚大如盘的方法，使用枳实白术汤，腹部即可变软消散。李东垣说，心下痞满及宿食不消化伴发热，均适宜用枳实、黄连。王好古说，若要益气则佐用人参、白术、干姜；若要破气则佐用大黄、芒硝，这就是《本经》说它能益气，而李东垣又说它能消瘀的原因。李士材说，自李东垣开始区分枳壳治上部，枳实治下部。王好古区分枳壳治气，枳实治血。然而究其功效都是利气。凡是气弱脾虚导致停食痞满，治疗应当补中益气，则食物自然消化，痞满自然消散。如果使用枳壳、枳实则是抱薪救火。
味辛，性温，无毒。
【发明】枸橘与枳实同类，其枝干多刺，所以破气散热的力量超过枳实。李时珍用它治疗下痢脓血后重，现在人解酒毒也用它，总归是取其破气的力量。《丹方》将枸橘末存性后用酒送服方寸匕，治疗胃脘结痛。又用醋浸熬膏，摊贴内伤各种疼痛，贴上即止痛，但必须久贴才不复发。
味苦，性寒，无毒。入吐剂取肥栀子生用，入降火药以建栀、姜汁炒黑用。
《神农本草经》主治五内邪气，胃中热气，面赤酒渣鼻，鼻部白癞，赤癞疮疡。
【发明】栀子仁体性轻浮，专门清除心肺客热。《本经》治疗五内邪气，胃中热气等疾病，不仅仅只除心肺客热。它去除赤癞白癞疮疡的原因在于，诸痛痒疮，都归属于心火。炮黑后专门泻三焦之火及痞块中的火，最清胃脘之血，屈曲下行能降火，从小便中泄去。张仲景治疗伤寒发汗吐下后虚烦不得眠，心中懊憹，用栀子豉汤主之。因为体虚故不用大黄，即亡血亡津液，内生虚热，非此不去。治疗身黄发热，用栀子柏皮汤。身黄腹满小便不利，用茵陈蒿汤加栀子大黄，取其利大小便，而清除湿热。古方治疗心痛恒用栀子，这是为火气上逆，气不得下者设立的，现在人拘泥于朱丹溪的说法，不分寒热通用，虚寒体质怎么能承受？大苦大寒能损伤胃气，不免有减食泄泻的担忧。所以张仲景说，病患旧有微溏者不可与之。世人每用治血，不知血寒则凝，反成败证。治疗实火之吐血顺气为先，气行则血自归经。治疗虚火之吐血养正为主，气壮则自能摄血，这是治疗的大法，不可稍有违背。
Pungent, bitter, neutral in nature, non-toxic.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) records that it can stop dysentery, promote muscle growth, unblock the five zang organs, tonify qi, and lighten the body.
[Invention] Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) enters the blood aspect of the Liver and Spleen; it resolves food stagnation, drains phlegm, opens orifices, and breaks qi stagnation. For epigastric fullness (Xin Xia Pi) and undigested food retention, Zhi Zhu Wan (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill) is suitable. Therefore, Li Dongyuan's (Jiegu)'s Zhi Zhu Wan regulates the Spleen and Stomach, originating from the method in *Jingui Yaolue* for treating a hard mass as large as a plate under the heart, using Zhi Shi Bai Zhu Tang, after which the abdomen becomes soft and dissipates. Jiegu stated that for epigastric fullness and undigested food retention with fever, Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Huang Lian (Coptis Rhizome) are suitable. Wang Haogu stated that to tonify qi, one should add Ren Shen (Ginseng Root), Bai Zhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome), and Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger); to break qi, one should add Da Huang (Rhubarb Root) and Mang Xiao (Mirabilite). This explains why the *Bencao Jing* mentions tonifying qi, while Jiegu also mentions resolving stasis. Li Shicai stated that since Li Dongyuan, there has been a distinction: Zhi Ke (Bitter Orange) treats the upper jiao, while Zhi Shi treats the lower jiao. Wang Haogu distinguished that Zhi Ke treats qi disorders, while Zhi Shi treats blood disorders. However, upon investigation, their functions both relate to promoting qi movement. In cases where weak qi and deficient Spleen lead to food retention and fullness, treatment should focus on tonifying the Middle and boosting Qi, so that food digests naturally and fullness dissipates. Using Zhi Ke or Zhi Shi in such cases would be like adding firewood to save a fire (making the problem worse).
Pungent, warm in nature, non-toxic.
[Invention] Gou Ju (Citrus Bigaradia Fruit) is similar to Zhi Shi but has many thorns on its branches, thus its power to break qi and dissipate heat exceeds that of Zhi Shi. Li Shizhen used it to treat dysentery with pus and blood and tenesmus. Currently, people use it to resolve alcohol toxicity, primarily taking advantage of its qi-breaking power. The *Dan Fang* prescribes Gou Ju powder preserved in nature, taken with wine, to treat gastric knotting pain. It is also soaked in vinegar and boiled into a paste, applied externally to various internal injury pains; pain stops upon application, but long-term application is required to prevent recurrence.
Bitter, cold in nature, non-toxic. For emetic preparations, take Fei Zhi Zi (Large Gardenia) raw; for fire-draining medicines, use Jian Zhi Zi stir-fried with ginger juice until blackened.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats evil qi in the five viscera, hot qi in the Stomach, facial redness with rosacea, nasal alae leukoderma, and erythema leprosy sores.
[Invention] Zhi Zi Ren (Gardenia Seed) has a light and floating nature, specifically clearing exogenous heat from the Heart and Lungs. The *Bencao Jing*'s treatment of evil qi in the five viscera and hot qi in the Stomach does not solely refer to clearing exogenous heat from the Heart and Lungs. Its ability to remove erythema and leukoderma sores lies in the principle that all painful, itching sores belong to Heart Fire. When charred/blackened, it specifically drains Fire from the San Jiao and Fire within masses, most effectively clearing blood heat in the Stomach channel. Its twisting downward path descends Fire, which is then excreted via urination. Zhang Zhongjing treated deficiency vexilation and insomnia after sweating, vomiting, or purging in Cold Damage diseases, with mental restlessness (Ao Nao), using Zhi Zi Chi Tang (Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction). Because of deficiency, Da Huang was not used; this addresses endogenous deficiency heat arising from loss of blood and fluids, which cannot be removed otherwise. For treating jaundice with fever, Zhi Zi Bai Pi Tang (Gardenia, Phellodendron Bark, and Licorice Decoction) is used. For jaundice with abdominal fullness and difficult urination, Yin Chen Hao Tang plus Zhi Zi and Da Huang is used, leveraging the promotion of bowel and bladder movements to eliminate damp-heat. Ancient formulas often used Zhi Zi to treat heart pain, designed for conditions where Fire qi rebels upward and Qi fails to descend. Modern practitioners blindly follow Zhu Danxi's theories, using it indiscriminately regardless of cold or heat patterns; how can patients with deficiency-cold tolerate it? Extreme bitterness and cold damage Stomach Qi, risking reduced appetite and diarrhea. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing stated that patients with chronic loose stools should not receive it. People often use it to treat bleeding, unaware that cold congeals blood, leading to disastrous outcomes. For hematemesis due to excess Fire, regulating Qi is paramount; when Qi moves, blood returns to its vessels. For hematemesis due to deficiency Fire, nourishing Righteous Qi is primary; when Qi is strong, it controls blood. These are the major principles of treatment, which must not be violated.