〔《素》〕黄帝曰∶痹之安生？岐伯对曰∶风寒湿三气杂至，合而为痹也。其风胜者为行
痹，（行痹者，行而不定也，称为走注疼痛及历节之类是也），寒气胜者为痛痹（痛痹者，疼痛
苦楚，世称为痛风及白虎飞尸之类是也），湿气胜者为着痹（着痹者，着而不移，世称为麻木
不仁之类是也。凡麻木不仁必着而不移，河间所谓气之道路着而麻者得矣。或痛着一处，始
终不移者是也）。帝曰∶其有五者何也？岐伯曰∶以冬遇此者为骨痹，以春遇此者为筋痹，以
夏遇此者为脉痹，以至阴遇此者为肌痹，以秋遇此者为皮痹。（凡风寒湿所为行痹、痛痹、着
痹之病，冬遇此者为骨痹，春遇此者为筋痹，夏遇此者为脉痹，长夏遇此者为肌痹，秋遇此
者为皮痹，皆以所遇之时，所客之处命名。非此行痹、痛痹、着痹之外，又别有骨痹、筋痹
、脉痹、肌痹、皮痹也）。帝曰∶内舍五脏六腑，何气使然？岐伯曰∶五脏皆有合，病久而不
去者，内舍于其合也。故骨痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于肾。筋痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于肝
。脉痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于心。肌痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于脾。皮痹不已，复感于邪
，内舍于肺。所谓痹者，各以其时，重感于风寒湿之气也。凡痹之客五脏者，肺痹者，烦满
，喘而呕。心痹者，脉不通，烦则心下鼓，暴上气而喘，嗌干善噫，厥气上则恐。肝痹者，
夜卧则惊，多饮，数小便，上为引如怀。肾痹者，善胀，尻以代踵，脊以代头。脾痹者，四
肢解堕，发咳呕汁，上为大塞。肠痹者，数饮而出不得，中气喘争，时发飧泄（治见飧泄
门）。胞痹者，少腹膀胱，按之内痛，若沃以汤，涩于小便，上为清涕（治见淋门）。
淫气喘息，痹聚在肺。淫气忧思，痹聚在心。淫气遗溺，痹聚在肾。淫气乏竭，痹聚在肝。
淫气肌绝，痹聚在脾（王注云∶淫气谓气之妄行者，各随脏之所主而入为痹也）。诸痹不已，
亦益内也，其风气胜者，其人易已也。帝曰∶痹，其时有死者，或疼久者，或易已者，其故
何也？岐伯曰∶其入脏者死，其留连筋骨间者疼久，其留皮肤间者易已。帝曰∶其客于六腑
者何也？岐伯曰∶此亦其食饮居处，为其病本也。六腑亦各有俞，风寒湿气中其俞，而食饮
应之，循俞而入，各舍其腑也。帝曰∶以针治之奈何？岐伯曰∶五脏有俞，六腑有合，循脉
之分，各有所发，各随其过，则病瘳也。（见痹论篇）
冬感风寒湿者，为骨痹。久不已，则内入于肾，病肾胀，足挛，尻以代踵，身蜷，脊以
代头。取太溪、委中。
春感风寒湿者，为筋痹。久而不已，则内入于肝，病卧则惊，多饮，数小便。取太冲、阳陵泉。
夏感风寒湿者，为脉痹。久而不已，则内入于心，病心下满，暴喘嗌干，善噫恐惧。
取大陵、小海。
长夏感风寒湿者，为肉痹。久而不已，则内入于脾，病四肢解堕，发咳呕
汁。取太白、三里。
秋感风寒湿者，为皮痹。久而不已，则内入于肺，病烦满喘呕。取太渊、合谷。
帝曰∶荣卫之气，亦令人痹乎？岐伯曰∶荣者水谷之精气也，和调于五脏，洒陈于六腑
，乃能入于脉也，故循脉上下，贯五脏，络六腑也。卫者水谷之悍气也，其气 疾滑利，不
能入于脉也，故循皮肤之中，分肉之间，熏于肓膜，散于胸腹，逆其气则疾，从其气则愈，
不与风寒湿气合，故不为痹。帝曰∶善。痹或痛，或不痛，或不仁，或寒，或热，或燥，或
湿，其故何也？岐伯曰∶痛者寒气多也，有寒故痛也（治见痛痹）。其不痛不仁者，病久
入深，荣卫之行涩，经络时疏，故不通，皮肤不营，故为不仁（治见着痹）。其寒者，阳
气少，阴气多，与病相益，故寒也（治见痛风条酒渍巾熨）。其热多，阳气多，阴气少
，病气胜，阳乘阴，故为痹热。其多汗而濡者，此为逢湿甚也，阳气少，阴气盛，两气相感
，故汗出而濡也。帝曰∶夫痹之为病，不痛何也？岐伯曰∶痹在骨则重，在于脉则血凝而不
流，在于筋则屈而不伸，在于肉则不仁，在皮则寒，故具此五者，则不痛也。凡痹之类，逢
寒则急，逢热则纵。帝曰∶善。（俱痹论）
〔河〕升麻汤 治热痹，肌肉热极，体上如鼠走，唇口反纵，皮色变，诸风皆治。
