黄帝曰∶少阴何以主肾？肾何以主水？岐伯曰∶肾者至阴也，至阴者盛水也，肺者太阴也，少阴者冬脉也，故其本
在肾，其末在肺，皆聚水也。肾者胃之关也，关门不利，故聚水而从其类也。肾者牝脏也，地气上者属于肾，而生水液
也，故曰至阴。故水病下为 肿大腹，上为喘呼不得卧者，标本俱病。（见针刺类三十八。）
诸有水气者，微肿先见于目下也。水者阴也，目下亦阴也，腹者至阴之所居，故水在腹者，必使目下肿也。诸水病
者，故不得卧，卧则惊，惊则咳甚也。（疾病三十一。）
天寒则腠理闭，气湿不行，水下留于膀胱，则为溺与气。阴阳气道不通，四海闭塞，三焦不泻，津液不化，留于下
焦，不得渗膀胱，则下焦胀，水溢则为水胀。（疾病五十八。）
阳明所谓上喘而为水者，阴气下而复上，上则邪客于脏腑间，故为水也。所谓胸痛少气者，水气在脏腑也，水者阴
气也，阴气在中，故胸痛少气也。太阴所谓病胀者，太阴子也，十一月万物气皆藏于中，故曰病胀。（疾病十一。）
目窠上微痈，如新卧起状，其颈脉动，时咳，按其手足上 而不起者，风水肤胀也。（脉色十八。疾病五十七略同。）
本之于肾，名曰风水。（针刺三十八。）
肾肝并沉为石水，并浮为风水。（脉色二十四。）
肺移寒于肾，为涌水，涌水者，按腹不坚，水气客于大肠，疾行则鸣濯濯如囊裹浆，水之病也。（疾病四十六。）
肝满肾满肺满皆实，即为肿。肺之雍，喘而两 满。肝雍，两 满，卧则惊，不得小便。肾雍， 下至少腹满，胫
有大小，髀 大，跛易偏枯。（脉色二十四。）
肾气实则胀。（藏象十。）
志有余则腹胀。（疾病十八。）
足太阴，虚则鼓胀。（经络五。）
胃病则大腹水肿，膝膑肿痛。胃中寒则胀满。（疾病十。）
肝脉软而散、色泽者，当病溢饮，溢饮者渴暴多饮，而易入肌皮肠胃之外也。胃脉实则胀。（脉色二十。）
中满者，泻之于内。（论治八。）
水俞五十七穴。（针刺三十八。）
三焦病者，腹气满，小腹尤坚，不得小便，窘急，溢则水，留即为胀，候在足太阳之外大络。（针刺二十四。）
下焦溢为水。（疾病二十五。）
浊气在上，则生 胀。（阴阳一。）
不得卧、卧则喘者，是水气之客也，夫水者循津液而流也，肾者水脏，主津液，主卧与喘也。（疾病八十二。）
阴阳结斜，多阴少阳曰石水，少腹肿。三阴结谓之水。（疾病六。）
肾脉微大为石水，起脐已下至小腹 然，上至胃脘，死不治。（脉色十九。）
因于气为肿，四维相代，阳气乃竭。（疾病五。）
饮食不节、起居不时者阴受之，阴受之则入五脏，入五脏则 满闭塞。（疾病十三。）
其有不从毫毛生，而五脏阳已竭也，津液充郭，其魄独居，孤精于内，气耗于外，形不可与衣相保，此四极急而动
中，是气拒于内，而形施于外。（论治十五。）
盛而紧曰胀。（脉色十六。）
北方者，其民乐野处而乳食，脏寒生满病。（论治类九。）
适寒凉者胀。（运气十六。）
下牙车为腹满。（疾病四十四。）
男子如蛊，女子如 。（针刺五十三。）
黄帝问道：少阴经为什么由肾脏所主？肾脏为什么主管水液代谢？岐伯回答说：肾属于至阴之脏，至阴之脏则盛藏水液；肺属于太阴经，少阴经对应冬季的脉象。因此，水肿病的根本在肾，标末在肺，两者都涉及水液的积聚。肾是胃的关口，如果这个关口功能失常，就会导致水液积聚并同类相召而发病。肾属于牝脏（阴脏），地气上升归属于肾，从而化生水液，所以称肾为至阴。因此，水病在下表现为足胫浮肿和腹部胀大，在上表现为气喘呼叫、不能平卧，这是标本俱病。（参见《针刺类》第三十八篇。）
凡是患有水气病的人，轻微的水肿首先会在眼下显现。因为水是阴邪，眼下也属阴，腹部是至阴之气所居之处，所以水停在腹部，必然导致眼下浮肿。所有水病患者，通常都不能平卧，一旦躺下就会惊恐不安，惊恐则会加重咳嗽。（参见《疾病类》第三十一篇。）
天气寒冷时，腠理闭塞，湿气运行不畅，水液向下流注并停留在膀胱，这就形成了尿液和气体。如果阴阳气道不通畅，四海闭塞，三焦排泄功能失职，津液无法正常转化，停滞在下焦，不能渗入膀胱，就会导致下焦胀满，水液外溢则形成水胀病。（参见《疾病类》第五十八篇。）
阳明经所说的“上喘而为水”，是因为阴气下行后又反逆向上，上行则邪气客居于脏腑之间，所以产生水病。所说的“胸痛、少气”，是因为水气停留在脏腑中，水属于阴气，阴气滞留于体内，所以出现胸痛和呼吸短促。太阴经所说的“病胀”，是因为太阴对应十一月，此时万物之气都收藏于体内，所以说会出现腹胀病。（参见《疾病类》第十一篇。）
眼睑微微浮肿，像刚睡醒的样子，颈部动脉搏动明显，时常咳嗽，按压手足背部凹陷不起者，这是风水肤胀病。（参见《脉色类》第十八篇，《疾病类》第五十七篇内容大致相同。）
肾脉和肝脉都沉，称为石水；都浮，称为风水。（参见《脉色类》第二十四篇。）
肺将寒邪移传于肾，形成涌水。所谓涌水，按腹部并不坚硬，水气客居于大肠，快速行走时肠鸣濯濯作响，如同囊袋包裹着浆液，这是水病的一种。（参见《疾病类》第四十六篇。）
肝、肾、肺三脏气机壅满且属实证，都会导致肿胀。肺气壅滞，则喘息且两侧胁肋部胀满。肝气壅滞，两侧胁肋部胀满，躺下则惊恐，小便不通。肾气壅滞，从胁下至少腹部胀满，小腿粗细不一，大腿肿胀，跛行且容易偏枯。（参见《脉色类》第二十四篇。）