升麻（三两） 茯神（去皮） 人参 防风 犀角（镑） 羚羊角（镑） 羌活（各一两） 官桂（半两）
上为末。每服四钱，水二盏，生姜二块，碎，竹沥少许，同煎至一盏，温服，不计时候。
〔《素》〕少阴有余，病皮痹瘾疹；不足，病肺痹。太阴有余，病肉痹寒中；不足，病脾
痹。阳明有余，病脉痹，身时热；不足，病心痹。太阳有余，病骨痹身重；不足，病肾痹，
少阳有余，病筋痹胁满；不足，病肝痹（四时刺逆从论）。肺脉微大为肺痹，引胸背，起
恶日光。心脉微为心痹，引背，善泪出。（全文见诊）
〔《灵》〕黄帝曰∶何以候人之善病痹者？少俞答曰∶粗理而肉不坚者，善病痹。黄帝曰
∶痹之高下有处乎？少俞答曰∶欲知高下者，各视其部。（五变论）
阙中，薄泽为风，冲浊为痹（五色篇）。浮络多青则痛，黑则痹（全文见皮）。络
脉暴黑者，留久痹也。（全文见阴阳）
〔《素》〕脉涩曰痹。（平人气象论）
【《黄帝内经·素问》】黄帝问道：痹证是如何产生的？岐伯回答说：风、寒、湿三种邪气混杂侵袭人体，结合而发为痹证。其中风气偏胜的称为行痹（行痹的特点是疼痛游走不定，即俗称的走注疼痛及历节病等），寒气偏胜的称为痛痹（痛痹的特点是疼痛剧烈苦楚，世称痛风及白虎飞尸病等），湿气偏胜的称为着痹（着痹的特点是沉重固定不移，世称麻木不仁等。凡是麻木不仁必定是固定不移的，正如河间所说的气机阻滞而出现的麻木。或者是疼痛固定在一处，始终不移动的就是）。黄帝又问：痹证为什么有五种分类？岐伯说：在冬季感受这些邪气的称为骨痹，在春季感受的称为筋痹，在夏季感受的称为脉痹，在长夏（至阴之时）感受的称为肌痹，在秋季感受的称为皮痹。（凡是因风寒湿引起的行痹、痛痹、着痹，如果在冬季感受则发展为骨痹，春季感受发展为筋痹，夏季感受发展为脉痹，长夏感受发展为肌痹，秋季感受发展为皮痹，这都是根据感受邪气的时间和邪气停留的部位来命名的。并不是在行痹、痛痹、着痹之外，另外存在骨痹、筋痹、脉痹、肌痹、皮痹这几种独立的病证）。黄帝问：邪气内传五脏六腑，是什么道理呢？岐伯说：五脏各有与其相合的五体，如果病久不愈，邪气就会内传入与其相合的脏。所以骨痹不愈，再次感受邪气，就会内传入肾；筋痹不愈，再次感受邪气，就会内传入肝；脉痹不愈，再次感受邪气，就会内传入心；肌痹不愈，再次感受邪气，就会内传入脾；皮痹不愈，再次感受邪气，就会内传入肺。所谓痹证，都是在相应季节重复感受风寒湿邪气所致。
大凡痹邪客于五脏的情况是：肺痹的症状是烦闷胀满，气喘且呕吐；心痹的症状是血脉不通，心烦时感到心下悸动如鼓，突然气逆上冲而喘，咽喉干燥，容易嗳气，厥逆之气上冲则恐惧；肝痹的症状是夜间睡眠易惊，多饮，小便频数，腹部胀大如同怀孕；肾痹的症状是容易腹胀，脚跟不能着地只能用臀部代替行走，脊柱弯曲高耸头部后仰；脾痹的症状是四肢懈怠无力，咳嗽并呕出涎液，胸膈严重痞塞；肠痹的症状是多饮水但排尿困难，腹中肠鸣气争，时常发生完谷不化的泄泻（治疗方法见飧泄门）；胞痹的症状是小腹膀胱部位按压内部疼痛，感觉像被热水浇灌一样，小便涩滞不畅，上部出现清涕（治疗方法见淋门）。
如果是妄行之气导致喘息，痹邪聚结在肺；妄行之气导致忧思，痹邪聚结在心；妄行之气导致遗尿，痹邪聚结在肾；妄行之气导致乏力衰竭，痹邪聚结在肝；妄行之气导致肌肉萎缩，痹邪聚结在脾（王冰注解说：淫气是指妄行的气，各随所属脏腑的主令而入成为痹证）。各种痹证如果不愈，也会逐渐向内深入，其中风气偏胜的，病情容易痊愈。黄帝问：痹证有的致死，有的疼痛持久，有的容易痊愈，这是什么原因？岐伯说：邪气侵入五脏的会死亡，邪气留连在筋骨间的疼痛持久，邪气停留在皮肤间的容易痊愈。黄帝问：邪气客于六腑是怎么回事？岐伯说：这也是以饮食起居失常作为发病的根本。六腑也各有输穴，风寒湿邪中伤其输穴，加上饮食不当的反应，邪气顺着输穴进入，分别留舍于相应的腑。黄帝问：用针刺治疗怎么样？岐伯说：五脏有输穴，六腑有合穴，沿着经脉的分布，各有所发生的病变，只要针对其病所进行针刺，病就能痊愈。（详见《痹论篇》）
冬季感受风寒湿邪气的，称为骨痹。久治不愈，则内传入肾，出现肾胀，足部挛急，脚跟不能着地只能用臀部代替行走，身体蜷缩，脊柱弯曲高耸头部后仰。取太溪穴、委中穴治疗。
春季感受风寒湿邪气的，称为筋痹。久治不愈，则内传入肝，出现睡眠易惊，多饮，小便频数。取太冲穴、阳陵泉穴治疗。
夏季感受风寒湿邪气的，称为脉痹。久治不愈，则内传入心，出现心下胀满，突然气喘，咽喉干燥，容易嗳气和恐惧。取大陵穴、小海穴治疗。
长夏感受风寒湿邪气的，称为肉痹（原文作肌痹，此处依上下文语境及后世习惯常称肉痹，但译文保留原文肌痹或注明肉痹，此处按原文肌痹翻译，但在症状描述中对应脾主肌肉）。久治不愈，则内传入脾，出现四肢懈怠无力，咳嗽并呕出涎液。取太白穴、足三里穴治疗。
秋季感受风寒湿邪气的，称为皮痹。久治不愈，则内传入肺，出现烦闷胀满，气喘呕吐。取太渊穴、合谷穴治疗。
黄帝问：营卫之气，也会导致痹证吗？岐伯说：营气是水谷精微中的精气，调和于五脏，布散于六腑，才能进入脉管，所以循行于经脉上下，贯穿五脏，联络六腑。卫气是水谷中的悍气，其气运行疾速滑利，不能进入脉管，所以循行于皮肤之中，分肉之间，熏蒸于肓膜，散布于胸腹。如果违背了卫气的正常运行规律就会生病，顺应它就能痊愈，因为它不与风寒湿邪气相合，所以不会形成痹证。黄帝说：好。痹证有的疼痛，有的不痛，有的麻木，有的发冷，有的发热，有的干燥，有的潮湿，这是什么原因？岐伯说：疼痛是因为寒气多，有寒故痛（治疗方法见痛痹）。不痛且麻木的，是因为病久入深，营卫运行涩滞，经络时有空虚，所以感觉不到疼痛，皮肤得不到营养，所以表现为麻木（治疗方法见着痹）。发冷的，是因为阳气少，阴气多，与病邪相叠加，所以发冷（治疗方法见痛风条酒渍巾熨）。发热多的，是因为阳气多，阴气少，病气盛，阳乘阴位，所以表现为热痹。多汗且湿润的，这是因为逢受了严重的湿邪，阳气少，阴气盛，两气相互感应，所以出汗且湿润。黄帝问：痹证这种病，为什么不痛呢？岐伯说：痹在骨则身体沉重，在脉则血液凝滞不流，在筋则屈伸不利，在肉则麻木不仁，在皮则寒冷，具备这五种情况，就不会疼痛。大凡痹证这类疾病，逢受寒邪则拘急，逢受热邪则弛纵。黄帝说：好。（均出自《痹论》）
【李东垣】升麻汤：治疗热痹，肌肉热极，体表感觉像老鼠爬行，口唇反张，皮色改变，各种风邪皆能治疗。
升麻（三两） 茯神（去皮） 人参 防风 犀角（镑片） 羚羊角（镑片） 羌活（各一两） 官桂（半两）
以上药物研为末。每次服用四钱，加水二盏，生姜两块切碎，少许竹沥，共同煎煮至一盏，温服，不限时候。
【《黄帝内经·素问》】少阴经有余，病发皮痹和瘾疹；不足，病发肺痹。太阴经有余，病发肉痹和寒中；不足，病发脾痹。阳明经有余，病发脉痹，身体时常发热；不足，病发心痹。太阳经有余，病发骨痹，身体沉重；不足，病发肾痹。少阳经有余，病发筋痹，胁肋胀满；不足，病发肝痹（出自《四时刺逆从论》）。肺脉微大是为肺痹，牵引胸背，起立时厌恶阳光。心脉微弱是为心痹，牵引背部，容易流泪。（全文见诊法部分）
【《黄帝内经·灵枢》】黄帝问：如何判断一个人容易患痹证？少俞回答：纹理粗糙且肌肉不坚实的人，容易患痹证。黄帝问：痹证有高下的部位区别吗？少俞回答：想知道高下，只需观察其相应的部位即可（出自《五变论》）。
阙庭部位，色泽薄而润泽为风邪，浑浊为痹证（出自《五色篇》）。浮络颜色多青则疼痛，黑则痹证（全文见皮部）。络脉暴现黑色者，是久留的痹证（全文见阴阳系日月）。
[From *Suwen* (Basic Questions)] The Yellow Emperor asked: How is Bi syndrome generated? Qibo replied: When Wind, Cold, and Dampness mix and invade together, they combine to form Bi syndrome. When Wind is predominant, it is called Xing Bi (Moving Bi), characterized by wandering pain that does not stay in one place, such as the so-called "Zou Zhu" pain and Li Jie disease. When Cold is predominant, it is called Tong Bi (Painful Bi), characterized by severe and bitter pain, commonly known as Tong Feng (Gout) and Bai Hu Fei