志有余（肾精过盛或郁结）则出现腹胀。（参见《疾病类》第十八篇。）
胃病则导致大腹水肿，膝盖髌骨肿痛。胃中有寒则出现胀满。（参见《疾病类》第十篇。）
肝脉软弱而散乱、面色润泽者，应当患溢饮病。溢饮病患者口渴且突然大量饮水，水易进入肌皮肠胃之外。胃脉实症则出现腹胀。（参见《脉色类》第二十篇。）
中焦胀满的，应从内部泻除。（参见《论治类》第八篇。）
治疗水病的腧穴有五十七个。（参见《针刺类》第三十八篇。）
三焦有病，腹部气机胀满，小腹部尤其坚硬，小便不通，窘迫急迫，水液溢出则停聚形成胀病，其征候反映在足太阳膀胱经外侧的大络上。（参见《针刺类》第二十四篇。）
下焦水液溢出则形成水病。（参见《疾病类》第二十五篇。）
不能平卧、躺下就气喘的，是水气侵犯所致。水液是跟随津液流动的，肾是水脏，主管津液，同时也主宰睡眠和呼吸（喘）。（参见《疾病类》第八十二篇。）
阴阳之气结聚且偏斜，多阴少阳的称为石水，小腹部肿胀。三阴经气机结聚则称为水病。（参见《疾病类》第六篇。）
肾脉微大，称为石水，病情从脐下延伸至小腹肿胀，向上直至胃脘部，若发展到这一步则死亡，难以治疗。（参见《脉色类》第十九篇。）
因气机失调而导致肿胀，四维之气相互更替失序，阳气就会衰竭。（参见《疾病类》第五篇。）
饮食不节制、起居无规律，阴分受邪，阴邪入五脏，入五脏则导致腹部胀满闭塞。（参见《疾病类》第十三篇。）
那些不是从毫毛（体表）开始发病，而是五脏阳气已经竭尽的患者，津液充满胸腹廓廓，只有阴魄独存，孤精在内，阳气耗散于外，形体消瘦无法与衣物相称，这是四肢紧急而动扰于内脏，是气机拒绝于内，而形体衰败于外的表现。（参见《论治类》第十五篇。）
脉象盛大而紧，称为胀病。（参见《脉色类》第十六篇。）
北方地区，百姓喜欢野外居住并以乳食为主，内脏寒冷容易产生胀满病。（参见《论治类》第九篇。）
适应寒凉环境的人容易患胀病。（参见《运气类》第十六篇。）
下颌牙车部位的症状可反映腹满。（参见《疾病类》第四十四篇。）
男子患病如蛊毒状，女子患病如痞块状。（参见《针刺类》第五十三篇。）
Huangdi asked: Why does the Shaoyin meridian correspond to the Kidney? Why does the Kidney govern water metabolism? Qibo replied: The Kidney is a Zhiyin (Extreme Yin) organ; Zhiyin organs accumulate abundant water. The Lung corresponds to the Taiyin meridian, and the Shaoyin meridian corresponds to the pulse of winter. Therefore, the root of water disorders lies in the Kidney, while the branch lies in the Lung; both are involved in the accumulation of water. The Kidney acts as the gate of the Stomach. If this gate is dysfunctional, water accumulates and pathology follows its kind. The Kidney is a Pinzang (Yin organ). Earthly Qi ascending belongs to the Kidney, which generates fluid and essence; thus it is called Zhiyin. Consequently, water diseases manifest below as edema of the lower limbs and abdominal distension, and above as wheezing, calling out, and inability to lie flat; this indicates that both the root and branch are diseased. (See *Needling Category*, Chapter 38.)