Shi. When Dampness is predominant, it is called Zhuo Bi (Fixed Bi), characterized by heaviness and immobility, commonly known as numbness and loss of sensation. All cases of numbness and loss of sensation are fixed and immobile; as He Jian described, this is Qi stagnation causing numbness. Or, pain fixed in one spot that never moves is also Zhuo Bi.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why are there five types? Qibo said: Those who contract these pathogens in Winter become Gu Bi (Bone Bi); in Spring, Jin Bi (Tendon Bi); in Summer, Mai Bi (Vessel Bi); at Zhi Yin (Late Summer), Ji Bi (Muscle Bi); and in Autumn, Pi Bi (Skin Bi). [Note: For any illness caused by Wind, Cold, and Dampness classified as Xing Bi, Tong Bi, or Zhuo Bi, contracting them in Winter leads to Gu Bi, Spring to Jin Bi, Summer to Mai Bi, Late Summer to Ji Bi, and Autumn to Pi Bi. These names are derived from the time of contraction and the location where the pathogen resides. It does not mean that Gu Bi, Jin Bi, Mai Bi, Ji Bi, and Pi Bi exist separately outside of Xing Bi, Tong Bi, and Zhuo Bi.]
The Yellow Emperor asked: What causes the internal transmission to the Zang and Fu organs? Qibo said: Each Zang organ has a corresponding exterior tissue. If the disease persists for a long time without resolving, the pathogen enters internally into its corresponding Zang. Thus, if Gu Bi does not resolve and the patient is re-exposed to pathogens, it enters the Shen (Kidney). If Jin Bi does not resolve, it enters the Gan (Liver). If Mai Bi does not resolve, it enters the Xin (Heart). If Ji Bi does not resolve, it enters the Pi (Spleen). If Pi Bi does not resolve, it enters the Fei (Lung). This is what is meant by Bi syndrome: repeatedly contracting Wind, Cold, and Dampness during their respective seasons.
Regarding Bi pathogens residing in the Five Zang organs: Fei Bi presents with irritability and fullness, wheezing, and vomiting. Xin Bi presents with obstruction of vessels; when irritated, there is palpitation in the epigastrium like a drum; sudden upward rushing of Qi leading to wheezing; dry throat; frequent belching; and fear when rebellious Qi rises. Gan Bi presents with fright during sleep, excessive drinking, frequent urination, and upper abdominal distension resembling pregnancy. Shen Bi presents with frequent bloating; walking on the buttocks instead of heels (Kao Yi Dai Zhong); and the spine arching up replacing the head. Pi Bi presents with flaccidity and weakness of the four limbs, coughing, vomiting of saliva, and severe upper jiao obstruction. Chang Bi (Intestinal Bi) presents with frequent drinking but inability to urinate, borborygmus in the middle jiao, and occasional stool containing undigested food (Treatment see Stool with Undigested Food section). Bao Bi (Bladder Bi) presents with internal pain upon pressing the lower abdomen and bladder, a sensation as if scalded by hot water, difficult urination, and clear nasal discharge above (Treatment see Lin Syndrome section).
If abnormal Qi causes wheezing, the Bi pathogen gathers in the Lung. If abnormal Qi causes sorrow and worry, the Bi pathogen gathers in the Heart. If abnormal Qi causes enuresis, the Bi pathogen gathers in the Kidney. If abnormal Qi causes fatigue and exhaustion, the Bi pathogen gathers in the Liver. If abnormal Qi causes muscle atrophy, the Bi pathogen gathers in the Spleen. (Wang Bing's commentary states: Abnormal Qi refers to erratic Qi, which enters as Bi according to the ruling organ.) If all Bi syndromes do not resolve, they will further penetrate inward. Among them, those with predominant Wind are easier to cure.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Some Bi patients die, some suffer prolonged pain, and some recover easily. What is the reason? Qibo said: Those whose pathogens enter the Zang organs die; those whose pathogens linger between sinews and bones suffer prolonged pain; those whose pathogens remain in the skin recover easily.
The Yellow Emperor asked: What about pathogens lodging in the Six Fu organs? Qibo said: This also stems from improper diet and lifestyle as the root cause. The Six Fu organs each have Shu points. When Wind, Cold, and Dampness attack these Shu points, and dietary intake responds to them, the pathogens follow the Shu points inward and lodge in their respective Fu organs.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How should acupuncture be used for treatment? Qibo said: The Five Zang organs have Shu points, and the Six Fu organs have He-Sea points. Following the distribution of the meridians, each has specific reaction sites. Treating according to the location of the pathology will lead to recovery. (See *Bi Lun* chapter).
Contracting Wind, Cold, and Dampness in Winter results in Gu Bi. If unresolved, it enters internally to the Kidney, causing Kidney distension, leg spasms, walking on buttocks instead of heels, body curling, and spine arching to replace the head. Acupoints: Tai Xi (KI3), Wei Zhong (BL40).
Contracting Wind, Cold, and Dampness in Spring results in Jin Bi. If unresolved, it enters internally to the Liver, causing fright during sleep, excessive drinking, and frequent urination. Acupoints: Tai Chong (LR3), Yang Ling Quan (GB34).
Contracting Wind, Cold, and Dampness in Summer results in Mai Bi. If unresolved, it enters internally to the Heart, causing epigastric fullness, sudden wheezing, dry throat, frequent belching, and fear. Acupoints: Da Ling (PC7), Xiao Hai (SI8).
Contracting Wind, Cold, and Dampness in Late Summer results in Ji Bi (Muscle Bi). If unresolved, it enters internally to the Spleen, causing flaccidity of the four limbs, coughing, and vomiting of saliva. Acupoints: Tai Bai (SP3), Zu San Li (ST36).
Contracting Wind, Cold, and Dampness in Autumn results in Pi Bi. If unresolved, it enters internally to the Lung, causing irritability, fullness, wheezing, and vomiting. Acupoints: Tai Yuan (LU9), He Gu (LI4).