In all cases of water qi disorder, slight edema first appears under the eyes. Water is Yin, and the area under the eyes is also Yin. The abdomen is the residence of Extreme Yin Qi; therefore, when water resides in the abdomen, swelling under the eyes must occur. All patients with water diseases generally cannot lie flat; if they do, they become startled, and startling exacerbates coughing. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 31.)
When the weather is cold, the interstices (cou li) close, damp Qi fails to circulate, and water flows downward to remain in the Bladder, forming urine and gas. If the pathways of Yin and Yang Qi are obstructed, the Four Seas are blocked, the Sanjiao (Triple Burner) fails to excrete, and body fluids fail to transform, remaining in the Lower Jiao without permeating into the Bladder, the Lower Jiao becomes distended. Overflowing water results in water swelling. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 58.)
The Yangming meridian mentions "wheezing above and water retention," which occurs because Yin Qi descends but then rebels upward. Upon rising, pathogenic factors lodge between the Zang-Fu organs, causing water disease. The mention of "chest pain and shortness of breath" is due to water qi residing within the Zang-Fu organs. Water is Yin Qi; when Yin Qi stagnates in the interior, chest pain and shortness of breath result. The Taiyin meridian mentions "diseases of distension" because Taiyin corresponds to the eleventh lunar month, when the Qi of all things is stored within the body; hence, distension is said to occur. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 11.)
Slight puffiness of the eye sockets, resembling the appearance after just waking up, combined with palpable pulsation of the neck vessels, occasional coughing, and pitting edema upon pressing the hands and feet that does not immediately rise, indicates Fengshui (Wind-Water) skin distension. (See *Pulse and Color Category*, Chapter 18; *Disease Category*, Chapter 57 is similar.)
This disease originates from the Kidney and is named Fengshui. (See *Needling Category*, Chapter 38.)
If both the Kidney and Liver pulses are deep, it is called Shishui (Stone Water); if both are floating, it is called Fengshui. (See *Pulse and Color Category*, Chapter 24.)
If Lung Cold transmits to the Kidney, it forms Yongshui (Surging Water). In Yongshui, the abdomen is not hard upon pressure. Water qi lodges in the Large Intestine; upon rapid movement, gurgling sounds are heard like a bag containing liquid. This is a type of water disease. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 46.)
When the Liver, Kidney, and Lung are full and excess, swelling occurs. Lung congestion causes wheezing and fullness in both hypochondria. Liver congestion causes fullness in both hypochondria, restlessness when lying down, and inability to urinate. Kidney congestion causes fullness from the hypochondria down to the lower abdomen, unequal size of the calves, swelling of the thighs, limping, and predisposition to hemiplegia. (See *Pulse and Color Category*, Chapter 24.)
Excess of Kidney Qi leads to distension. (See *Zang-Fu Category*, Chapter 10.)
Excess of Zhi (Will/Fear) leads to abdominal distension. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 18.)
Deficiency of the Foot-Taiyin Spleen meridian leads to drum-like distension. (See *Meridians Category*, Chapter 5.)
Stomach disease leads to large abdominal edema and painful swelling of the knees and patellae. Cold in the Stomach leads to distension and fullness. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 10.)
A soft and scattered Liver pulse with lustrous complexion indicates Yi Yin (Overflowing Drink). Patients with Yi Yin experience sudden thirst and excessive drinking, and water easily enters outside the muscles, skin, and intestines. Excess of the Stomach pulse leads to distension. (See *Pulse and Color Category*, Chapter 20.)
For middle-jiao fullness, purge from within. (See *Treatment Principles Category*, Chapter 8.)
There are fifty-seven acupoints for treating water disorders. (See *Needling Category*, Chapter 38.)
Sanjiao disease presents with abdominal Qi fullness, especially hardness in the lower abdomen, inability to urinate, urgency, overflow of water, and retention leading to distension. The sign is observed in the large collateral outside the Foot-Taiyang meridian. (See *Needling Category*, Chapter 24.)
Overflow from the Lower Jiao results in water disease. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 25.)
Turbid Qi remaining in the upper part generates distension. (See *Yin-Yang Category*, Chapter 1.)
Inability to lie flat and wheezing upon lying down is caused by the invasion of water qi. Water flows following body fluids. The Kidney is the Water Organ, governing body fluids, and also governing sleep and respiration (wheezing). (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 82.)
Convergence and deviation of Yin and Yang Qi, characterized by much Yin and little Yang, is called Shishui (Stone Water), presenting with lower abdominal swelling. Convergence of the Three Yin meridians is called water disease. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 6.)
A slightly large Kidney pulse indicates Shishui (Stone Water). Swelling starts below the navel, extends to the lower abdomen, and rises to the epigastrium; if it reaches this stage, death is inevitable and untreatable. (See *Pulse and Color Category*, Chapter 19.)
Swelling caused by Qi dysfunction, where the four extremities alternate in failure, leads to exhaustion of Yang Qi. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 5.)
Irregular diet and improper daily routine injure the Yin. When injured, pathogens enter the Five Zang organs. Entering the Zang organs leads to abdominal fullness and obstruction. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 13.)
Those who do not develop disease from the hair follicles (exterior) but whose Zang Yang Qi is already exhausted have body fluids filling the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Only the Po (Corporeal Soul/Yin aspect) remains alone. Essence is isolated within, while Qi is depleted externally. The body is so emaciated it cannot be covered by clothes. This is described as urgency in the four extremities disturbing the interior, where Qi rejects itself internally, and the form deteriorates externally. (See *Treatment Principles Category*, Chapter 15.)
A pulse that is full and tight indicates distension. (See *Pulse and Color Category*, Chapter 16.)
In the Northern region, people enjoy living in open areas and consuming dairy products. Cold internal organs generate fullness diseases. (See *Treatment Principles Category*, Chapter 9.)
Adapting to cold and cool environments can lead to distension. (See *Luck and Phase Category*, Chapter 16.)
Symptoms at the mandibular angle reflect abdominal fullness. (See *Disease Category*, Chapter 44.)
Men may present like Gu (poison/parasite) disease, and women like Pi (mass/stagnation) disease. (See *Needling Category*, Chapter 53.)