The Yellow Emperor asked: Do Ying (Nutrient) and Wei (Defensive) Qi also cause Bi syndrome? Qibo said: Ying Qi is the essence of water and grain, harmonized within the Five Zang, distributed throughout the Six Fu, and then enters the vessels. Thus, it circulates up and down the vessels, penetrating the Five Zang and connecting the Six Fu. Wei Qi is the fierce Qi of water and grain; its movement is rapid and slippery, unable to enter the vessels. Therefore, it circulates within the skin and between muscles, steaming the Huang membranes, and dispersing in the chest and abdomen. Violating its flow causes disease; following its flow leads to health. Because it does not combine with Wind, Cold, and Dampness, it does not form Bi syndrome.
The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. In Bi syndrome, why is there sometimes pain, sometimes no pain, sometimes numbness, sometimes cold, sometimes heat, sometimes dryness, sometimes dampness? Qibo said: Pain is due to excess Cold; because there is Cold, there is pain (Treatment see Tong Bi). No pain and numbness occur because the disease has penetrated deeply over a long time; Ying and Wei circulation becomes sluggish, meridians are occasionally empty, thus sensation is absent, and the skin lacks nourishment, resulting in numbness (Treatment see Zhuo Bi). Cold sensations arise from deficient Yang Qi and abundant Yin Qi, which exacerbate the pathological cold (Treatment see Tong Feng section, wine-soaked cloth compress). Heat arises from abundant Yang Qi and deficient Yin Qi; the pathogenic factor prevails, Yang invades Yin, resulting in Re Bi (Heat Bi). Profuse sweating and wetness occur when encountering severe Dampness; with deficient Yang and abundant Yin, the two energies interact, causing sweating and wetness.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Regarding Bi syndrome, why is there no pain? Qibo said: When Bi is in the bone, the body feels heavy; in the vessel, blood coagulates and fails to flow; in the sinew, flexion occurs without extension; in the muscle, there is numbness; in the skin, there is cold. Possessing any of these five conditions results in no pain. Generally, Bi syndromes become tense when exposed to Cold and relaxed when exposed to Heat. The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent. (All from *Bi Lun*).
[Li Dongyuan] Sheng Ma Tang: Treats Re Bi (Heat Bi), where muscles are extremely hot, the body feels as if mice are crawling on it, lips and mouth turn outward/retract, skin color changes, and treats various wind disorders.
Sheng Ma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma, 3 liang), Fu Shen (Poria with Hostwood, peeled), Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix), Fang Feng (Saposhnikoviae Radix), Xi Jiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu, sliced), Ling Yang Jiao (Caprae Hircus Cornu, sliced), Qiang Huo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix, each 1 liang), Guan Gui (Cinnamomi Cortex, 0.5 liang).
Grind into powder. Take 4 qian per dose, add 2 zhan of water, 2 pieces of crushed fresh ginger, and a little Zhu Li (Bambusa Textilis Sap), decoct until 1 zhan remains, take warm, at any time.
[From *Suwen*] Shao Yin excess leads to Pi Bi (Skin Bi) and Yin Zhen (Urticaria); deficiency leads to Fei Bi (Lung Bi). Tai Yin excess leads to Rou Bi (Muscle Bi) and Han Zhong (Cold Middle); deficiency leads to Pi Bi (Spleen Bi). Yang Ming excess leads to Mai Bi (Vessel Bi) and periodic body heat; deficiency leads to Xin Bi (Heart Bi). Tai Yang excess leads to Gu Bi (Bone Bi) and body heaviness; deficiency leads to Shen Bi (Kidney Bi). Shao Yang excess leads to Jin Bi (Tendon Bi) and hypochondriac fullness; deficiency leads to Gan Bi (Liver Bi) (*Si Shi Ni Cong Lun*). Fei pulse slightly large indicates Fei Bi, pulling on chest and back, aversion to sunlight. Xin pulse slightly weak indicates Xin Bi, pulling on the back, tendency to weep. (Full text see Diagnosis).
[From *Lingshu*] The Yellow Emperor asked: How can one identify those prone to Bi syndrome? Shao Yu answered: Those with coarse texture and unfirm flesh are prone to Bi syndrome. The Yellow Emperor asked: Is there a high-low distinction in Bi syndrome? Shao Yu answered: To know high and low, observe the respective regions. (*Wu Bian Lun*)
The area between the eyebrows (Que Zhong): thin and luster indicates Wind; turbid indicates Bi (*Se Fen*). Floating collaterals appearing blue indicate pain; black indicates Bi (Full text see Skin). Collateral vessels appearing suddenly black indicate long-standing Bi (Full text see Yin Yang).
[From *Suwen*] A choppy pulse indicates Bi (*Ping Ren Qi Xiang Lun*).